Izinqumo zenqubo yomphakathi azivamile ukuhlanganisa izimpendulo ezicacile. Abakhi bemithetho basebenza endaweni lapho inzuzo enciphisanayo, imithombo elinganiselwe, nezithakazelo ezihlukene ezisemqoka. Ukuhlangana kwezimiso nezimiso zomphakathi kulapho lokhu kucindezeleka kuba okubonakala kakhulu, okufuna ukuhlaziywa okukhulu nokukhanya kokuziphatha. Lesi sihloko sihlola izilinganiso ezingokokuziphatha kokwenza imithetho, izisekelo ezenza izinqumo, nezinselele zangempela eziphakamayo uma kumelwe kwenziwe izinqumo ezinzima.

Indima Yezimiso Zokuziphatha Ekuzihleleni Kwabantu

Izimiso zokuziphatha zinikeza ikhampasi yokubusa. Ilawula indlela abenzi bezimiso abachaza ngayo izinkinga, bahlaziye ezinye izindlela, futhi bathethelele ukukhetha kwabo emphakathini. Ngaphandle kwesisekelo sokuziphatha, izinqubo zisengozini yokuba zizenzekele, zizenze zizimele, noma zilimaza bona kanye abantu abahloselwe ukuba bakhonze.

Izimiso Ezingokwezimiso Ekubuseni

Izimiso eziningana eziyisisekelo zokuziphatha zisekela isimiso somphakathi esinengqondo:

  • Ubulungisa: Ukwabiwa kahle kwezinzuzo nemithwalo emphakathini. I-policies akumelwe ingabi nazimo eziyingozi ngokungenakuqhathaniswa.
  • Benefice: Ithatha inyathelo ngezindlela ezithuthukisa inhlalakahle yabantu nemiphakathi.
  • [[NT:0] Ukungalingani kwe-Non[[FL:1]: Ukugwema ukulimala. Ngisho nezinqubo ezicatshangelwe kahle zingadala imiphumela ebuhlungu engahleliwe, futhi ukubusa okungokokuziphatha kudinga ukuncishiswa kwalezi zingozi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izenzo ezizenzekelayo: Ukuhlonipha inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokuzikhethela. Abaphathi-magellala kumelwe balinganisele imigomo ehlangene nenkululeko yomuntu siqu, ukushukuma okubonakala ezimpikiswaneni ezimayelana nemithetho yokugoma noma imithetho yemininingwane yezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Lezizimiso zivame ukuphikisana. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso esikhulisa impilo yomphakathi wonke (imvume) singavimbela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye (ezenzakalelayo). Ukuhlelwa kwenqubo ye-othemical kudinga ukudayiswa okucophelelayo, okuqondiswa ukucaciswa okusobala.

Izinselele Ezinzima Ekwenzeni Izimiso Zomthetho Zanamuhla

Izinselele eziningana ezilokhu zivivinya ikhono labo lokwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe ezimisweni ziya ngokuya ziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izithakazelo Eziphikisanayo

Abathathi bemithi abasuka emaqenjini ezimbonini nasemihlanganweni yezezimali ukuya ezakhamuzini ngabanye, ngokuvame ukuba nemibono ephikisanayo ngalokho okuwumthetho olungile. Ngokwesibonelo, iziguli ezisebenzisa imithi zidinga imithi ebizayo ukuze zimelane nezisusa zezinkampani zenzuzo kanye nezisusa ezintsha ezishukumisa ukuthuthuka kwezidakamizwa. Abaphathi-mithetho kumelwe bahlole lezizithakazelo ngaphandle kokuzivumelanisa namaphimbo aphakeme.

Ukuthutha Imithombo Yemali Nokuhamba Ngesivinini

Imali elinganiselwe iphoqelela ukukhetha okunzima. Ingabe idolobha lingazifaka izimali ezingeni eliphezulu zokuhlala noma ekuthutheni umphakathi? Ingabe isimiso sempilo sezwe singaxhasa ukwelapha komdlavuza okubizayo kwabaningi noma ukunakekelwa kwabaningi? Amapulani anjenge abaphathi bezindawo zokunakekela [ ngokuvamile aqondisa lezi zinqumo, kodwa angazishaya indiva izidingo zeqembu elincane. I-COVIID-19 iqokomisa lokhu kucindezeleka lapho izibhedlela zidinga ukunikezela ngezindlela zokukhipha i-athonsi nayi-ICUbell, okushonisa izindinganiso ezingoko bucayi zesimo ezihlanganisa ngokucacile izimiso zezimiso zokuziphatha.

Ukucindezela Kwezombangazwe Nokuhlukana Kwezigaba

Izikhulu eziqashelwe kumelwe zilinganisele izibopho zazo zokuziphatha kanye namaqiniso okukhetha kabusha, ukuthembeka kweqembu, kanye nomkhankaso. Ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kungaholela ezimisweni ezifaka phambili inzuzo emifushane engokwesikhathi eside yenzuzo yezenhlalo . njengokuncishiswa kwentela okukhuphula ukulahlekelwa noma ukulahlwa okulimaza indawo ezungezile. Ukulondoloza ubuqotho obungokokuziphatha endaweni ezungezile kudinga isibindi nesivikelo sezinhlangano, njengemiyalo yezimiso zokuziphatha ezizimele.

Umbono Womphakathi Uphikisana Nemibono Ephambene Nemibono Evamile

Umphakathi unamandla ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, kodwa awuhambisani njalo nemithetho engokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu ezivikela amalungelo amancane zingase zingathandwa yiningi. Umzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi e-United States unikeza isibonelo esiqinile: abenzi bemithetho kwadingeka bakhethe phakathi kokulandela umbono womphakathi (ngokuvamile othanda ukuhlukaniswa) nokusekela isimiso sokulingana.

Ukwenziwa kwesakhelo sokwakha ifreyimu

Ukuze balawule lezi zinselele, abenzi bezimiso basebenzisa izimiso ezimisiwe zezimiso zokuziphatha.

I - Utilitharianism

Ubunaniyela bahlulela izenzo ngemiphumela yabo, ukufuna ngokukhethekile ukukhuphula injabulo yonke noma inhlalakahle. Enkambisweni yomphakathi, lokhu ngokuvamile kuguqula ukuhlaziywa kwezindleko, lapho izinqubo zihlolwa ngokusekelwe enzuzoni yenetha yabo yezenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, umxhasi wezobuzwe angase asekele intela yekhabhoni ngenxa yokuthi izinzuzo zesikhathi eside zokuncishiswa kwesimo sezulu zingaphezu kwezindleko zezomnotho zesikhathi esifushane. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuncishiswa kwemali kungawa kwamalungelo ezinganeni ngenxa yenzuzo enkulu yenzuzo yezenhlalakahle yegazi engokwezenhlalakahle nezobugebengu.

Izimiso Zokuhlazisa

I-Deontology igcizelela imisebenzi, imithetho, namalungelo kungakhathaliseki imiphumela. Ukugcizelela okuyisisekelo kuka-Emmanuel Kant ukuthi kufanele senze ngokwezibalo ezingaba imithetho yendawo yonke. Kubenzi bezimiso, lokhu kusho ukunamathela ezimisweni ezinjengokwethembeka, ukuhlonipha abantu, nokugcina izithembiso, futhi lapho ziphula kungaveza imiphumela engcono. Ngokwesibonelo, indlela yokuhlola isayensi yokuzilawula ingavumelani nezizathu eziyimfihlo, naphezu kokuba inamandla ayo ukuvimbela ubuphekula. Lesi simiso sinikeza isivikelo esinamandla samalungelo abantu ngabanye kodwa singaba neso esiqinile ezimweni ezibucayi.

Izimiso Zobuhle

Kunokuba igxile emithethweni noma emiphumeleni, izimiso ezinhle zibuza: "Yini umuntu olungile angayenza?" Igcizelela izici zobuntu ezinjengokwethembeka, ububele, isibindi, nokungaguquguquki. Ekwenzeni izimiso ezinhle, ikhuthaza abaholi ukuba bahlakulele ukuhlakanipha kokuziphatha futhi bacabangele indlela izinqumo zabo ezibonisa ngayo ubuntu babo. Ngokwesibonelo, umenzi wezimiso ezinhle angabeka phambili ukubonakala nokulandisa, ngisho nalapho ukufiphala kuzuzisa ngokwezombangazwe.

Inkolelo - mbono Yezenhlalo

Inkolelo-mbono yenhlalayenza, esekelwe emsebenzini we Hobbes, iLocke, noRousseau, ama-posit ukuthi ukubusa okungokomthetho kuvela ekuvumelaneni kwababuswayo. Izincazelo zanamuhla, njengoJohn Rawls wemfundiso yobulungisa njengobulungisa, ziphikisa ngokuthi izivumelwano zomphakathi kufanele ziklanywe ngokusuka "esimweni sakuqala" lapho kungekho muntu owaziyo ukuthi zikhona ikusasa layo emphakathini. Lomqondo uholela ezimisweni ezivikela okungcono kakhulu. Umehluko we-rackls ufaneleke kuphela uma zizuzisa izimiso zezenhlalakahle, intela eqhubekayo, nokumelene nezinhlelo zokulwa nezokulwa nomphakathi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Sobushiqela

Ekuqaleni kwasungulwa i-bioethics, principlism isebenzisa izimiso ezine eziyinhloko − i-autonomy, inzuzo, inzuzo, nobulungisa − njengesiqondiso esisebenzayo ekwenzeni izinqumo. Loluhlelo luye lwavunyelelwa ukuqondisa komphakathi, ikakhulukazi empilweni, esendaweni ezungezile, nakumthetho wobuchwepheshe. Ivumela abenzi bezimiso ukuba bahlole indlela isimiso esihlongoziwe esithinta ngayo isimiso ngasinye futhi benze ukudayisa okungakhohlakazeki. Phakathi nobhadaka olune lwe-COVOVID-19, ohulumeni abaningi basebenzisa i-Principlups ukuze bathethelele izintambo ezivalwayo, ukulinganisela impilo yomphakathi (indawo ezungezile) ngokumelene nomonakalo wezentengo nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (ukungalingani) kanye nenkululeko yomuntu siqu (ukukhulula).

Ukuhlola Icala Emthethweni Womphakathi Ovamile

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa indlela izimiso zokuziphatha ezisebenza ngayo ekusebenzeni (nendlela ngezinye izikhathi ezihluleka ngayo.)

UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongafinyeleleki (ACA)

I-ACA ihlose ukwandisa umshuwalense wempilo kubantu baseMelika abayizigidi abangakhokhiwe. Ngokombono wezimiso, yafuna ukuthuthukisa ubulungisa ngokufuna ukufinyelela imvume yokunakekelwa kwempilo. Kodwa yabhekana nokuphikiswa okukhulu ngenxa yombuso wayo, okwakufuna wonke umuntu abe nomshuwalense noma akhokhe isigwebo. I-ACA ibonisa ukuthi ngisho nemithetho ebekwe phansi ingakuveza kanjani ukungavumelani okuyisisekelo ngendima kahulumeni nangenjongo yobulungisa.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu mhlawumbe kuyinselele enkulu kakhulu ekhona phakathi kwezimiso zokuziphatha. Imithetho ehloselwe ukunciphisa igesi ekhiqizwayo namuhla ibangela izindleko eziyohlanganisa amashumi eminyaka esikhathini esizayo. I-Olitian artugations ilulaza ngenani eliphansi lenani lezindleko zemali, kodwa i-Stockalive igcizelela ukuqina kwenani lenani lenani lemali ekhona phakathi kobukhosi bezwe nobebunye. Izimiso zokulawula kumelwe futhi zilinganisele ithonya elingaka lokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ezizweni ezimpofu (imithetho).

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buyashintsha

Izinkinga zomthetho womthetho wobugebengu zisekelwe ekujezisweni, ekulungiseni, nasekubuyiseleni izinhlanga. Ukuboshwa kweziboshwa e-United States kuye kwagxekwa ngokulimaza ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi yabaNsundu nabaseSpain, kuphakamisa izindaba zokwahlulela okuphanga nokulawula. Izimiso zezesayensi yezomthetho zifuna ukuba isijeziso sihlobane futhi sihlonishwe. Izimpikiswano zomthetho zokunqanda ukunqanda ukunqandwa nokufakwa kwemizwa okungalinganiyo kumelwe zilinganiswe ngokulinganayo. Izimo zemithetho zamuva zilinganiswe ngokulimaza izikhala ezilimaza imisho ende. Izinguquko zamuva, njenge-First Step Act, zibonisa ukushintshwa kokulungisa nokunciphisa imibandela edinga ukugcinwa − ashukumisela iqaphela isibopho sokuphatha bonke abantu ngenhlonipho.

Ukusabela Komgunyathi Nemithetho Yokuqulwa Kwamacala

I-COVID-19 umqedazwe wezempilo ophoqelelwe ukuba asungule izimiso zokulawula ezempilo ezintathu zezindawo eziyindlala njengezinto ezingekhoyo ezifana nezimpompo zamanzi aphumayo kanye nemibhede ye-ICU. Lemithetho elandelwayo isho ngokucacile ukuthi iqukethe izimiso zezimiso zokuziphatha: ukwandisa ukuphila okugciniwe (umbangi), ngaphambi kokuhlela izisebenzi ezingaphambili (inani leze-produmical commental), nokugwema ukucwaswa okusekelwe ebudalani noma ekukhubazeni (imithetho). Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi abanye abantu abaswele amandla angcono abakhubazekile. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwagcizelela isidingo sokukhanyisa, izinqubo ezihlanganisayo lapho benza izinqumo ezihlanganisa ukuphila nokufa. Kwaqokomisa futhi ukubaluleka kobulungisa be-proclibration.

Izindaba Ezihlanganisa Umthetho Womphakathi

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nomphakathi kushintsha, imingcele emisha yezindinganiso idinga ukunakwa abasunguli bezimiso.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nobucukubhezi Bomthetho

Izimiso ze-AI zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekugwebeni ubugebengu, ukuqasha, ukufaka izikweleti, nokuqondisa komphakathi. Lezi zimiso zingaqhubekisela phambili futhi zandise ubandlululo olukhona uma ziqeqeshwe ngemininingwane enephutha. Abaphathi-mapliger kumele baxabane nemibuzo yokulandisa, ukubonana, nokulunga. I-European Union’s AI AI Act imelela umzamo wokuhlanganisa izimiso zokuziphatha zobungameli babantu, ukuhlola izingozi, nokuqinisekisa okungaguquguquki. Nokho isivinini sokukhula kwe-AIP sidlulise izimpendulo ezithathelwanayo, futhi izimiso zezimiso zokuhlengamele zivumelanisa izimpikiswano ezifana ne-fieakes, izikhali ezizimele, nezikhali ezizimele.

Imininingwane Nezinto Eziningi

Ukuqoqwa nokusetshenziswa kokwaziswa komuntu siqu kohulumeni nezinhlangano kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngezimiso zokuziphatha. Ilungelo lokuzifihla liqashelwa ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho (umzk., GDPR, CCPA), kodwa ukulinganisela ukulondeka nempilo yomphakathi nezidingo zokulwa nozibuse kuhlala kuphikisana. Ukuxhumana okulandelelana phakathi kobhadane, ngokwesibonelo, kwakudinga ukuhlelwa komklamo wezimiso mayelana nokugcinwa kokwaziswa, ukuthungatha, nokuvumelana. Izimiso zesikhathi esizayo kumelwe ziqondise ukuqina kwezinzuzo zokwaziswa nokubusa komphakathi nezingozi zokuhlola.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezakhi Zofuzo Nesayensi Yezakhi Zofuzo

I-CRISPR kanye nezinye isayensi zokuhlela izakhi zofuzo zinikeza ithuba lokuphulukisa izifo zezakhi zofuzo kodwa futhi ziphakamisa imibuzo engokokuziphatha ngokuphathelene ne-eugenics, equity, nemiphumela engahleliwe. Uma abazali kufanele bavunyelwe ukukhetha izici ezithandekayo? Abenzi bezimiso kufanele balawule kanjani umbungu? Izimiso zezimiso ezisetshenziswa ekucwaningeni ngesayensi yezinto eziphilayo − ukuvunyela isayensi yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ukuhlaziya izingozi, ukulunga kokufinyelela ku-zezinye (ukufuna ukukhuliswa kulezi khono ezivelayo). Izimiso zokubusa kwezizwe zonke, njengesazi sekomiti ye-WHO, zama ukunikeza iziqondiso zokuziphatha, kodwa ukuhlukana kwezindinganiso zomphakathi kwenza kube nzima ukuvumelana.

Ukuqinisa Izimiso Zobuhlakani Kuhulumeni

Ukwenziwa kwezimiso zobunzululwazi akuwona umthwalo wemfanelo wabenzi bezinqumo. Izinhlangano kumelwe zakhe isisekelo somthetho ukuze zisekele ukubusa okuhle.

Ukuqeqeshelwa Izikhulu Zomphakathi Izimiso Zokuziphatha

Ukuqeqeshwa njalo ngezimiso zokuziphatha, ukuphikisana nesithakazelo semithetho, nokuhlelwa kwezimiso zokwenza izinqumo kungasiza izikhulu ukuba ziqaphele futhi zisebenzise izinkinga zokuziphatha. Ohulumeni abaningi badinga ukuqeqeshwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha kwaminyaka yonke, kodwa ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengokuzivivinya. Izinhlelo eziphumelela kakhulu zisebenzisa izifundo zezendaba, ukulingisa, nezingxoxo ezilula ukwakha amakhono asebenzayo okucabanga.

Ukwengamela Izimiso Zokuziphatha Zokuzibusa

Ikhomishane yezimiso zokuziphatha noma amahhovisi anegunya lokuhlola ukuziphatha okubi, ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yokuziphatha, nokunikeza imibono ekhuthazayo kubaluleke kakhulu. Zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukucabangela izindinganiso zokuziphatha kuhlelwa kunokuba kushiyelwe kunembeza womuntu siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, iHhovisi leMithetho kaHulumeni yase-U.S. lifeza indima eyinhloko ekuvimbeleni izingxabano zesithakazelo egatsheni eliphethe. Ngokufanayo, amakomiti emithetho ezimiso zokulawula izimiso anganikeza abenzi bemithetho umthwalo wemfanelo.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokubusa Ngentando Yeningi Okungenamingcele

Izinqumo zezimiso akumelwe zenziwe ngemva kweminyango evalekile. Imishini efana nokulalela umphakathi, amajaji ezakhamuzi, kanye nokuhlola okungagunyaziyo kuvumela imiphakathi ukuba iveze izindinganiso zayo futhi ifake iqhaza ekucabangeni okuhle. I-Oregon Citizens's Review, ehlanganisa amaphakamel angakhethi abavoti abahlola izilinganiso, iyisibonelo esisodwa. Izinqubo ezinjalo zithuthukisa ukufaneleka nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho iveza indlela ebanzi yokubheka ngokokuziphatha.

Indlela Ephambili: Ukuthuthukisa Izimiso Zokuziphatha Kusebenze Nsuku Zonke

Ukungqubana kwezimiso zokuziphatha nezimiso zomphakathi akuyona into efundwayo yemfundo, kodwa kuyinto yansuku zonke kubo bonke abahilelekile ekubuseni. Noma kunquma ekwakheni umthetho wendawo noma ekushintsheni kwezempilo, abenzi bezimiso kumelwe babuze: Ubani ozizuzisayo? Ubani olimalayo? Yiziphi izimiso eziqondisa lokhu? Ngokuhlela izimiso zokuziphatha? Ngokufunda ngokuhlola, nangokusekela izikhungo, singathuthukisa izinga lokuziphatha lokuzinqumela emphakathini. Izinselele zibalulekile, kodwa ithuba lokwakha izimiso ezingasebenzi nje kuphela kodwa ezisebenzayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngezimiso zezimiso zokuziphatha ezisenkambisweni, bheka i-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy engenelela ezimisweni zezombangazwe. Brookings Instructions nenkambiso yomphakathi [ inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo kwezinkinga zangempela zezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [[FLT:]]U.S.Hofisi yezimiso zikaHulumeni [[FLT]] inikeza imithombo yezindinganiso zezimiso zezimiso zokuziphatha zezisebenzi zomphakathi.