Umsebenzi WobuProfethi Bokuqala: Ukuchaza Incazelo Emisiwe Yomthetho - sisekelo

UbuOrigalist buyindlela yokuchaza komthetho-sisekelo ephethe umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo we-United States kufanele iqondwe ngokwencazelo eyayinayo ngesikhathi igunyaziwe, cishe “inhloso yokuqala” yamaFramers noma“incazelo yomphakathi yokuqala” eyayiphethwe amaratifiers. Lefilosofi ihluke ngokuqonde ngqo“ndlela ephilayo yokuqonda”, evumela abahluleli ukuba bahlaziye izincazelo zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze babonise izindinganiso kanye nezimo zesikhathi.

Imisuka yokuqala kwanamuhla isukela kuma-1980, lapho amanani anjengo-Attorney General Edwin Meese III noMahluleli u-Antonin Scalia ewasekela njengesithiyo somthetho wokwahlulela. UScalia, ikakhulukazi, waphikisa ngokuthi amajaji kufanele abe “izinceku ezithembekile zokuqonda kwasekuqaleni” kunokuba“ abasunguli bomthetho omusha.” I-Extrantist yathola ukuhlangana okwengeziwe kwe-academia ngolwazi olungokomthetho njengoRobert Bork, Randy Barnett, noMichael McConnell. Namuhla, iyilens enkulu yabahluleli abaningi, kuhlanganise nezimbalwa eziNkantolo Eziphakeme.

Abasekeli bagomela ngokuthi ubuKhomanisi bunikeza ukuzinza, ukubikezela, nokubusa ngentando yeningi: uma incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ishintsha ngenxa yemibono eminingi yamajaji, lencwadi ilahlekelwa igunya layo elibophayo. Nokho, abagxeki bathi ukuguquguquka komphakathi, kungaholela emiphumeleni engalungile, futhi ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa ngokukhethayo ukuze kufinyelelwe imiphumela efiselekayo. Naphezu kwalemibango, ubuKhomanisi bokuqala buhlala buyithonya elinamandla eMelika iJurisprudence, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezihilela inkululeko engokwenkolo.

Incazelo Yomphakathi Yokuqala

Impikiswano eyisisekelo phakathi kwe-listism impikiswano phakathi “kwenhloso yokuqala” (lokho amaFramers ayekucabanga ngasese ukuthi umbhalo usho ukuthini) kanye“ nencazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni” (lokho umuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi sokuhlungwa ayeyoqonda ukuthi umbhalo usho ukuthini). UMahluleli uScalia wayengummeleli ovelele wale njongo, ephikisa ukuthi “inhloso yokubusa” yedlanzana loFata abatholakele babenombono ofiphele kakhulu futhi bengenamthetho. Kunalokho,“ incazelo ye-""" eqondiswe umphakathi yizichazayo, incazelo ejwayelekile, nengokomlando. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo ngenxa yokuthi abahluleli bokuqala bangafinyelela iziphetho zezeluleko olufanayo, lapho besho ngokukhomba ukukhomba ukukholelwa ezindleleni ezifanayo.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Emthethweni: Umbhalo Nomlando

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Sencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu sinikeza isivikelo esibili esibalulekile ngokuphathelene nenkolo:

  • Ukumiswa kuka-Claus: “Ikhorati aliyikwenza umthetho mayelana nokumiswa kwenkolo.” Lesi sigqebhezana senqabela uhulumeni ekugunyazeni noma ekusekeleni inkolo ethile ngokomthetho.
  • [ i Free Exess Claus:[ “noma unqabela ukusetshenziswa kwayo mahhala.” Le-octive ivikela ilungelo labantu ngabanye namaqembu lokuqhuba inkolo yabo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa nguhulumeni.

Lezizigaba ezimbili zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe lokho uThomas Jefferson abiza ngokudume ngokuthi “udonga lokuhlukanisa phakathi kwesonto nombuso.” Nokho, incazelo eqondile yalokho kuhlukana (-) futhi indlela yokukulinganisela ngokumelene nokuzivivinya okukhululekile ("ukuye kwaphikiswa kakhulu ngamakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Umlando uphathelene kakhulu nabaqondisi bezincwadi zokuqala. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 leminyaka, imibuso eminingi yayisakhe amasonto (ngokwesibonelo, amaMassachusetts, alondoloza iSivumelwano sobuCongregation kwaze kwaba ngo-1833). AmaFrame, edweba ku-Creedings bspeints brancow njengoJohn Locke nakuzo izinqolobane zabo, yazama ukuvimbela isonto lesizwe kuyilapho ishiya amazwe akhululekile ukusingatha izindaba zenkolo. ISichibiyelo sokuqala ekuqaleni sasisebenza kuphela kuhulumeni wombuso wombuso, hhayi emazweni angonyaka ka-1820 kuphela lapho kuqokonyiswa izimo ezingokomlando. Kuphela iSishayamthetho se-Gast Clasmetic Claus (Inquisime) ngo-1868 saqala “ukuhlukanisa iNkakhulu lokuqala inguquko ngokumelene nezwe, inqubo eyaqedwa kakhulu ngekhulu lekhulu leminyaka lama-20.

Imibono Yabantu Benkolo Yokuqala Ngenkululeko: Izimiso Nezitho Zokusebenza

Abaqondisi benkolo bafunda ngokucushwa kwe-Premistment Claus: inqabela ukusungulwa kwesonto lesizwe noma ukukhethwa kwehlelo elithile phezu kwelinye, kodwa akudingi ukungakhathaleli okuqinile okuhlukanisa inkolo ekuphileni komphakathi. Njengoba uMahluleli Scalia abhala Lee v. Weisman[ [1992], “umlando nesiko lesizwe sethu kugcwele imikhosi yasobala eveza imithandazo.” Ngokufanayo, abakholelwa ekuchazeni i-Free Eviniclectrecius njengesivikelo emithethweni ehlasela ngamabomu inqubo engokwenkolo, kodwa hhayi ukunikeza ukukhululwa okuzenzekelayo kokungathathi hlangothi, ngokuvamile, imithetho esebenzayo.

Lokhu “ukungathathi hlangothi” isimiso sadume kakhulu nguMahluleli Scalia ku-Employment Division v. Smith (1990), icala elihlala liyisisekelo sokucabanga kokuqala ngokuzivivinya. INkantolo yathi umthetho ongathathi hlangothi ebusweni bayo futhi ovamile awuwuphuli umthetho wenkolo we-Free Expression ngenxa nje yokuthi ithwesa umthwalo ongokwenkolo, futhi uma lowo mthwalo ukhona. Ngaphansi kwalokhu kufundwa, abantu bangadingeka ukuba bavumelane nomthetho ngaphandle kokuba umthetho ucwase ngokusobala enkolweni noma ushukuswe yi-aus. Abagxeki bephikisa ukuthi lendlela yokuchaza ngokunempumelelo i-Free Classionaus, kodwa abaqala basabela ekuboniseni umlando ukuthi uClaus akaqondiswe ngokusemthethweni ukuba ayenze ubugebengu obungagwetye.

Amacala Ayinhloko Abonisa Ukucabanga Kwakuqala

Ngalé Smith, izenzakalo eziningana eziphawula uphawu zibonisa izindlela zokuqala zobukhona kwinkululeko engokwenkolo:

  • [FLT]son v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1947): Inkantolo yasebenzisa umbono wokuhlukanisa oqinile wokwakhiwa kuka-Claus (ukuvumela ukukhokhelwa kwemali yenkolo ezikoleni ezingokwenkolo ngaphansi “kwemfundiso yomntwana), uMahluleli uHugo Black’s adwebe kakhulu ngombhalo kaJefferson nangomlando wezakhiwo zenkolo. Kamuva abasunguli benkolo baye bagxeka u-Everson ngokufunda umlando ngokungeyikho, bephikisa ngokuthi i-Framers ahlozanga ukwenqaba ukuvimbela ukunikeza usizo lwezenkolo olungekho ngokomthetho.
  • Lith . Kurtzman (1971]: Uvavanyo lweLemon(-ifuna injongo yezwe, umphumela oyinhloko ongaqhubeki phambili noma uvimbele inkolo, futhi awukho ukuvinjelwa ngokweqile, futhi awuhlaselwanga yizazi zakuqala njengokungathi isisekelo somthetho-mthetho esingekho ngokwencazelo yokuqala. Umthetho Scalia uqheke kakhulu ku [[FLT:]] Lean, ubiza uvavanyo oluthiwa “ukuhlobana okuthiwe kwe-Lemon `Intery' ebekwe ndawonye njengetshebe yemabula'."
  • I-Galgoy yase-Greece v. (2014: iNkantolo yasekela umkhuba wokuvula imihlangano yebhodi ledolobha ngomthandazo, igcizelela umlando wezwe womthandazo wesivumelwano. Umbono kaJustice Anthony Kennedy, ohlangene noScalia noThomas, wancike kakhulu engqungqungqutheleni nasemthethweni wokwahlulela, indlela yoqobo yokuhlola izakhiwo.
  • [FLT] u-Orinity Church Lutheran v. Comer (2017): INkantolo yakholelwa ukuthi uhlelo lukahulumeni olunqabela ukutholakala kwemfundo engokwenkolo ekulondekeni kwenkundla egunyaziwe lwaphula umthetho we-Free Expression Claus ngoba yakhetha ngokukhetha umuntu ofanele ngenxa yesikhundla sakhe esingokwenkolo. Umbono weSikhulu uRoberts wagcizelela ukuthi “Impatho Yenkululeko ka Claus uvikela inzondo kahulumeni enkolweni,” isimiso esinemisuka kakhulu emlandweni.
  • Amaqeshana [i-Master macateshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (208): Umbono woMahluleli uKennedy] wagwema isinqumo esibanzi sempi phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nempi emelene nemithetho yokungavumelani, esikhundleni sokugxila ekubonakaliseni kwe-Commission ubutha ngezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo zombhaki. Umthetho wobuJaji onjengoThoma noGorture wabhala uProgiencess owazigs eziqonda umlando wenkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuzivivinya, kanye nesimo senkulumo ephoqelelwe.

Ukucindezela Phakathi Kwabakholelwa Kukuqala: Umbhalo, Umlando Nesiko

Akuyona yonke izazi zakuqala ezivumelanayo ngendlela yokusebenzisa incazelo yokuqala yenkululeko engokwenkolo. Abanye, njengoMahluleli uClarence Thomas, baphikisa ngokuthi isivikelo esiqinile sokuzivivinya ngokukhululekile, ukubuza [[FLT: 0]] u-Smith futhi basikisela ukuthi ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kweSichibiyelo se 1448 esafaka ilungelo elibanzi lokukhulula ngokwenkolo kunendlela yamanje yokuzivivinya. Abanye, njengoMahluleli Samuel Alto, baye baveza uphawu lokuvuleka ukuze baphinde baphinde bavule [FLT] ezimweni ezifana [FLT:] Filton]. Idolobha laseFilph [Fluton] eliyinki ezindaweni zanamuhla.[Flupt] [25], okunqululwe yikho okungu ngokomthetho kwezempikiswayo engokomlando wanamuhla, kodwa kwazinye i-Jirnone, i-octivens (od.'s) ekhuthaza ukukhuthaza ukuhluza umehluko kobunki oluqinile ngokomthetho wanamuhla

Izinselele Zokubusuka Emkhakheni Wenkululeko Engokwenkolo

UbuFramestrist bubhekene nezimiso eziningi ezaziwayo lapho zisetshenziswa ezinkolweni ezikhululekile. Okokuqala, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ubufalse bungavimbela kakhulu: bungahluleka ukuvikela izinkolo ezimbalwa ezithi amaFramers ayengawalindele, njenge-Islam, ubuHindu, noma izinkolelo ezingezona ezenkolo. Incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi ye- “inkolo” kuma-1790 ibhekisela cishe ezinkolelweni zobukholwa, eziphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi ubufandamentali bungawaqaphazamele yini amalungelo abantu abangabantu bezwe noma izinkolo ezingezona ezenkolo.

Okwesibili, ubufundisi buvame ukuholela emiphumeleni ephikisana nemibono yanamuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ukumiswa kuka-Claus ekuqaleni kuvimbele isonto lesizwe kuphela, khona - ke umthandazo wesikole ogunyaziwe ezikoleni zomphakathi kungaba ngokomthetho ngaphansi komfundi ngqa phambili ofundayo, [1] isimo abantu abaningi baseMelika namuhla abangasifuni. Abadaluli baphendula ngokuthi ukunamathela encazelweni yokuqala kuyadingeka ngisho nalapho bengathandwa, ngoba uMthetho-sisekelo uyisivumelwano esibophekayo, hhayi indilinga yemizwelo.

Okwesithathu, umlando uvame ukuba nomlando ongaqondakali. OFathers abathola imibono ehlukene kakhulu ngenkolo nohulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uJames Madison, waphikisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuxhasa kwemali kahulumeni enkolweni, kuyilapho abanye abaxhasi besekela. Ukukhetha umlando kungalulaza ukusho kobuStatu bokuqala. Njengoba iJackson H. Jackson ake waxwayisa, “ukuphinda nje amaqiniso angokomlando akuqinisekisi ukuthi incazelo enembile yomthetho-sisekelo itholakele.”

Okwesine, ukusebenza kobuProfethi kuhulumeni wanamuhla kuletha ubunzima obungokoqobo. Imithetho eminingi engathathi hlangothi ethwesa inkolo imithetho namuhla($s', imithetho yokusebenza, imithetho yezindawo, impilo nezimiso zokuphepha). (ekugcineni), abadansi babengekho ngo-1791. Abadatha baphikisana ngokuthi amaFramers ayehlose ukuba ama - Free Express Claus akhululeke emithethweni enjalo, noma ashiye indawo yokuhlala enqubeni yezombangazwe.

Ukulinganisela Phakathi Kokuqala Nokukholelwa KuNkulunkulu Kwanamuhla

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, ubuKhomanisi busalokhu buyisimiso esihlonishwa kakhulu sokuchaza. Izinkantolo ezithatha indlela yokuchaza izinkolelo zakuqala zivame ukubuhlanganisa namanye amathuluzi achazayo, njengesibonelo, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo, nokubekezelelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni yokusebenza kwezenkolo. IReligious Freedom Remection Act (RFRA) ka 1993, eyabuyisela indinganiso eqinile yokuhlola imithetho kahulumeni ethwesa inkolo umthwalo, yayisekelwa yibo bobabili abenzi bemithetho abakhululekile nababambelele emfundisweni engokomthetho, futhi ibonisa indlela izinqubo zedemokramente ezinganezela ngayo isivikelo somthetho.

Ukuthatha izinto zakuqala akukunqandeli ukuvikelwa kwenkolo encane. ISichibiyelo sokuqala ngokwaso, ngombhalo waso ocacile, sivimbela imithetho “egunyaza ukuqeqeshwa kwangaphandle” kwenkolo − umyalo ongafundwa kabanzi noma kancane kakhulu esekelwe ebufakazini obungokomlando. Abahluleli bobuprotodox abagcizelela “incazelo yokuqala” yokubonisa” baye baphikisa ukuthi ihlanganisa okungaphezu kwenkolelo nje, kuhlanganise nokuziphatha okungase kungqubuzane nomthetho wezwe. Impikiswano yamanje ivame ukugxila ekutheni amaFramers ayehloselwe ukuvumela ukuvinjelwa okungokwenkolo njengelungelo lomthetho, noma njengendaba yomthetho kuphela.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Nendlela Eqhubekayo

Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika ukhula ngokwandayo, umbuzo wokuthi ungayivikela kanjani inkululeko engokwenkolo kuyilapho ulondoloza ukuthula komphakathi uphuthuma ngokwengeziwe. Ukubheka izinto zakuqala kunikeza enye indlela yokusekela lezimpikiswano embhalweni omisiwe womthetho-sisekelo, kodwa akuyona ukuphela kwendlela. Othisha, izazi ezingokomthetho, nabafundi kufanele baqonde kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa kwawo. Imfundo ephelele emthethweni idinga ukungqubuzana nomlando, umbhalo, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuguquguqukayo kweSimemezelo Sokuqala esizweni esishintshayo.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, cabangela lezi zindlela ezilandelayo:

Isiphetho

Ubuqanjiwe bunikeza indlela enamandla, enezimiso zokuchaza izigaba zenkolo yoMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokusekela incazelo ekuqondeni kokuqala kombhalo, abaqambi benkathi bazimisele ukulondoloza ukufaneleka kobudenariyu komthetho-sisekelo futhi bavimbele amajaji ukuba abeke ezabo izinzuzo. Endaweni yenkululeko engokwenkolo, lendlela iye yaveza kokubili isivikelo esiqinile sokuzivivinya ngokukhululekile nombono omncane ngokuqhathaniswa wokwakheka kuka-Claus. Ibuye yabangela izimpikiswano ezinamandla zangaphakathi phakathi kwamalungu oqobo ngokwawo, kanye nokugxeka okucatshaza kakhulu kulabo abakhetha umthetho ovumelana kakhulu nomthetho.

Ukuqonda lezimpikiswano kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda indima yenkolo ekuphileni komphakathi waseMelika. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sisalokhu siwumbhalo ophilayo ngomqondo wokuthi sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha esizukulwaneni ngasinye, kodwa ukukholelwa ekudalweni kwakuqala kusikhumbuza ukuthi incazelo yaso ayiyona into engenakulinganiswa.