Isingeniso: Ukuhlangana Kwesisekelo

Ukuhlangana kwamalungelo omphakathi nomthetho-mthetho - sisekelo kwakha isisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika. .Amalungelo omphakathi aqinisekiswe ngokulinganayo nenkululeko ekucwaseni ngobandlululo (*) akuyona imibono engekho ngokomthetho egunyazwe ngokomthetho esekelwe kuMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. nokulungiswa kwawo. Umthetho-sisekelo, unikeza uhlelo oluchaza ukuthi lamalungelo achazwa ngalo, avikelwe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ancintiswane. Ukuqonda ukuthi la maqembu amabili asebenza kanjani kudingekile kubafundisi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, abafundi, nezakhamuzi ababoshekelwe ngokomthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola imisuka engokomlando, izincazelo eziyinhloko zomthetho womthetho, ukuma kwezindawo, ukuxabana, izinselele ezihlala njalo ezichaza ubuhlobo obuqhubekayo phakathi kwamalungelo omphakathi nomthetho wesizwe eUnited States. Ngokuhlola lezi zicishintshwa ngokucaca kwendlela yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho owe-mthetho.

Umlando: Kusukela Ekusungulweni Kuya Ekuvuselweni kabusha

Izimpande zamalungelo omphakathi e-United States zisukela emuva enkathini yokusungulwa, kodwa uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wawunemithetho ekhathazayo ebugqilini nasekuvoteni. Isigaba sesithathu sombhalo (Umfanekiso I, Ingxenye 2) sabala abantu abagqilaziwe njengabantu abathathu abamele ukumelelwa, futhi isigqila esibalekayo (i-Article IV, Ingxenye 2) sasifuna ukubuya kwezigqila ezisindiwe. Lemiyalo yezinhlanga yafaka ukungalingani kwemithetho. Kwakuze kube iMpi Yombano-Nobumba nenkathi eyalandela i-Reconstanation yeNstructionmentalment idefation eklanywe ukumisa ukumiswa komthetho-siseko wesizwe wenkululeko.

IziNguqulo ze-Reconstructs(-1865) zabuqeda ubugqila nobugqila obungahloni, ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu. [[FLT:] 14] ISichibiyelo se-asethi [FLT:] (168] sanikeza bonke abantu abazalwayo noma abadalwe eUnited States isilinganiso sendlela elinganayo yokuvikela inqubo efanelekile. [[FLT:] 15] isijeziso semithetho yemithetho. [FLT] [FLT] [2] [14] [14] [1870]) ukunqatshwa kwesombululo sokuvota, umbala owe-6] [intengokwayo] [indlela] [inani elidluleyo] i-screvote yesithembiso sesivumelwano semithetho kanye nenqubo engokomthetho yesivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano se-unigcond [intshing] kumashumi eminyaka engeziwe yemithetho echazwa eNingizimu [FLDavel] ka-19, 1870] ku-18, noma ka-19, noma ka

Kusukela ekupheleni kwe-Reconsolen kuqhubeke nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, iNkantolo Ephakeme yayivame ukulinganisela ukufinyelela kweSichibiyelo sekhulu le-14. [FLT] Pnety v. Ferguson[FLT]] [1896], iNkantolo yasekela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ngaphansi kwemfundiso ye-"isimende kodwa elinganayo", ngokuphumelela isekela ukucwaswa kwezwe cishe amashumi ayisithupha eminyaka. Lesinqumo sasala silokhu siwumthetho wezwe [[FLTLT] [i] [indlela] [indlela] [i-FLT] [1866], isekela ukulwela amalungelo omphakathi ekhulwini lama-206], kanjalo yayiyimpi yangamelangalwanga nje kuphela ukwahlulela komphakathi kodwa futhi nokuqondana okukhulu kobuhlanga.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Omthetho - sisekelo Avikela Amalungelo Omphakathi

Ngaphandle kweSichibiyelo Sokuvuselelwa, amanye amalungiselelo amaningana eSiphakamiso Samalungelo Abantu nawamuva asebenza njengezinsika ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko yenkolo, inkulumo, imithombo yezindaba, ingqungquthela, kanye nelungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni. Lezi zikhuselo ziyisisekelo samalungelo omphakathi, zivumela abantu namaqembu ukuba bahlele, babhikishe, futhi bafune izinguquko ezingokomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza iSichibiyelo sokuqala sokuhlanganisa inkulumo engokomfanekiso (umz., ukushiswa kwefulegi) namalungelo obungani, okuye kwabaluleke kakhulu ezinhlanganweni zamalungelo abantu njenge-NAACP. Ngaphandle kwalezi sivikelo, eziningi zemikhankanka yamalungelo angokomphakathi ka-1950 no-1960 bekungeke kwenzeke.

Isichibiyelo Sesine, Sesihlanu Nesesithupha

Lezi zinguquko zivikela abantu ekuphathweni uhulumeni ngezenzo zobugebengu. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekufuneni nokuquleka okungacabangeli, isiHluzi seSichibiyelo sesihlanu siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile nesivikelo ekuzibekeleni ngokwaso, futhi isiHlulo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha nomphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi, neseluleko esingokomthetho. Lemimiselo ibaluleke kakhulu ekusingatheni kuhlaziswe izinhlanga ezimisweni zobugebengu. Amacala anjenge [[FLT: 0][FL:0][FLT]] [FT] Manda v.[FLT:[FLT][2][5][5][5] [irightase projective:[5][5][5] [iertivectal:][3]

Izinqumo Zesi - 9 Nezeshumi

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth siyavuma ukuthi amalungelo angahlukaniswanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni-sisekelo asagcinwa ngabantu. Lokhu kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukusekela izimpikiswano ngamalungelo angaqalwanga, njengamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, akha isisekelo sezinqumo ku [[FLT]]. Connecticut[65] [[FLT]] [[65] kanye [[FLT] ne [[FLT] v.] Radev.[FLT:][12][5][5] [7] [7]). [izibonelo zemithetho ye-Requencementssionment ezingaphathiswe kuhulumeni noma kubantu, ngezinye izikhathi ezithiwayamukela amalungelo omphakathi]

Izinqumo Zamuva Ezibizayo

Izinguquko eziningi ze-20 eziqhubekele phambili amalungelo omphakathi. ISichibiyelo se-1919th (1920) sayenqabela ukuvota okusekelwe ebulilini, ukwandisa ukhetho lokuhlanganisa abesifazane. [[[FLT:]]24] Isichibiyelo seSichibiyelo [[FLT:]] [1964]]) sayeka intela yokuvota, eyayisetshenziselwa ukususa inzuzo ephansi nenkokhelwano yesizwe. [[FLT] ... [25:]] [6] [6] ISichime seSichithi senkathi yokuvota [i-18,5] [1964] phakathi nenkathi yeMpi yeVietnam.

Uphawu Lwenkantolo Ephakeme Lulahla Amalungelo Omphakathi

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaba nendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni umthetho - sisekelo ukuze kwandiswe noma kulinganiswe amalungelo omphakathi. Amacala ezimpawu amise izenzakalo eziqhubeka zichaza imingcele engokomthetho. Ngezansi kunezinqumo eziyinhloko ezihlelwa ngesihloko.

Ukuqeda u-Specing Umbuso-uhlanganiso

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[FLT] [1954] mhlawumbe iyisinqumo esidume kakhulu samalungelo omphakathi emlandweni we-U.S. iNkantolo yamemezela ngazwi linye ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula iSivikelo esilinganayo seSiphendu seSiphendulo se-14 seSiphendulo, ukugumbuqela i "sehlela kodwa silingana" imfundiso ye ewumthetho ongenakulandelwa.. Isinqumo asizange sisuse izikole zomphakathi ngokushesha, kodwa sanikeza isisekelo somthetho senkululeko yenkululeko yesizwe nemithetho enjengeSivumelo sika-1964656, nemithetho yemithetho ye-Oct of Polist Trence.

Ukuvikela Umshado Nezinqubo Zomkhaya

i-'volution v. Virginia (1967]) yashaya imithetho evimbela ukuganana kwezinhlanga, iphethe ukuthi imithetho enjalo yaphula kokubili iSivikelo esilinganayo ne-Curtive Croodes. Cishe ingxenye yekhulu leminyaka kamuva, [FLT]][FLT]] [5]] Obergecreb v. [FLT][FLT] [20:] [20] inwebele ukucabanga okufanayo emshadweni-odwa, ikhipha ukuthi isigaba semithetho ye-Genesholo-14. Lezi zenzakalo zibonisa indlela izimiso zenkululeko nokulingana nokuqondana okungaqondanikali kobuntu nokwe-inci.[FLT]

Ukuveza Amalungelo Nemifanekiso

Ukuveza kuyilungelo lomphakathi eliyisisekelo. [FLT] Shelby County v. Umphathi (2013]) wabulala ilungiselelo eliyinhloko le-Voting Rights Act elalidinga imingcele ethile enomlando wobandlululo ukuze kutholakale imithetho engokomthetho ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. Isinqumo sanciphisa kakhulu ukuqondisa kwezwe kokwenza uvota, kuholela ekubekeni imingcele yemithetho emisha yokuvota. Icala libonisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kokubekwa kwelungelo likahulumeni wenkululeko yesizwe negunya likahulumeni ngokhetho, ukushukulwa okusekelwe kumthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

Ukuthola Imfundo Namathuba Alinganayo

Izindaba ezifana [[FLT: 0]. [FLT] I-Regents zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia v. Bakke [7] [1988] ne[[FLT:][FLT]] isekela ukusetshenziswa kohlanga njengesici esisodwa phakathi kwezici eziningi ezikhona, ukuphawula isithakazelo esisheshayo. [FLT:] [2003] [FT] [FT] [1] ikhuluma ngenyathelo lokuyekelela emfundweni ephakeme. [[FLT]] [FLT] [12] [4], i-effectsss, i-optionss.[12]

Ubumbano Nokuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Isihloko esiphindaphindwayo emalungelweni omphakathi nasemthetho-mthetho womthetho - sisekelo ukuncintisana phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso. IsiHlanzi se-14 se-Aumente Ecult ne-'Uhlelo u-Clauss silinganisela ngokuqondile isenzo sikahulumeni, kodwa izinga legunya likahulumeni lokuphoqelela amalungelo ezakhamuzi liye laphikiswa kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. Phakathi nenkathi yokuvuselelwa kwenkathi, uMkhandlu udlulise udlulise i-Civil Rights Act of 18666 kanye ne-Enictivement Acts of 1870 ne-19871 ukulwa nobudlova obumhlophe. Nokho, iNkanto ephakeme yeNkanto e [[FLT:] [FLT:][FLT][5] [FLT][6] [5] [5]] [5] [ig.[5] [iFLT]] IG.G.G.[5] Ilungelo elincane elivela kulelo elingu-Genediyodwa.[FL: [G.]

Inkathi yanamuhla yamalungelo omphakathi yaba nokuvuselelwa komthetho kahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Chommerce Claus neSichibiyelo se-14. UMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1944, owawunqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zomphakathi nemisebenzi, wasekelwa kakhulu yiNkantolo ngaphansi kwegunya lezentengiselwano leKhongolo .[FLT] [FLT] [United] [[FLT] [[FLT] [1964]]. [1964] ISivumelo somthetho somthetho womthetho wezentengiselwano se-1964] sancikelwe yimithetho ye-Promendezi. Ngisho nosuku lwanamuhla, imithetho yokuvota, ukuvota, ukulungiswa kwemithetho, ukulungiswa kwemithetho yezokulwa kwesizwe. Ukuqonda ukulingana kwe-mthetho-mthetho-octivecialism phakathi kwesizwe ne-octivedition kudinga i-octives.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Elungelweni Lomphakathi Nomthetho Womthetho - sisekelo

Naphezu kwentuthuko ephawulekayo, kusenezinselele eziningi ezisekungqubuzaneni kwamalungelo abantu nomthetho - sisekelo.

Ubandlululo Olulawulwa Isimiso Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Ukwahlukana kwezinhlanga embusweni, ekugwetshweni, nasekuboshweni kubhalwe kahle. Izinselele zomthetho-sisekelo zivame ukugxila ekunqabeni kweSichibiyelo sesine sokuphenya nokuquleka okungacabangeli, ilungelo leSiphazamiso Sesithupha lokululeka, kanye nokuvinjelwa kweSichibiyelo seSishiyaga-nye ezijezisweni ezinonya nezingavamile. Izinguquko ze-Province, njengemithetho evumela ukuphenywa okudinga ukucusumbulwa kwezimiso zemithetho eMnyango woBulungiseleli, zincike egunyelwe yigunya likahulumeni elibusayo kodwa zibuye zilongwe yizimiso zomthetho zemithetho yesimiso nezokuhlukanisa imibuso.

Ukucindezelwa Kwezwi Nobuqotho Bokhetho

Ngemva kwesinqumo iShelby County, izifunda-mazwe eziningi zimisa imithetho ye-ID eqinile, zihlanza imibhoshongo yamavoti, futhi zinciphisa amathuba okuvota angaphambili. Lezi zinyathelo ngokungenakulinganiswa zithinta idlanzana, imali ephansi, nasebekhulile abavoti. Ingxoxo yemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo igxile ekutheni imithetho enjalo iyayiphula yini imithetho elinganayo yeSivikeli sika Claus neSiphendulo se-15. Umthetho we-Federal njengoJohn Lewis Voting Rights Act Act ufuna ukubuyisela inqubo yangaphambili, kodwa umthetho wayo uyaqhubeka uyindaba yokuphikisana. Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zincintisana nezithakazelo zokuvota eziphethe ngokukhetha okuyisisekelo kwe-voti.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo Nenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Ngemva , ukulwela amalungelo omphakathi okhuliswe kuhlanganisa isivikelo sokucwaswa kocalucalulo olusekelwe ekubusweni kobulili obungokobulili, emisebenzini, ezindaweni zokuhlala zomphakathi. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [FLT][FLT]]B3] Bostock v. County[FLT][FLT][200]] [20] sathi iSihlomo se-VII samaLungelo omphakathi ka-1964] umthetho we-Oct womthetho we-Ourcet osekelwe embukisweni nasebulilini. Nokho, izingxabano phakathi kwe-LGTQ+ amalungelo enkolo nokuzibophaka izinkonzo zokwamuthelela. Lezi zivikelo zenkolo zivele, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nezinkonzo zokwamuthelela ngaphansi kwezimiso zobuhlanga ezilwano zomthetho ezimelene nezimiso zomthetho ezilwayo ezilwayo ezimelene nokulungisa i-mthetho ezihlangene.

Isenzo Esiqinisekisayo Nemfundo Ephelele

Isinqumo samuva saphawula ukushintshwa okukhulu kweze-mthetho zezindawo zokulaliswa kwezinhlanga ngokungazi lutho. Abasekeli bomthetho-mthetho we-computer bomflate baphikisa ngokuthi i-Uncime Protection Claus iyala noma yikuphi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga, kuyilapho abameleli bobulungisa besizwe baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uvumela izinyathelo ezicatshangelwe ngokucushekileyo zokuthuthukisa ukwahlukahluka nokwelapha ukucwasana kwangaphambili. Ngalé kwemfundo ephakeme, ukuhluka kwezentengiselwano zemfundo yemfundo yezentengiselwano yemfundo ephambili kuhlala kuqinisa imibandela engoko engokomthetho wesizwe nemithetho kahulumeni njengeSihlomo VI.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuqapheleni Amalungelo Ezakhamuzi Athuthukayo

Imfundo iseyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuthuthukisa ukuqonda amalungelo omphakathi nomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuhlanganisa lezi zihloko ezifundweni zesikole nasezinkulumweni zeningi, othisha bangahlomisa abafundi ngolwazi namakhono okucabanga agxekayo adingekayo ukuze baqondise izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho nezezenhlalo. Imfundo yamalungelo omphakathi ephumelelayo ithatha indida yokukhunjulwa kwezimiso nezenzakalo; ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba bahlole umlando, bahlole izincazelo eziphikisanayo, futhi bacabangele imiphumela yangempela yezinqumo zomthetho.

  • Ukuhlaziya okukhuthazayo izindaba eziphawulekayo nokusebenza kwazo okuqhubekayo.
  • Ukuthuthukisa izingxoxo ngokuqondene nokulinganisela phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nokuhleleka komphakathi.
  • Ukuqokomisa iminikelo yabashisekeli benkolo, abameli nezakhamuzi ezivamile ezathonya intuthuko yamalungelo abantu.
  • Ukukhuthaza uzwela ngokuhlola okuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo kwemiphakathi ehluzekile.
  • Ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwabafundi indlela yokuhlanganyela nesimiso somthetho njengabameleli, abasizi bejaji, nabavoti.

Izinhlelo ezinjenge Contitugational Rights Foundation kanye [FLT] ne- Faceralial Judicial Center [ inikeza izifundo ezisiza othisha nabafundi ukuba bahlole lezizihloko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [[FLT:] iproject inikeza incazelo efinyekayo nemekileyo yemidaba yezimpikiswano zeNkanto ephakeme, yenza umthetho wezomthetho-mfalthi ungene ngokwengeziwe kubantuthu.

Isiphetho: I - Intraived Enamandla

Ukuhlangana kwamalungelo omphakathi nomthetho-mthetho akumi ndawonye; kushintshashintsha ngendlela isizukulwane ngasinye esiqonda ngayo ukulingana nobulungisa. Kusukela ekuhlaziyweni Kweziphendu Zomthetho ohlangene kuya ezinqumweni zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza kokubili isihlangu nenkemba kulabo abafuna ukuvikela nokwandisa amalungelo omphakathi. Kodwa iziqinisekiso zomthetho-sisekelo aziziqedi ukuwa. Zifuna ukugcinwa kokugcinwa, ukumiswa kwemithetho yemithetho, nokuvunyelwa komphakathi. Izinselele zobuhlanga, ukuvota, nokucwa kwamaqembu ahlukene, nokucwaswa kwezizwe kuhlala kuqinile emphakathini waseMelika, futhi izinkantolo kuphela azikwazi ukuzixazulula. Izimiso eziqinile zitshelwa ukuqonda umthetho nokuzinikela okujulileyo ekutholeni amalungelo esizwe okubalulekile ekuqhubekeni. Ngokuhlola nokuthatha intuthuko nokuncintisana nezakhamuzi, kungaqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izivumelwano zemithetho yezomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uphawulwe yi- Library of Congress I-Chonsitution [ ne-Civil Rights Division of the Department of the Justice www.gract.gov/cct.[FLT:]