Isingeniso: Umklamo WaseMelika WeFederalism

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso buyisimiso sokubusa i-United States ̱. Lokhu kuhlukanisa umbuso, okwaziwa ngokuthi i-constitutionism, kwakuyisinqumo somklamo sahlongo owenziwa ngamabomu yi-Constitution ̱ ama-frames, afuna ukwakha uhulumeni wezwe onamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuze ahlanganise izizwe kuyilapho egcina imibuso ezimele yombuso nohulumeni bendawo. Ukuqonda ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwegunya lombuso nombuso akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yokusebenza; kuthinta ngokuqondile isakhamuzi ngasinye i̱ kuthinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke, ezinkokhiyeni nasemigwaqweqweqweni yezelweni yezentengo ezihamba kuyo, iphinde iqhubeke ikhokha isilinganiso esingokoqobo semfundo yezingane zabo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucubuliso, ukucupheli, ukuhlanganisa imibuso eqinile, ukusekela kwezimiso zezindawo ezibusa kuyo, nokuzinziwayo.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Segunya Likahulumeni

Igunya lombuso lisekelwe kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., incwadi eyakha uhulumeni wezwe wemibuso elinganiselwe, ephathisiwe. Abakhi be-fream babeqaphela ukuba babala izindawo ezithile lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni kazwelonke angathatha khona isinyathelo, beqinisekisa ukuthi ingasebenza ngokuphumelelayo ezindabeni zesizwe kuyilapho ishiyela konke okunye ukubusa ezindaweni. Lesimiso sesisekelo siyisiqalo sokuqonda sonke isimiso.

Amandla Atholakele

Lawa amandla ahlelwe ngokucacile eSiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 8 yoMthetho-sisekelo. Akha umsuka womthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni. Izibonelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa amandla ku:

  • [[[UMTL:0] Imali eyikhokhayo [ futhi ilawula inani layo.
  • ihlanganisa i-internate nezentengiselwano zakwamanye amazwe, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-Claus yezentengiselwano.
  • Impi [ iphakamile futhi isekele amabutho nebutho lempi.
  • [ Imithetho efanayo yemvelo [ nemithetho yokufuduka.
  • [ Isiphuphutheki samahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo yeposi.
  • Imvume nemvume yokubhala ukuthuthukisa isayensi nobuciko.

Amandla Asetshenziswayo

Ngalé kwemibuso yayo elotshiwe, uhulumeni kahulumeni ophethe amandla ashiwoyo. Lokhu akushiwo ngokuqondile kodwa kucatshangelwa njengokudingekile nokufanelekile [ ukwenza imisebenzi yayo ebaliwe. Lomqondo, othathwe kuyi-Edict and Faith Claus (nakuyo futhi ku-Siqendu I, i-Gandla 8), uye waba umthombo wokwanda okukhulu kwegunya likahulumeni. Isibonelo, nakuba uMthetho-Constitution ungasho ukuthi uhulumeni kazwelonke ungamisa ibhange lesizwe, iNkanto ephakeme e [FLT] Mcloch. [[FLT] v[FLT:]] . Mary .[FLT]] [FLD]] [18]]) wanquma ukuthi ukwenza kanjalo kwakuyindlela efanele yokudweba intela, ukuboleka imali.

UClaus Onedumela Elibi

Insika ebucayi yegunya likahulumeni i-Suprematy Claus, etholakala eSiphakamisweni VI soMthetho-sisekelo. Iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho womthetho-mthetho, imithetho kahulumeni owenziwe wasebenza kuyo, futhi izivumelwano ziyi- zingumthetho owenezelwe wezwe . Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma umthetho kahulumeni osemthethweni nomthetho kahulumeni, umthetho kahulumeni ukhona. Lesimiso sokukhulula siqinisekisa ukuhlangana kwesizwe ezindabeni zombuso futhi sivimbela ukululaza umthetho kahulumeni.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Segunya Lombuso

Igunya loMbuso lithola ilungelo lalo lokufaneleka ngokuyinhloko eSichibiyelweni seshumi ukuya kuMthetho-sisekelo. Ngonyaka ka-1791 njengengxenye yeSigqi Samalungelo, iSichibiyelo seshumi lisho ngokufingqiwe: ̴ Amandla angawaphathiswe i-United States nguMthetho-sisekelo, noma avinjelwe yi-United States, agcinelwe eUnited States ngokulandelana, noma kubantu. ̵ Lempindiso isebenza njengesikhumbuzo esinamandla sokuthi uhulumeni wezwe ungowomunye wemibuso elinganiselwe, ophathiswe, kuyilapho uphethe i-dendala yegunya likahulumeni jikelele.

Amandla Namaphoyisa Asele

Isigaba esikhulu nesibaluleke kakhulu segunya likahulumeni yigunya lokuphatha. Lokhu akuhlangene nokugcinwa komthetho ngomqondo omncane; kunalokho, yigunya elingokwemvelo lemibuso ukumisa imithetho nezimiso zokuvikela nokuthuthukisa , ukuphepha, ukuziphatha, nenhlalakahle evamile yezakhamuzi zayo. Lokhu kuyisisekelo semithetho eminingi yombuso neyasendaweni. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • Impilo engcono: Ukugoma okusamisayo, ukuqondisa izibhedlela, nokusabela ezinkingeni zempilo.
  • Ukuphepha kobuphekula: Ukuveza izimpawu zobugebengu, ukubeka isilinganiso sesivinini, nokuqondisa ukuphepha komlilo.
  • [[I- Morals and Welfare: ukuvumela ukugembula, ukuthengiswa kotshwala, kanye nokuhlanganisa indawo yentuthuko yomphakathi.
  • Licens: Ukukhipha amalayisensi obuchwepheshe odokotela, abameli, abagundi bezinwele, kanye nokwakha.

Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Nezakhiwo

Umbuso ngamunye unemithetho yawo siqu, esebenza njengencwadi ephakeme engokomthetho yalesosifundazwe. Lemithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ivame ukunikeza ngisho nezindlela zokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngokuningiliziwe kunomthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke. Amazwe anomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha izakhiwo zawo siqu zikahulumeni wendawo, kuhlanganise nezinombolo, amadolobha, nezindawo zokuhlala, kanye negunya lokunikeza zona igunya eliyinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kudala ungwengwele oluyinkimbinkimbi lokubusa lapho igunya ligeleza lisuka kuhulumeni liye kumasipala wendawo.

Ukungafani Okuyinhloko Phakathi Kwegunya Lombuso Nohulumeni

Nakuba zombili lezi zigaba zikahulumeni zinomgomo ofanayo wokukhonza umphakathi, izakhiwo zazo nezinga eliphakeme ziyahluka ngezindlela eziyisisekelo.

Dimension Federal Authority State Authority
Source of Power Constitution (enumerated and implied powers) Tenth Amendment (reserved powers)
Scope of Power Limited to powers granted by the Constitution Broad and general, covering all matters not prohibited
Geographic Reach Applies uniformly across the entire nation Applies only within that state’s borders
Law Creation Federal laws are largely consistent in all states State laws can vary widely, creating a patchwork of regulations
Primary Focus National defense, foreign policy, interstate commerce Local health, safety, education, intrastate commerce
Conflict Resolution Federal law is supreme under the Supremacy Clause States can challenge federal overreach in court

Igunya Likahulumeni Emsebenzini: Izindawo Eziyinhloko Zokulawula Kwesizwe

Uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenzisa igunya lawo ezindaweni lapho ukusabela okuhlangene kwesizwe noma okuhlangene, kubucayi. Nazi izibonelo eziningana ezivelele.

Ukufuduka Nokuzivuselela Kwemvelo

Amandla akhethekile okulawula ukufuduka nokumisa imithetho yobuhlalo axhomeke kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni. Izinhlangano ze-Federal, kuhlanganise ne-Immigration Services (USCIS) kanye ne-Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), zinikeza lemithetho. Nakuba imibuso iye yazama ngezinye izikhathi ukusungula imithetho yayo siqu yokuphoqelela ukufuduka, imizamo eminingi enjalo iye yashaywa izinkantolo njengokuphula uhulumeni wezwelonke i̱ inegunya elikhethekile lenqubo yokuthutha.

Ezentengiselwano Zesifundazwe Nesimiso Sezomnotho

I-Commerce Claus ibiyinjini enamandla yokwandisa igunya likahulumeni. Uhulumeni ulawula yonke into kusukela ezimakethe zokungaqiniseki kanye nomthetho omelene nomthetho omelene nomthetho we-odoli kuya ekusakazeni nasekuthumeleni izinto ezisezweni. Ukwakhiwa kwezinhlangano ezizimele njengeSecurities and Exchange Commission (SEC) neFederal Communications Commission (FCC) kubonisa indlela uhulumeni ophethe ngayo izakhiwo zezomnotho, izinhlangano zezifunda zezwe eziningi.

Izindaba Zokuzivikela Zezwe Nezakwamanye Amazwe

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhulumeni kahulumeni ophethe cishe amandla enqubo yakwamanye amazwe nesizwe sokuzivikela. UMongameli usebenza njengoMphathi-Mphathi wamabutho ahlomile, futhi uMkhandlu unamandla okumemezela impi nokusekela impi. Amazwe anqatshelwe ngokuqondile ukungena ezivumelwaneni noma ukungenela impi, ngaphandle kwalapho kusengcupheni eseduze.

Ukukhokha Intela Kwamazwe

Uhulumeni ufaka intela, kuhlanganise nentela yeholo lomuntu siqu neyamabhizinisi, intela ye-odoli yeNhlalandawonye ne-Medicare, kanye nentela ekhokhwayo ezintweni ezinjengophethiloli notshwala. Lemali ixhasa izinhlelo ezinkulu zesizwe ezithinta wonke umuntu waseMelika, njengemali esetshenziswayo yokuzivikela, inzuzo yeNhlala-hlalaniso, imisebenzi yezezisekelo zezindawo, kanye nezinhlelo eziningi zokunikeza izinhlelo ezigelezayo emazweni.

Igunya LoMbuso Liyasebenza: Izindawo Eziyinhloko Zokulawula Kwendawo

Igunya likahulumeni libusa imisebenzi yansuku zonke enethonya eliqondiswe kakhulu ekuphileni kwezakhamuzi. Ukuhluka kwemithetho kahulumeni kubonisa izindinganiso ezihlukene nezinto eziza kuqala kubantu bazo.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Nomthetho Ophoqelelwayo

Iningi lomthetho wobugebengu liwumthetho kahulumeni. Umbuso ngamunye unemithetho yawo yokujezisa echaza ubugebengu nesijeziso. Kusukela ekuphathweni kwezimoto kuya ekuphangeni okungathi sína njengokubulala nokuphanga, umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuphoqelelwa komthetho, ukuquliswa, nokuboshwa ukhona nezwe. Yingakho imithetho ephathelene nesijeziso sokufa, ukufushaniswa kwensangu, nokulawulwa kwezibhamu kungahluka kakhulu kusuka kuhulumeni kuye kuhulumeni.

Imfundo

ISichibiyelo seshumi sigcine amandla okudlula imfundo yomphakathi kumazwe. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza iziqondiso ezibanzi ngokwezimali futhi ubeka iziqondiso ngemithetho enjengethi All Students Foundations Act (ESA), ohulumeni bombuso banquma izindinganiso zabo siqu zemfundo, izimfuneko zezifundo, izinqubo zokufundisa, kanye nezindlela zemfundo zesikole. Lokhu kuholela ekuhlukahlukani okukhulu kwezinga lemfundo nokusondela kulo lonke izwe.

Umthetho Womkhaya Nowemikhaya

I-Asmedia icishe ilawule umthetho womkhaya ngokuphelele, kuhlanganise nomshado, isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukusekela izingane, nokutholwa. Nakuba iNkantolo ePhakeme iseke yamisa amalungelo athile omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni kulendawo (njengelungelo lokushada), izinqubo nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho eziqondile zibekwa umbuso ngamunye.

Impahla Nomthetho Oyigunyaziwe

The fundamental rules governing property ownership, landlord-tenant relationships, real estate transactions, and business contracts are established by state law. This is why the process of buying a house, forming a corporation, or suing for breach of contract differs depending on the state.

Amandla Akhona: Lapho Igunya Lesifunda Nezwe Liyawa Khona

Izindawo eziningi zokubusa azizona ezombuso noma ezingohulumeni kuphela kodwa kunalokho ziyahlanganyelwa. Lezi zaziwa ngokuthi amandla avumelanayo[. Kulezizindawo, zombili amazinga kahulumeni angathatha isinyathelo, uma nje zingawuphuli umthetho-sisekelo noma ziphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni osemthethweni.

  • Ukukhokha:[ Bobabili ohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni bangafaka intela. Izakhamuzi eziningi zikhokha kokubili intela yeholo kahulumeni neholo lezwe (ezifundazweni eziningi).
  • Izimiso ze-Curt:[ i-United States inesimiso senkantolo esimbaxa-mbili. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo, nezimpikiswano phakathi kwezizwe, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni.
  • Ukubekwa kwe-Environmental Regional:[ Uhulumeni wezwe umisa izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile (umzk., Clean Air Act), kodwa amazwe ngokuvamile anikezwa igunya lokusebenzisa nokuphoqelela lezi zindinganiso futhi angamisa ngisho nezimiso eziqinile.
  • Ukulawula: Uhulumeni kahulumeni ulawula amabhange ezwe, kodwa uhulumeni wemithetho yemithetho yokulawula nokulawula amabhange kahulumeni.
  • Izisekelo: Izimali zikahulumeni zezimali ezinkulu zemigwaqo emikhulu ephakathi kwesifundazwe, kodwa izifunda zinomthwalo wokwakha nokulungisa imigwaqo namabhuloho azo, ngokuvamile ngosizo lukahulumeni.

Ukulinganisela Okunamandla Kwamandla: Ukuxabana Nokubambisana

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nohulumeni abunakuqina. Buwukulinganisela okunamandla futhi ngokuvamile okuncintisanayo okuye kwashintsha kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. UMthetho - sisekelo unikeza izindlela eziningana zokulawula lokhu kulinganisela.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Namacala Ayinhloko Enkantolo

INkantolo Ephakeme inendima ebalulekile njengomsekeli wezingxabano zikahulumeni.

  • [FLT]] McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): yamisa imfundiso yamandla ashiwoyo futhi yaqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uphakeme kunomthetho wezwe ophikisanayo.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): ichazwa kabanzi i-Congress ’ i-i-Gerrenational congress.
  • [FLT] United States v. Lopez (1995]): Ifakwe emandleni kahulumeni ngokushaya umthetho owedlula uMkhandlu ’ iphawula amandla ezentengiselwano, ephawula umzamo ophawulekayo wokuvikela amandla ombuso.
  • Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202]) (20: yasekela igunya lomthetho we-Affordal Care Act kodwa umthetho olinganiselwe we-Congress & #8217; amandla okuvimba zonke izimali ze-Medicaid ezikhona ezikhethwe ukungandisa uhlelo.

Izinselele ZoMbuso Nokuhlanganiswa Kwawo

Amazwe anamathuluzi amaningana okuphindisela imuva egunyeni likahulumeni. Angafaka inselele ephikisa umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni. Angangenela ukubeka , inkolelo - mbono eyimpikiswano ethi inelungelo lokumela i-̴ i-interposite” yona ngokwayo ukuvimbela ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni abawubheka njengongawuphathi umthetho. Okusho ukuthi ngokuvamile isebenzisa inqubo yezombangazwe, inxusa iMkhandlu ukuba ishintshele umthetho kahulumeni noma ifune izinguquko nokuzinza ekumisweni kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni.

Indima YamaFederal Grant

Umshayeli obalulekile wethonya likahulumeni ezifundazweni ungowe- we-socialism . Uhulumeni unikeza amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ezikhokhelwa ukubusa unyaka ngamunye. Lokhu kunikeza ngokuvamile ngemibandela, okufuna imibuso ivumelane nemithetho kahulumeni ukuvumelana nemigomo yokuhwebelana ngemali. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni wezwe owenyuselwe ekuphakamiseni iminyaka yabo engokomthetho ewunyaka kuya ku-21 ngokubopha lemfuneko ekusekeleni izimali zikahulumeni. Nakuba kuvunyelwe ngokomthetho, lomkhuba uhlala ungumthombo wokucindezeleka, njengoba uvumela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba uvumela ukuba uhulumeni ukuba uthotye izindawo ezibekelwe ngokwesiko ngenxa yokulawula umbuso.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nekusasa LobuFande

Ezombangazwe zaseMelika zangesikhathi esidlule ziphawuleka ngezimpikiswano ezijulile zokulinganisela okufanele kwamandla phakathi kweWashington nemibuso.

Isimiso Sokunakekelwa Kwempilo

I-Affordble Care Act (ACA) yakha ubudlelwane obuyinkimbinkimbi bombuso wezwe. Uhulumeni umisa imithetho eminingi, ufaka umshuwalense, futhi uqhube izigcawu zikahulumeni, kodwa uhulumeni uyakwazi ukuzithengela imishuwalense yawo futhi uyakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlelo zawo ze-Medicaid. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekukhiqizweni okuhlukene, amanye amazwe abambelele kumthetho ngokugcwele futhi amanye amelana nawo ngokuzikhandla.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Izwe elinjengeCalifornia liye lasebenzisa igunya lalo ukumisa izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha izimoto kunezifunwa uhulumeni kahulumeni. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezimpini ezingokomthetho ngokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ungawuqeda yini uhulumeni i-’ uwenqaba ukumisa lezizindinganiso, uqokomisa ukungezwani phakathi kokuhlangana kwezwe nomzamo wombuso.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho

Mhlawumbe isibonelo esivelele kakhulu sanamuhla sempi kahulumeni wezwe insangu. Izifunda eziningi ziye zagunyaza insangu ukuze isetshenziswe kwezokwelapha noma ekuzijabuliseni, ngokuphikisana ngokuqondile nomthetho kahulumeni, othi insangu iyinto elawulwa yiShedyuli. Uhulumeni wezwe ngokuyinhloko uye wakhetha ukungawusebenzisi umthetho wayo ngokwezimo eziwugunyazayo, udala isimo esingaqinile nesingaqinisekile ngokomthetho.

Isiphetho: Isimiso Esiklanyelwe Ukucindezeleka Okungapheli

Umehluko phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso awusona isici esichazayo somklamo kahulumeni waseMelika; uyisici sawo. UMthetho-sisekelo wasungula ngamabomu isimiso sokubusa okumbaxambili, ulindele ukuthi ukulinganisela kwamandla kungaphikiswa futhi kuxoxiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kubafundi nezakhamuzi ezibotshelelweyo, ukuqonda loluhlelo kubalulekile. Ichaza ukuthi kungani imithetho ethile ifana ezweni kuyilapho enye ihlukene nezwe ukumiswa. Inikeza umongo wempi enkulu engokomthetho nasempini yezombangazwe. Futhi igcizelela iqiniso eliyisisekelo: eUnited States, amandla awakaze abekwe ngokugcwele. Ihlala ihlolwa, ihlolwa, futhi ilinganiswa phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezifunda zomhlaba, futhi izingxoxo eziwumbuso eziwumbuso, amandla ahlukene, awe awenziwayo izwe eliye ashintsha izwe elikhona. Umlando futhi uyoqhubeka ukuchaza ikusasa lawo. [umbiko we-FU.][2][5]