Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nesivikelo sabafuduki buchaza umkhakha obalulekile womthetho waseMelika nomphakathi. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. awuyichazi ngokucacile indlela yokufuduka, kodwa isiqinisekiso sawo senqubo efanele, isivikelo, nokulunga okuyisisekelo sidlulela ngaphandle kwe-lobuzwe. Njengoba isizwe siphikisana ngokuphepha komngcele, izinqubo zokudingiswa, kanye nesimo sezigidi zezakhamuzi ezingabhalwanga ukuthi zisebenza kanjani kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, futhi ziqonda ukuthi izimiso zomthetho-mthetho zisebenza kanjani ku-"antirf) ngokungenamthetho wezinga elingokomthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola izisekelo ezingokomthetho, izisekelo zokwahlulela ezingokomthetho, izingalo zemithetho engokomthetho, izisekelo, neziqhubekayo ezilawula ukuhlangana kwamalungelo omthetho wemithetho kanye nesivikelo yabafuduki.

Umlando Ongokomlando: Ukusuka Ebusweni Be - planery Kuya Ezindaweni Ezivikela Amalungelo

Emlandweni omningi wase-U.S., umthetho wokufuduka osebenza ngaphansi kwemfundiso yamandla, onika uhulumeni wezwe igunya elinganqandeki cishe ngokungena nokususwa kwabangebona abakhona. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa lesi simiso ku- Cahee Chan Ping v. United States [iphethe lowoMkhandlu unegunya eliyifa lemvelo lokulawula ukufuduka. Emashumini eminyaka, lemfundiso yasho ukuthi abafuduki babenesivikelo esincane somthetho wemithetho yezokungena nokuthutha.

Nokho, ushintsho lwaqala phakathi nekhulu lama-20. Ukwanda kwamalungelo abantu, kuhlangene nokuqaphela okukhulayo ukuthi abafuduki “bangamalungu” emabusweni e-United States, kwaholela izinkantolo ukuba zidlulisele iziqinisekiso ezithile zomthetho-sisekelo ezingekho-mfashinini. Icala lengqoko yecala Amathews v. Diaz[FLT] [[1] [196] ithola ukuthi nakuba i-Congress Congress ingaphatha izakhamuzi kanye nabangebona abakhona, ngeke izenze ngendlela ehlukile.

Namuhla, indawo engokomthetho ibonisa ukungezwani phakathi kwamalungelo abantu. Abafuduki − kuhlanganise nabantu abangabhalwanga ukuthi bangabavikela ngokomthetho - sisekelo (_ukuhloniphisa okuyisisekelo, kodwa lawomalungelo ngokuvamile alinganiselwe noma ahlonishwe yisimo esiyingqayizivele sokugcinwa kwamandla okufuduka.

IZisekelo Zomthetho - sisekelo: Yimaphi Amalungelo Adlulela Kwabafuduki?

Umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo awusibambi isiqinisekiso sawo sokuba “izentengo.” ISichibiyelo sesihlanu neseshumi nane, ngokwesibonelo, sibhekisela ku- “bantu,” iqembu elihlanganisa bonke abantu abasemhlabeni wase-U.S., kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bavelaphi. Ngokufanayo, iSichibiyelo sesine esivikela abantu ekufuneni nokuquleka okungacabangeliyo siyasebenza “abantu,” hhayi nje izakhamuzi. Ngenxa yalokho, abafuduki banezingamalungelo omthetho, nakuba izinga labo lingahluka ekungeneni kweze kungene ezindaweni ezingezona ezingemthetho.

Amalungelo Enqubo Afanele

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza ukuthi akekho umuntu ozophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme ngokungaguquki iye yakholelwa ukuthi abafuduki abathuthwayo ekususweni kwezindaba banelungelo lenqubo efanelekile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isaziso samacala, ithuba lokuzwakala, nokuqulwa phambi kommeli ongakhethi. Wang Sung v.Grand [1950], iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukuxosha ukuqulwa kumelwe kuhlangabezane nezindinganiso zenqubo efanelekile.

Nokho, amalungelo enqubo enqubweni emongo wezokufuduka awafani nalawo asenkantolo yobugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, abafuduki abaqinisekisiwe ngeseluleko sikahulumeni esigunyaziwe, ngisho noma benelungelo elingokomthetho lokuqasha ummeli ngezindleko zabo siqu. INkantolo SINS v. Lopez-Mendoza [19984] ikholelwa ukuthi umthetho osuyaliwe, lowo bufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni, abusebenzi ngokuzenzakalela ekukhipheni izindlebe zobugebengu. Lokhu kulinganiselwa kudala imigoqo ewusizo.

Amalungelo Okuvikelwa Alinganayo

I-Umeal Protection Clause yeSichibiyelo se 14th yeSichibiyelo seMithetho yeMithetho yeMinyaka Engamashumi Amane inqabela ukuphika noma ubani onegunya elilinganayo ukuvikelwa kwemithetho. Lesi sisho sisebenza kokubili ezakhamuzini nakwabangezona abavamile, nakuba indinganiso yokubukeza ihlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, amadolobha awanakukhetha izakhamuzi ezingokomthetho ezihlala njalo ekusakazeni izinzuzo zomphakathi ngaphandle kokuba abe nesizathu esiqinile. Nokho, uhulumeni ungahlukanisa ngokukhululekile kakhulu ngaphansi kwemfundiso yamandla.

Abantwana abangabhalwanga bawina ukunqoba okukhulu okulinganayo kokuvikela Plyler v. Doe (1982]), lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yawisa umthetho waseTexas owenqaba ukufundiswa izingane ngesihle ngokomthetho. INkantolo yaphetha ukuthi uhulumeni awunakubeka umthwalo omkhulu eqenjini le-FLT ngaphandle kokuzithethelela okuqinile. Lendaba ihlala iyitshe letshe lamalungelo abafuduki ngaphansi kwesisekelo esilinganayo sesivikelo.

Inkululeko Yokuchithwa Kokuqala

Abafuduki bajabulela inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, umhlangano, kanye nenhlangano. Uhulumeni ngeke akwazi ukukhipha noma ukujezisa umuntu ongeyena umshoshaphansi ngenxa yokuveza imibono yezombangazwe noma ngenxa yokuqhuba ukholo, ubufakazi obungekhoyo bokukhuthaza ubudlova noma olunye ulimi olungavikeleki. [Ku] Bridges v. Wixon [1945], iNkantolo yalahla ukuxoshwa kwesakhamuzi waphakade ngenxa yokuhlangana neQela lamaKhomanisi, igcizelela ukuthi isivikelo seSiphendulo sokuqala sidlulela kubantu abangebona.

Noma kunjalo, ukuwamelela kabi amalungelo abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe kungangqubuzana nokukhathazeka kwesizwe ngokuphepha. Umthetho we - USA PATRIOT nomthetho owalandela wandisa isisekelo sokudingiswa okusekelwe “emsebenzini wobuphekula,” abagxeki abaphikisa ngokuthi kuye kwasetshenziswa kakhulu inkulumo engokomthetho esabekayo neyakhekile phakathi kwemiphakathi yabafuduki.

ISichibiyelo Sesine Siyavikela

ISichibiyelo sesine sonogada ngokumelene nokuphenywa okungacabangeki nokuquleka. Sisebenza kubo bonke abantu, kodwa ukuphoqelelwa kwaso ekuqinisweni kokufuduka kuye kwaba nokuphikisana. Nakuba izikhulu zokufuduka ngokuvamile zidinga imvume yokungena ekhaya, zingasebenzisa ukusola okuncane ekumeleni okufushane eduze komngcele noma ezikhumulweni zezindiza. Isinqumo seNkantolo United States v. Brignon-PH[ ivumela abagadi be-gadenti ukuba bavingles ukuba bamise izimoto eduze komngcele osekelwe ekusoleni okunengqondo, okungabangela ukuba abaningi baphikisane ngokunyukela kwezinhlanga.

Izindaba zamuva ezifana Utah v [20] zimise umthetho oweqayo (2016) zenza kube nzima ukuvimbela ubufakazi obutholwa ngokungemthetho yiziphathimandla zokufuduka. Lokhu kushiya abafuduki besengozini yokuboshwa ngenxa yokuphula umthetho okungakhishwa enkantolo yobugebengu. Izinhlangano zezempatho zabantwana ziye zabiza izivikelo zeSikhawulo sesine esiqinile esiphethe ukufuduka.

Uphawu Lwecala Lasenkantolo Ephakeme Lulahla Amalungelo Abafuduki

Incazelo yokwahlulela ibilokhu ibalulekile ekucaciseni izinga lesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo kwabafuduki.

United States v. Wong Kim Ark (198)

Lelicala laqinisekisa ubuzibulo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane. INkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi umntwana ozalwe e-United States kubazali abafuduki base-Shayina, nakuba umthetho kahulumeni ngaleso sikhathi wawubekelwe imingcele yemvelo ngohlanga. Isimiso se- solili (ukuzalwa kwekhaya) sihlala siseyinqaba yomthetho waseMelika, nakuba beliyimpikiswano yezombangazwe eminyakeni yamuva.

[[Umthetho:0] Zadvydas v. Davis (2001]

INkantolo yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke akwazi ukuvimbela abafuduki ngokungenasiphelo ngemva komyalo wokugcina wokususwa uma kungekho mathuba aphawulekayo okubuyiselwa. Lelicala laqinisekisa ukuthi i-Century Proce Clause ilinganisela isilinganiso sezinyanga eziyisithupha sokuvalelwa ejele ngemva kohlelo lwe-removal. Yavimbela ikhono likahulumeni lokuthatha abantu ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi ngaphandle kwethuba elinengqondo lokudingiswa.

Plyler v. Doe (1982)

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, lelicala laqinisekisa abantwana abangabhalwanga ilungelo lemfundo yeK-12. INkantolo yafaka ukuhlolwa kwaphakathi, yathola ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni wawungenasithakazelo esiqinile futhi wawubeka isijeziso sokuphila ezinganeni ezingenacala. UPlyler ulokhu eyisibonelo esiyinhloko esinquma ukusukela ekutholeni imvume yokungena ezinkonzweni zomphakathi ezisekelwe ekuthuthweni kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe.

[[UMTL:0] Amathews v. Diaz (1976)

Lesi sinqumo sasekela ukuvunyelwa komthetho kahulumeni ogunyazwa iMedica ukuthi kulungile eminyakeni emihlanu yokuhlala okungokomthetho, kodwa okubalulekile, iNkantolo yenza kwacaca ukuthi imingcele ye-Ceast Proce Claus ilinganiselwe ngisho namandla okumisa ukuhlangana ekuthutheleni kwamanye amazwe. Isinqumo samisa ukuthi nakuba uMkhandlu ungaphatha izakhamuzi ngokuhlukile, ngeke wenze kanjalo ngesizathu esiwumthetho noma esingenangqondo.

Isivikelo Semithetho Nezenzo Eziqondisayo

Ngaphezu kwamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, iSishaya - mthetho negatsha eliphethe kuye kwakha uchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezimiso nezinhlelo ezivikela amaqembu athile ezifiki.

Umthetho Wokufuduka Nowokubulala Izwe (INA)

I-INA iyi-URGUMMM elawula ukufuduka. Imisa isisekelo sokungena nokususwa, inqubo yesikhoselo, kanye nesimo sababaleki. I-INA futhi inikeza ukukhululeka ekususweni, njengokususwa kwezakhamuzi ezithile ezihlala isikhathi eside nokuvikelwa kwezisulu zobugebengu (Uvsavs) noma ukushushumbisa (TVS). Nakuba i-INA ingavumeli izinga elifanayo lenqubo efanayo njengomthetho wobugebengu, ihlanganisa izikhuseli eziqinile ezisekunxebeni zecala kanye nelungelo lokudlulisa icala kanye nelungelo lokudlulisa isikhala.

Isinyathelo Esiqinile Sabafinyeleli Bobuntwana (DACA)

I-DACA inikeza inkululeko yesikhashana ekudingisweni nasemvumeni yomsebenzi ukuze kuhlonyiswe abantu abafanelekele abafika e-U.S.A. Azigunyazi ngokomthetho, kodwa ivikela abamukelayo ekususweni isikhathi seminyaka emibili esivuselelwe. Uhlelo luye lwasinda ezinkingeni ezingokomthetho, nakuba ikusasa lalo lingaqinisekile. Kusukela ngo-2024, izicelo ezintsha ziyakhiqizwa, kodwa i-DACA ayikaguquki.

Ubudlova Kubesifazane (VAWA)

IVAWA ivumela ezinye izisulu ezingezona izisulu zobudlova basekhaya ukuba zifune ukuhlala ngokusemthethweni ngaphandle kokuthembela esakhamuzini sazo esixhaphazayo sase-U.S. noma esakhamuzini saso sasikhathi sonke. Le lungiselelo liqaphela ukuthi izisulu zingaphoqelelwa ukuba zithule ngenxa yosongo lokudingiswa. Isivikelo seVAWA siyisibonelo esibalulekile sendlela umthetho womthetho owesizwe ofaka ngayo amalungelo omthetho ngokomthetho kubantu abasengozini.

Ukuvikelwa Kwesikhashana (TPS)

UNobhala we Homeland Security angathatha izwe le-TPS lapho izimo ezinjengempi elwiwayo, inhlekelele yendawo ezungezile, noma izimo ezingavamile zivimbela ukubuya okuphephile. Abantu abavela emazweni amisiwe ase-United States kakade bangathola isivikelo sesikhashana ekususweni nasekugunyazweni umsebenzi. i-TPS ayilona ikhambi elihlala njalo, kodwa inikeza abafuduki abavela emazweni abhekene nobunzima.

Izinselele Zamanje Ezisekuncipheni Kwamalungelo Nokulondeka

Naphezu kwezinqubo ezingokomthetho ezichazwe, abafuduki babhekana nezithiyo eziphikelelayo ekutholeni amalungelo abo angokomthetho nangokomthetho. Eziningi zalezi zinselele ziye zakhula eminyakeni yamuva ngenxa yezinguquko zemithetho, ukugcinwa kwezinto eziza kuqala, nezinqumo zokwahlulela.

Ukuzigcina Nokuthola Iseluleko

I-United States iphethe isimiso esikhulu kakhulu sokuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni, ngokuvamile igcina abantu abasezikhungweni ezikude kakhulu nemithombo engokomthetho noma ukusekela umkhaya.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhuba wokuboshelwa ngesibopho izigaba ezithile zabafuduki, kuhlanganise nalabo abanezinkolelo zobugebengu noma abasanda kuboshwa emngceleni, uphakamisa ukukhathazeka komthetho-sisekelo. [[FLT: 0] Jennings v. Rodriguez [2018], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuvalelwa okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokuzwa isibopho, iqinisa izimfuneko zokukhululwa. Amaqembu aqhubeka ebekela lemithetho ngaphansi kwe-Ceclassiase ne-Immigation and National Indity Act.

Imithetho Yokungena Kwezwe Nentengo

Kungekho nguquko kahulumeni ebanzi, izifunda eziningana ziye zamisa imithetho yazo siqu yokugcinwa kwabantu abafudukayo. I-SB 1070 (2070) yase-Arizona yadinga amaphoyisa ukuba ahlole ukufuduka phakathi kwezimo ezingokomthetho futhi ahluleke ukuthwala amaphepha okufuduka ubugebengu bukahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme yawaphula amalungiselelo ayinhloko e ] Azongara v. United States [20], ithola ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kokufuduka kunguhulumeni kuphela. Noma kunjalo, umbuso kanye nokubambisana kwendawo neziphathimandla zikahulumeni (htt) kuya ku 287 (g) izivumelwano zesivumelwano ne “inqulue” i-oactitary .[United States] i-ALTY] iyaqhubeka ukuveza izimpi ezingokomthetho ezithinta amalungelo abafuduki.

Izimiso zokungahlali, ezilinganisela ukubambisana kwendawo nokugcinwa kwezokufuduka kukahulumeni, ziye zabekelwa inselele ngezisekelo zomthetho-mthetho. Izinkantolo zivame ukusekela isimiso sokuthi ohulumeni bendawo abanakuphoqelelwa ukuba basebenzise ingcebo yabo ukuze baphoqelele umthetho kahulumeni wokufuduka. Lezi zimpi ezilawulayo zibonisa ukushikashikeka okuqhubekayo kokuchaza imingcele yegunya likahulumeni ezindabeni zokufuduka.

Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwenkulumo Engcolile Yohlanga Nesichibiyelo Sesine

Naphezu kwesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, abafuduki (ezikakhulu abavela eLatino, e-Asia, nase-Middle East) babika ukuthi bahloselwe ukuphoqelelwa kwezenzo ezisekelwe ngokohlanga noma ubuzwe. ISichibiyelo sesine sinqabela ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuqubuka, kodwa izikhulu zezokufuduka ngezinye izikhathi ziqeqeshelwa ukusebenzisa “ukusola okunengqondo” okusekelwe ezicini ezinjengokubukeka, ulimi, noma indawo. Ukumangalelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi kuye kwafaka izimpawu ze-profilification, futhi izinkantolo ziye zakhipha imithetho evumelayo yokulungisa inqubo yokugcinwa.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yenqaba ukubusa ukuthi uhlanga lulodwa ngeke lube isici sokusola okunengqondo ngezikhawu zokufuduka, ukushiyela imvume yokuqhubeka nokumiswa. Ezinye izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zathi ukusebenzisa uhlanga njengesici esiyinhloko akukona okungokomthetho, kodwa ukuntuleka kwendinganiso ecacile ezweni lonke kuvumela ukuxhashazwa okuqhubekayo.

Imingcele Ye - aslim Nenqubo Efanele

Isimiso sesikhoselo, esinikeza isivikelo kulabo ababaleka ukushushiswa, siye sabhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu eminyakeni yamuva. Izikhulu ezinjengo-“kuhamba” kwabafuni besikhoselo emathekwini okungena, “Hlala eMexico” uhlelo (Imithetho Yesivikelo Yesiphephelo), futhi inqubo yokususa ehleliwe iye yabekelwa inselele njengokuphulwa kwenqubo efanelekile noMthetho weRefused ka 1980. Izinkantolo ziye zavala ezinye zalezi zinyathelo, kodwa ushintsho oluqhubekayo ludala isiphithiphithiphithiphithi futhi luphikise abantu abaningi ithuba elihle lokuveza izicelo zabo.

uMpuma Bay Sanctuary Party v. Barr (2029), iSifunda se-Ninth sathi uhulumeni akanakuvala izisebenziso zesikhoselo zalabo abangena ngaphandle kokuhlolwa emngceleni oseningizimu. Lesinqumo silondolozwe singena enqubeni yesivikelo, kodwa ukukhokha nokuphatha kuqhubekela phambili ukuguqula indawo.

Izinhlangano Eziyingqapheli Nezisekelayo

Isimiso sezinto eziphilayo esiqinile sezinhlangano ezingazuzisi sisebenzela ukuvikela amalungelo abafuduki asemthethweni futhi sinikeze usizo olungokomthetho. La maqembu ahlanganyela ekufuneni imvume, ekugunyazeni imithetho, nasezinsingweni eziqondile. Amanye avelele kakhulu ahlanganisa:

  • Isibonelelo somphakathi sase-Americanan Liberties Union (ACLU) - i-ACLU iye yaveza amacala amaningi ezimpawu ezihlanganisa inqubo efanelekile yabafuduki, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, namalungelo eSichibiyelo sesine. I-Immigrant’s Rights Project igxila ekuvimbeleni imisebenzi yokungabekezeli umthetho. [[FLT:]] Imfundo eyengeziwe e-aclu.org
  • I-National Immigrant Justice Center (NJC) - NIJC inikeza ukumelelwa okuqondile okungokomthetho, ukuhlaziywa komthetho, nokuhlolwa kwezimiso, kanye nemiphumela. Iye yaba umholi ekugxekeni i-Trump-era “Hlalani eMexico” inkambiso nokusekela abafuduki abavalelwe. [[FLT:]] Free transformation transformation. org[FLT]
  • Amalungelo Abantu Kuqala[ - Lenhlangano igxila ekuvikeleni nasekufinyeleleni abaleki. Ibhala ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu ekuqikelweni kwezokufuduka kanye nabasekeli bokunamathela emthethweni wezwe lonke. Bheka amalungelo abantu kuqala. org.
  • Umbuso wobuzwe wokwahlukanisa i-Immigration Law Center (NYC) - I-NILC abamele izinqubo eziqaphela iminikelo yabafuduki, ngokugxila ngokukhethekile emiphakathini ethola imali ephansi. Bahlola izimpikiswano ezifanele zenqubo nemingcele yombuso. ngaphezulu kuyi-ilc.org

Lezi zinhlangano, kanye namaqembu osizo angokomthetho endawo kanye nezinhlangano zommeli okuthiwa i - probono, kubalulekile ekuxazululeni igebe phakathi kwamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo angabonakali nokutholakala kwangempela kobulungisa.

Isiphetho: Ukuziphendukela Kwamalungelo Nezivikelo Okuqhubekayo

Ukuhlangana kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nesivikelo sabafuduki akumi ndawonye. Kuyashintsha ngokuchaza ukwahlulela, ukuthatha imithetho, isimiso sokuqondisa, nesotshanini. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yandisa inqubo efanelekile nesivikelo esilinganayo kubafuduki, izikhala ezinkulu zikhona, ngokuphindwe ka-96, ukufinyelela iziluleko, nokuvikela ekuqikelweni kokungaqiniseki. Imfundiso yamandla iyaqhubeka ilinganisela ukuqondisa kokwahlulela, futhi ukushintsha kwezombangazwe kungashintsha ngokushesha izivimbele izigwebo ezisezweni.

Uma bebheka phambili, izindaba eziningana eziyinhloko cishe ziyochaza lomkhakha: ikusasa lobuzibulo, indima yohulumeni bendawo ekuqikelweni kwezokufuduka, izinga leSichibiyelo sesine emingceleni nasemachwebeni, kanye nokulunga okungaguquguquki kwesimiso sesiphephelo. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuthi “akekho muntu oyophucwa inkululeko ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele” kumelwe sisebenze ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abakhona ngokoqobo eUnited States, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bafika kanjani.

Njengoba ingxoxo yezwe iqhubeka, into eyodwa isalokhu icacile: Ukuzinikela kweUnited States ekubuseni komthetho - sisekelo kufuna ukuba isivikelo singabi umsebenzi wesizwe sodwa. Umsebenzi ongaphambili uwukuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo abhalwe ezincwadini zokusungula angaphezu kokufinyelelwa (ukuthi ziba isiqinisekiso esiphilayo sanoma ubani ongaphansi kokufinyelela komthetho.)