Ukuhlangana kwamalungelo omshado nemithetho yokuwinwa kwabantwana kuyisici esiyinkimbinkimbi somthetho womkhaya oye washintsha ngokuphawulekayo phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Ukuqonda indlela lezindawo ezimbili ezingokomthetho ezisebenzelana ngayo kubalulekile kochwepheshe bezomthetho, othisha, nemikhaya yokuqondisa izimpikiswano zelungelo lokuhlala nabantwana. Nakuba umshado ngokwesiko wakha uhlelo olucacile lwamalungelo abazali, izinqumo zanamuhla zigxile kakhulu ekulondekeni kahle kwengane kungakhathaliseki isikhundla somshado. Lesihloko sihlola izimpande ezingokomlando, izimiso zomthetho, intuthuko yanamuhla, kanye nezici eziwusizo kulengqungquthela, inikeza usizo olucacile kunoma ubani ofuna ukucacisa lezizindaba ezivame ukuphamba ngokomzwelo.

Umlando Wemishado Nemithetho Yokuwinwa Kwabantwana

Emlandweni ongokomthetho ongokwezemithetho waseNtshonalanga, umshado wawubhekwa njengesivumelwano sangasese phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane, indoda inegunya elingokomthetho kumfazi wayo. Ngaphansi kwemfundiso yomthetho yesiNgisi evamile yokufihla, owesifazane oshadile wayengenaso isici esingokomthetho esingokomthetho; impahla yakhe, imali, futhi ngisho nezingane zakhe zazilawulwa ngokomthetho umyeni wakhe. Imithetho yokuwinwa kwabantwana phakathi nalenkathi yayivumelana nalesimiso sobukhokhoma — ubaba wayephethe ilungelo elicishe liphelele lokugcina abantwana bakhe abangokomthetho.

I-19th-century “imfundiso ethambile yeminyaka” yaphawula ushintsho oluphawulekayo. Izinkantolo zaqala ukuthatha ngokuthi abantwana abasebancane, ikakhulukazi izinsana, kufanele bahlale nonina, ngokusekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi ukunakekela kukamama kwakubalulekile phakathi neminyaka yokulongeka. Lokhu kucatshangelwa kwakuvame ukudlula amalungelo kababa avamile omthetho, nakuba kwakulinganiselwe kubantwana abasebancane. Phakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, imfundiso ethambile yaqala ukuba “izithakazelo ezingcono kakhulu zengane”, nakuba umama aqhubeka ezikhundleni eziningi kuze kube ngo-1970. Inguquko ebanzi yabangela ukuba imithetho yemithetho ithathelwe imithetho yobufana nabefana. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho womkhaya ka-197222 we-19626, wenqaba ngokuqondile noma isilinganiso esisekelwe ekuthandeni kwento efanayo.

Namuhla, cishe wonke umbuso wase-U.S. uye wahlanganisa indinganiso engcono kakhulu, ususa izintandokazi ezingokomthetho zobulili. Nokho, ifa elingokomlando lobumama liyaqhubeka lithonya ukwahlulela nokulindela komphakathi ezimpikiswaneni zokuwinwa kwezingane. Ukuqonda lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kubucayi ngoba kubonisa indlela amalungelo omshado — lapho eseyedwa owenqabela igunya labazali — aye athotshiswa ngayo ngendlela ephakathi esebenza ngokufanayo kubazali abashadile nabangashadile.

Izimiso Ezingokomthetho Ezihlobanisa Umshado Nelungelo Lokugcina Izingane

Umbono Wokutholwa Kwabazali Emshadweni

Esinye sezimiso ezihlala njalo ezigunyaza umshado nelungelo lokunakekela abantwana “ukuthatha isikhundla sokuthola ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana” noma“ ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuthola ilungelo lokunakekela umntwana.” Ngaphansi komthetho ovamile nezimiso eziningi zesimanje, umntwana ozalwe owesifazane oshadile kucatshangelwa njengomntwana womyeni wakhe. Lokhu kusikisela kubaluleke kakhulu: ngokuzenzekelayo kunikeza umyeni amalungelo omzali, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokufuna ukugcinwa noma ukuvakashelwa, ngaphandle kokufuna isenzo esingokomthetho sokubeletha. I-FONUFreci Paretage Act (UP), eyamukelwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ifaka lesi simo. Ngokwesibonelo, u-UPA (2017) uthi “umuntu ucatshangelwa njengomzali wengane uma... umntwana ezalwa kungumfazi futhi eshadile phakathi nenkathi ethile yesigaba sika-204.

Lombono awusebenzi kuphela esehlukaniso kodwa futhi nasezenzweni zokufa noma zokuhlukana. Nokho, akunakwenzeka. Indoda ingakubekela inselele ukusikisela uma ingenzeki ukuba ibonise ukuthi ayiyena ubaba ophilayo — ngokwesibonelo, ngokuhlola iDNA. Ngokufanayo, ubaba ocatshangelwayo angase afune ukuqeda ukubeletha okumisiwe uma umshado ungekho isisekelo sokukhulelwa kwengane. Ezimweni lapho umbhangqwana uhlukanisa, umbono ogunyaza ukugcinwa kwabantwana: inkantolo kakade ibheka bobabili abangane bomshado njengabazali abasemthethweni, ngakho ukugxila ekubekeni imithwalo yemfanelo yabazali.

Isehlukaniso Nelungelo Lokugcina Izingane: Indinganiso Engcono Kakhulu

Lapho abazali behlukanisa, izinkantolo zinquma ukugcinwa kwezingane ngokusekelwe ezithakazelweni ezingcono kakhulu zengane. Lendinganiso ivumelana ngamabomu, ivumela amajaji ukuba alinganise izici eziningi. Ngokuvamile, lezi zihlanganisa isibopho esingokomzwelo phakathi komzali ngamunye nomntwana, ikhono lomzali ngamunye lokunikeza ikhaya elizinzile, izidingo zemfundo nempilo yomntwana, nanoma yimuphi umlando wobudlova basekhaya noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa. Imithetho eminingi yezwe idweba lezi zici ngendlela ecacile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-California Family Code Licement 3011 ibala ukucabangela okunje “impilo, ukuphepha, nenhlalakahle yomntwana” kanye“ nesidingo semvelo nokuxhumana kwakhe nabo bobabili abazali.”

Amalungelo omshado ahlangana ngalokhu kuhlaziya ngezindlela eziningi. Okokuqala, isimo somshado ngokwaso asivamile ukuba silawule isici — indinganiso engcono kakhulu isebenza ngokulinganayo emishadweni ehlukanisayo nakubazali abangashadile. Nokho, abazali abashadile ngokuvamile banendlela elula yokumisa abazali abangokomthetho (njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla). Okwesibili, inkantolo ingacabangela ukuqina kwekhaya lomshado nekhono labazali lokubambisana, okubonakala kalula kakhulu emongweni wobuhlobo bomshado obuphelile. Okwesithathu, uma umzali oyedwa eye waba umnakekeli oyinhloko phakathi nomshado, ukuthi umzali angase abe necala eliqinile lokugcina isibopho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi omunye umzali unikela ngokwezimali. Lokhu kuyindlela yanamuhla yokusebenza “umgcini womthetho”, owavela kuyimfundiso eveza ukuthandwa ngo-1970 njengenhlanu.

Umehluko obalulekile ukuthambekela okukhulayo “kukuba umzali ohlanganyelwe” noma“ ukuwinwa kwezingane.” Amazwe amaningi manje anemibono engokomthetho yokuthi isikhathi sobuzali esilinganayo sisesithakazelweni somntwana esingcono kakhulu, ngaphandle kokuba ubufakazi bubonise okuhlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, iMinnesota Sigmentes Ingxenye 518.17 inikeza ukuthi “inkantolo akumelwe ikhethe umzali oyedwa ngaphezu komunye kuphela ngesisekelo sobulili bomzali” futhi ikhuthaza amalungiselelo athi“andisa isikhathi umzali ngamunye achitha nomntwana.” Lokhu kuveza ukuthi izingane ziyazuza kulokhu kuthintana nabazali bobabili ngemva kwesehlukaniso.

Ithonya Lomshado Ongokobulili Obufanayo

Ukubekwa ngokomthetho komshado ongowesilisa e-United States ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme obergefell v. Hodges (2015] ngokuyisisekelo ushintsho lwendlela yokulawula ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana. [Emandulweni]]] Obergefel[, imibhangqwana efanayo ex ibhekene nokungaqiniseki mayelana namalungelo omzali, ikakhulukazi kubazali abangakholelwa ebukhoneni bemvelo. Ngisho nakusho ukuthi imisha eyaziwayo noma izinyunyana zombangokwakhe, ngokuvamile izibalo zomzali azizange zisebenze kubangane abahlukene ngenxa ye-ivote ngenxa ye-“ 01" , njengomphumela, owesifazane owazala umntwana phakathi nomzali oyedwa phakathi nomshado ongokomthetho, angase acabange ukuthi ziwukushiya ilungelo elingokomthetho lomshado wakhe, uma kungasekho ilungelo lokugcina imvume.

Imithetho ifuna zonke izifundazwe ukuba ziqaphele imishado-yobulili, kodwa ayizange ivule amathuba okuba umzali aphinde afane nhlobo nomngane wakhe womshado. Izifunda eziningi zibuye zayibukeza imithetho yazo yobuzali yokuba ubulili, kuhlanganise nemibhangqwana eshadile efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iMithetho yomkhaya waseCalifornia manje inikeza “i-person i-expands isho ukuthi umzali wengane uma... umntwana ezalwa owesifazane futhi umuntu ushade nowesifazane” (unyaka 75). Lolulimi lusebenzisa ukuthi“ shson, ” kunalokho“ kwenzela i-ex - . Amanye awena alandela izimpawu ezifanayo.

Enye impikiswano ephindaphindwayo ihilela izingane ezizalwe ngobuchwepheshe bokusiza ukuzala (ART) phakathi nomshado ofanayo wobulili obufanayo. Uma umbhangqwana oshadile ongowesilisa usebenzisa i-common noma i-pastrial, umngane womshado ozalwayo kungadingeka athathe izinyathelo ezingokomthetho ezengeziwe — njengokutholwa kwabazali ngokungesibili noma isahlulelo somzali — ukusungula ubuzali obungokomthetho. Ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ezinjalo, umngane womshado ubengeke abe nokuma afune ukuwinwa uma umbhangqwana uhlukene. Izinkantolo ziye zafinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene. [[[FLT: 0] [[FL:]] UMiller-Jenkins]. Miller-Jenkins [FLT:] [20], iNkakhulu leNkantolo ye-Culm eliphethe i-bianism i-expoint, i-dentine amalungelo omzali ohlukene, isebenzisa i-kuhluzo ezinyukunye izinqulu ngokomthetho zomshado ezithi ezithi ngokomthetho ezithi ngokomthetho ezithiwe kamuva.

Ukudlala phakathi kwamalungelo omshado nelungelo lokuhlala nabantwana bebodwa kuhlala kuyinto esheshayo enziwa imibhangqwana eboshelwe ukuhlangana. Ochwepheshe bezomthetho kumelwe bagcine isikhathi sabo kokubili imithetho kahulumeni nezinqumo zokululeka amakhasimende ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuze bathole isiqondiso esengeziwe, imithombo yezinhlangano ezinjenge yeSikhungo sesizwe seLesbian Rights [[ ne i-Melikan Bartion Ingxenye yoMthetho womkhaya ibalulekile.

Intuthuko Yamuva Engokomthetho

Izimo eziningi zamuva nje ziye zalungisa ukuhlangana kwamalungelo omshado nemithetho yokuwinwa kwabantwana. Okokuqala, iUPA 2017 ye-Unifontect of Law Commission ka-2017 ebukeziwe ye-Florence Paretage Act (UPUA 2017) ibhekisa ngokucacile kubazali bezingane ezizalelwe nge-ART kanye ne-extrog, futhi isebenzisa ulimi olusemthethweni lwe-swnetic jogn kulo lonke. I-UPA 2017 iye yamukelwa ngezindawo eziningana, kuhlanganise ne-Washington, Vermont, ne-Rhode Island. Ilungiselelo layo licacisa ukuthi uma umntwana ezalwa umbhangqwana oshadile, bobabili bangabazali abasemthethweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubudlelwane bebodwa noma izakhi zofuzo.

Okwesibili, izinkantolo ziye zawaqaphela kakhulu amalungelo abazali abanolwazi oluqinile — abantu abadala abaye basungula ubuhlobo obunjengobumzali nengane kodwa abashade nomzali ozalayo noma okhulisayo. Kwezinye izifundazwe, usingamzali angafaneleka njengomzali onomzali ngisho nangemva kwesehlukaniso uma benobuhlobo obuqinile nengane. Lokhu kuphazamisa umehluko phakathi kwamalungelo ovamile osekelwe emishadweni nasozwaneni nomntwana. Ngokwesibonelo, eMzalweni we-Leavement of L. [2001], iNkanto ephakeme yeWashington ikholelwa ukuthi umngane ongowesifazane oyisilisayo oye owenze njengomzali iminyaka eminingi engafuna ukuboshelwa yilungelo lokuhlala nowo noma ukulahlekelwa isibopho somshado.

Okwesithathu, imithetho kahulumeni enjengethi Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) ne-Fomunicial Leavement Jurisdition and Enictment Act (UCJEA) isebenzelana namalungelo omshado. I-UCCJEA, etholwe kuzo zonke izifunda, imisa imithetho egunyaza ukunquma ukuthi isiphi isifundazwe esinegunya lokunakekela umntwana. Uma abazali abashadile behlukana futhi bethuthela ezindaweni ezihlukene, lemithetho ingathinta imiphumela yelungelo lokuhlala nabantwana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-VAWA’S ivumela abasindayo ukuba baphume ngaphandle kwesijeziso sezelungelo lokugcina umntwana, beqaphela ukuthi izindleko zokuphepha komzali — ngokuvamile ukuvela phakathi komshado kumelwe zihlolwe ngokucophelela.

Kuye kwenzeka nezinguquko zesifundazwe. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa “imibono ehlanganyelwe ukuba umzali” evumela isikhathi sobuzali esifanayo, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zasuka emibonweni enjalo esekelwe ekucwaningeni ngemikhaya ephakeme. Ngo-2023, iKentucky yanikeza umthetho ofuna ukuba izinkantolo zicabangele“icebo lokukhulisa” elikhulisa isikhathi somzali ngamunye, elihambisana nokuthambekela kwesizwe. Okwamanje, kusho njengoColorado, ukuthi iziqondiso ezinikeza iziqondiso ezithi ukuxhumana njalo nokuqhubeka nazo zombili abazali, zifanele zicabangele isivikelo sezingane.

Izibonelo Eziwusizo Nemibuzo

Ukungqubana kwamalungelo omshado nemithetho yokuwinwa kwabantwana kunemiphumela engokoqobo emikhayeni. Cabangela izimo ezilandelayo:

Abazali Abangashadile

Uma abazali bengashadile, umama ngokuzenzekelayo unelungelo lokuthola umntwana elingokomthetho nelingokomzimba kuphela uma ubaba engaqalisi ukubeletha. Uma ubaba efuna ukuba umntwana ahlale naye, kumelwe afake inqubo yokubeletha, engase idinge i-DNA. Ngisho noma eshade nomunye umuntu, angabhekwa njengomzali ongokomthetho uma izibopho zomuntu zivunyiwe zivunyiwe. Ukungagadiswa komshado akuwuvimbeli umthwalo welungelo lokuwinwa kwezingane, kodwa kuphoqelela umthwalo owengeziwe. Abaningi bathi “inqubo yokuvuma ngokuzenzakalela i-DNA. inqubo enikeza abazali abangashadile izimpawu ezingokomthetho esibhedlela, ezinikeza ubaba amalungelo angokomthetho ngaphandle komthetho wenkantolo. Nokho, lokhu kuvuma akubekelwa inselele phakathi nesikhathi esithile.

Isehlukaniso Noshintsho

Ngemva kwesehlukaniso, iziyalezo zokuwinwa kwezingane azinakuhlala njalo. Noma yimuphi umzali anganxusa ukulungisa ukuwinwa kwezingane okusekelwe “kushintsho olungalawuleki ezimweni.” Amalungelo omshado angabangela: ukuphinde ushade kungabhekwa njengoshintsho, ikakhulukazi uma kwakha usingamzali omusha ozimisele ukusiza ngokunakekela. Nokho, indinganiso engcono kakhulu ihlala iphambili, futhi inkantolo izohlola ukuthi ukuphinde ushade kuthinta kanjani ukuqina nobuhlobo bengane nomzali ngamunye.

Abazali abangontanga kanye nokutholwa

Kubantu abashadile abangobafana, ukutholwa komzali wesibili ngokuvamile kutuswa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bobabili abashadile banamalungelo angokomthetho acacile. Ukutholwa okumisiwe phakathi nomshado kumisa abazali abasemthethweni abasindayo ehlukanisweni. Ngaphandle kwalesi sinyathelo, umngane womshado ongeyena umuntu angase akuthole kunzima ukuvikela imvume yokuwinwa kwezingane, ikakhulukazi uma umbhangqwana uhlukanisa. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengaseNew York nase California, ziye “zazala ngokuyeka” izimfundiso ezingavikela umzali ongeyena isayensi yemvelo oye wasebenza njengomzali.

Impikiswano Zangaphakathi Nezamazwe Ngamazwe

Amalungelo omshado angase ahlukane uma abazali behlala emazweni ahlukene. I-UCCJEA inikeza imithetho yokunquma ukubusa kwezwe lasekhaya, kodwa indlela yokuphatha abazali abasekelwe emshadweni ingahlukahluka. Ngokwesibonelo, umbuso ongawuqapheli umshado owengeziwe (nakuba lokhu kungamukeleki ngokomthetho ngokomthetho ) ungazama ukulinganisela amalungelo abazali omngane oyedwa womshado ozimele. Ezimweni ezinjalo, i-Filolo neSihlalo siphelele lifuna ukuba imishado kuzwe elivela kwezinye izizwe, kodwa iziqondiso zokuwinwa kwelungelo lenkozomthetho zingabeki. Imithetho yomhlaba wonke yezenezela enye ingxabano, njengoba amanye amazwe engaqapheli ukugcinwa kwelungelo noma ukulingana kwelungelo. Imithetho yemithetho yezizwe zonke i-US. Kumelwe ukuba i-Parents ifune izigistss inviduals.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo omshado nemithetho yokunakekela abantwana buyaqhubeka bushintsha, bubonisa izindinganiso ezibanzi zezenhlala- kahle yabantwana. Nakuba umshado owake wabekwa cishe ngamalungelo obuzali azimele, umthetho wanamuhla ugxila ezithakazelweni ezingcono kakhulu zengane, ukusebenzisa indinganiso evumelanayo ecabangela izimo eziyingqayizivele zomkhaya ngamunye. Ukumiswa ngokomthetho komshado ofanayo wesixhumi, ukubukezwa kwe-Monicial Paretage Act, kanye nezinguquko zezwelo kuye kwandisa konke ukuqashelwa kwezakhiwo zomkhaya ezihlukahlukene. Ukuqonda le mvume kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuphatha ngokulunga yonke imikhaya futhi kuthuthukise imiphumela emihle yabantwana. Njengoba imithetho yezeze ngokomthetho iqhubeka ishintsha, ihlala ikhona emithonjeni ethembekile — njengaleyo eyaziwa [FLDMGream Gatentation: FFF1] [evelct, futhi abazali abahleleli bebo abazimisele ukuphatha, futhi belandela umthetho ofanayo.