Iyini Inqubo Efanele?

Inqubo elindelekile isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwezimiso ezilungile ezifezwayo ngokuvumelana nemithetho emisiwe. Imiswe eMagna Carta (1215) futhi ibekwe ezinzimeni zesihlanu neshumi nane zeSiphendu somthetho-sisekelo we-U.S., inqubo efanelekile ifuna ukuba uhulumeni alandele imithetho exekiwe, esobala ngaphambi kokuba enze isenzo esiphambene nemithetho esemthethweni yaseMelika, iqinisekisa ukuthi isisekelo sombuso uhlonipha ngokulunga ngisho nalapho usebenzisa amandla awo amakhulu.

Kunamagatsha amabili ayinhloko enqubo efanelekile: i-procedural kanye nethuba elibalulekile lokuzwakala. iProject project ibuza ukuthi uhulumeni wenzani [[ umuntu uthola isaziso esifanelekile nethuba elibalulekile lokuzwakalayo? inqubo efanele ibuza [[[FLT:]] ukuthi uhulumeni uthathani [ uhulumeni uzenza imithetho engenangqondo, engalinganiseki, noma ububanzi begunya elifanele? Zombili amagatsha asebenza ndawonye ekuvikeleni abantu ngokwendlela yokuthatha isinyathelo. Ukuqonda lokhu okubhekenelisa noma yiziphi izilinganiso ezisemthethweni.

Inqubo Elindelekile: Imishini Yokungalungi

Inqubo efanelekile engokwesayensi ibusa izinyathelo okumelwe uhulumeni azithathe ngaphambi kokuba avimbele amalungelo akho. Sekuyisikhathi eside izinkantolo zikholelwa ukuthi izimfuneko ezithile ziyahluka kuye ngomongo, kodwa cishe izici ezithile eziyinhloko zidingeka njalo.

Phawula Isinyathelo

Kumelwe uthole isaziso esicacile, esifike ngesikhathi, nesiqondile sanoma yisiphi isenzo esingokomthetho noma sokuphatha esisongela izithakazelo zakho. Isaziso esidukisayo siphula inqubo efanele. Ngokwesibonelo, isaziso sokumangalela kumelwe sisho uhlobo lwezikhalo, usizo olufunwayo, nosuku lokuthatha isinyathelo. Ekuqulekeni impahla, ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kunikeze ukuzwa ngaphandle kokuba kunezimo ezibonisa ukuthi zikhona. Ngaphandle kwesaziso esifanele, noma isiphi isahlulelo esilandelayo singaba yize.

Ithuba Lokuzwiwa

Inqubo efanele iqinisekisa ithuba lakho lokuveza ubufakazi, ukuphikisa ukuma kwakho, nokuphikisa lokho okushiwo nguhulumeni. Lokhu kulalela kumelwe kube nengqondo − hhayi isitembu senjoloba. Unelungelo lokubiza ofakazi, ofakazi abaphikisanayo, nokunikeza ubufakazi obubhaliwe. [Ku] Mathes v. Eldridge[[FLT] [197]], iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa ukuhlolwa okulinganiselwe ukuze ithole ukuthi iyiphi inqubo efanele, ilinganisa isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintekile, ingozi yokungatholi ngokomthetho ophucwa yizimiso zamanje, nesithakazelo sikahulumeni sokusebenza kahle.

Umenzi Wesinqumo Ongakhethi

Umahluleli ongacwasi, isikhulu esizwayo, noma ijaji alikho elingenakugwenywa. Noma ikuphi ukubonakala kobandlululo (‘isithakazelo socansi, inzondo yomuntu siqu, noma ukwahlulela kusengaphambili amaqiniso(-*kungaba izizathu zokuqunjelwa.) ezimisweni zokuphatha, umenzi wesinqumo kumelwe ahlukaniswe kumshushisi noma umkhonondi. Ilungelo lenkantolo engakhethi liqinisekisa ukuthi icala lakho linqunywa ngezimfanelo ezinhle, hhayi ngethonya langaphandle.

Ukumelelwa Ngokomthetho

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa iseluleko emacaleni obugebengu angase aphumele ekuboshweni, inqubo efanele ivikela ilungelo kummeli ezimweni eziningi zomphakathi. Ngisho nalapho uhulumeni ungabophekile ukuba unikeze ummeli, unelungelo lokugcina futhi uthintane nawo phakathi nale nqubo. Ama-Attorney asiza ekuhleleni imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi, alondoloze izimpikiswano, futhi aqinisekise ukuthi awuwachazi amalungelo okugxeka.

Inqubo Eyinqaba: Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ayisisekelo

Inqubo efanelekile engabonakali ivimbela uhulumeni ekumiseni imithetho ewubushiqela, ecindezelayo, noma ephazamisa inkululeko eyisisekelo (nakuba izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo azinaphutha. Leligatsha liye lasetshenziselwa ukuvikela amalungelo anjengobuqotho bomzimba, ukuzimela kwabazali, umshado, ukuvimbela inzalo, futhi, ukuzikhethela okudumile, ukuzala Roe v. [ (kuwumthetho kodwa isifanekiso salemfundiso).

Emkhakheni wezomthetho, inqubo efanelekile engokomthetho isho ukuthi imithetho yobugebengu ayinakuba engacacile noma engasebenzi, futhi imithetho yomphakathi kumelwe ifeze injongo kahulumeni esemthethweni. Uma umthetho ungenangqondo kangangokuba untula noma yibuphi ubuhlobo obunengqondo nesithakazelo esiqinile sikahulumeni, iphula inqubo efanelekile efanelekile. Kubamangalelwa, lokhu kunikeza indlela yokubekela inselele wona kanye umthetho abamangalelwa kuwo.

Amalungelo Akho Phakathi Nezenzo Zesigebengu

Izindlela zokuvikela ezifanele zinamandla kakhulu emacaleni obugebengu ngoba izigxobo ``inkululeko, ihlazo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuphila] ziphakeme kakhulu. Amalungelo alandelayo avikelwa ngokwemithetho-mthetho ngezigaba ezihlukahlukene:

  • Ukuthola i-Innocence: uhulumeni unomthwalo wokubonisa icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Akudingeki ukuba ubonise ubumsulwa bakho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Akwazeki ukuhlala uthule: Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu, awunakuphoqeleka ukuba ufakaze ngawe ngokwakho. Ngisho nokuthula phakathi nokuphenywa ngeke kusetshenziswe njengobufakazi becala.
  • Ekuqulweni kwecala okusheshayo: ISichibiyelo sesithupha sigunyaza ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kumelwe kuqale ngaphandle kokulibala okungadingekile. Ukuvalelwa ngokweqile kwangaphambi komthetho kusongela ukuma kwezehlakalo.
  • Ilungelo lokubhekene noFakazi ababhekene nabo: Unethuba lokunqamule bonke ofakazi abanikezwa umshushisi. Ukuzwa okungamelwe kuncishiswe kuvame ukungaqondakali.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Ilunga neNkathi eyimpoqo: Ungafakaza ngofakazi nobufakazi obusemseni wakho, ngisho noma labofakazi bemadolonzima ukunikeza ubufakazi.
  • Ekulungeni kuJury Trial: Kumacala amakhulu (lawo anesijeziso sokuboshwa izinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha), ungakhetha ukuba uqulwe yijaji lontanga yakho. Ijaji kumelwe limelele isiqephu esilungile somphakathi.
  • Isivikelo sokumelana nokuthatha i-opardiy: Lapho uke wakhululwa (noma walahlwa) ngecala, ngeke uphinde uqulwe icala elifanayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo efanele idinga ukuba noma yikuphi ukuvuma izono noma ubufakazi kutholakale ngokuzithandela. Ukuvuma izono komthetho, ukuphenya okungekho emthethweni, kanye nokuphenya okuphazamisa Miranda v. I-Arizona (1966]] kungavinjelwa, ngokuvamile kuholele ekuxoshweni kwecala.

Inqubo Efanele Emacaleni Ombango

Izenzakalo zombango − njengezingxabano zesivumelwano, ukuxoshwa komninindawo, ukuqoqwa kwezikweletu, ukuwinwa kwezingane, nokulahlekelwa − nakho kubangela inqubo yokuvikela, nakuba ukuhambela okuthile kungase kungabi kuhle kakhulu kunasezindabeni zobugebengu.

Qaphela Nethuba Lokusabela

Ngaphambi kokuba inkantolo ingene ekwahluleleni okungahlulelwa, kumelwe udluliselwe ngokufanele ngokukhononda nangokuthumela. Ezifundazweni eziningi, inkonzo kumele ibe eyeyomuntu siqu noma ngeposi eligunyaziwe; ukushiya amaphepha ngaphansi komnyango noma ukuwathumela kunganele. Khona - ke unenkathi emisiwe (uma ku-120-30) yokubhala impendulo. Ukuhluleka ukusabela kungaphumela ekwahlulelweni okungahluleleki okungakukhiphi impahla yakho noma ukubeka izibopho ngaphandle kokuba uvikele.

Ukukwazi Ukuzwa

Ezimweni zomphakathi, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lingase lilinganiselwe ekuzithobeni okubhaliwe, kodwa izimpikiswano ezingathi sína ezihilela inkululeko noma impahla ngokuvamile zidinga ukuthethwa ngomlomo. Ngokwesibonelo, ekumangalelweni kwezenhlalakahle yabantwana, abazali kumelwe banikwe ithuba lokuphikisa izinsolo zokunganaki ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni uqede amalungelo abazali. Ngokufanayo, ezimweni zokuzibophelela komphakathi, inqubo efanele idinga ubufakazi obucacile nobugculisayo .

Ilungelo Leseluleko Ezindabeni Ezithile Zomphakathi

Nakuba iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ingaliqaphelanga ilungelo elingokomthetho lokweluleka emacaleni omphakathi, izifunda eziningi zinikeza abavikeli bomphakathi noma abameli abamisiwe enkantolo ezicatshangelweni ezingaholela ekuboshweni (njengokudelelwa komphakathi ngenxa yokusekela izingane okungakhokhelwa) noma ukulahlekelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo (ukubekwa kwamalungelo abazali). Njalo hlola imithetho yakho.

Inqubo Efanele Ekwandiseni Kwabaphathi

Iqoqo elikhulu lezinhlangano zokuqondisa − i-Social Security, i-volution, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, izibhodi zokuhlinza ezingochwepheshe zenza izinqumo ezithinta abantu kakhulu. Inqubo elindelekile iyasebenza nalapha.

  • Izwi le-Prevision: Ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni anqamule izinzuzo zenhlala- kahle, anciphe ilayisense yomshayeli, noma afake ilayisense yochwepheshe, ngokuvamile kumelwe anikeze ukuzwa kwangaphambi kokwehla kwe-Priviation.
  • Ilungelo lokubukeza: Ungadlulisa izinqumo eziningi zokuphatha ebhodini yezicelo zangaphakathi bese ubhekisa enkantolo. Inkantolo izohlola ukuthi inxusa lalandela izinqubo ezifanele nokuthi isinqumo salo sisekelwe yini ngobufakazi obuqinile.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inqubo elindelekile yezokwelapha: inqabela izinhlangano ukuba zisebenzise imithetho ngokuthanda noma ngokufaka umthetho olandelwayo. Uma ungabonisa ukuthi inxusa lakuphatha ngendlela ehlukile kubantu abasendaweni efanayo ngaphandle kwesisekelo esinengqondo, ungathola inqubo efanele.

Ukuqonda izinqubo eziqondile zenhlangano ehilelekile kubucayi; ukulahlekelwa isikhathi esimisiwe noma ukwehluleka ukuqeda amakhambi okuqondisa kungaliphazamisa ilungelo lakho lokuhlaziya ukwahlulela.

Okwenzekayo Lapho Inqubo Efanele Iphazanyiswa

Lapho abadlali bakahulumeni behluleka ukunikeza inqubo edingekayo, izinkantolo ziba namakhambi amaningana:

  • Ukukhishwa kobufakazi: izinkulumo ezifunyenwe ngokungekho emthethweni, izithelo zokufuna okungekho emthethweni, noma ukuvuma izono okuphoqelelwe ngokwephula inqubo efanele kuyavinjelwa lapho kuqulwa icala.
  • [ Ukungavumelani namacala: Uma ukuziphatha okubi noma ukubambezeleka kwesimiso kucwasa ulwelo olungalungiseki, umahluleli angalikhipha icala ngobandlululo (ukukhipha i-flal-rever).
  • i-pane ekudluliseni: Isiqinisekiso esitholakala ngaphandle kwesaziso noma ukumelelwa okufanelekile cishe sizoguqulwa, futhi icala libuye lihloselwe ukuqulwa okusha.
  • Amakhambi e-Civil:[ Abantu ngabanye bangamangalela izikhulu zikahulumeni ngenxa yomonakalo owenziwe ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. . . 1983 ngenxa yokwephulwa kwenqubo okufaneleyo, uma ilungelo lisungulwe ngokucacile.
  • [ Ukukhululeka okungalawuleki:[[FT:1] Inkantolo ingayala uhulumeni ukuba anikeze inqubo elahlekile( ngokwesibonelo, ukuba athole ikhambi noma akhiphe amabhukwana agonyiwe.

Akuwona wonke amaphutha angokomthetho afana nokwephulwa kwenqubo okufanele. Izinkantolo zicabangela ukuthi iphutha “lalinganakwa futhi alinakungabaza okunengqondo” emacaleni obugebengu, noma ukuthi laliwuthinta umphumela emacaleni omphakathi. Noma kunjalo, ukungayinaki inqubo efanele kuyisizathu esinamandla sokukhululeka.

Indlela Yokuzivikela Kuwo Wonke Amalungelo Akho

Ukuba okhuthele kungenza umehluko phakathi komphumela omuhle nokulahlekelwa okubhubhisayo. Nazi izinyathelo ezingenziwa:

  1. Yazi ukuthi yini edingekayo. Uma unikezwa amaphepha omthetho, afunde ngokushesha. Ukukutshela isikhathi sokuthatha impendulo. Phawula ekhalendeni lakho. Uma isaziso singacacile, buza ummeli ngokunyakaza ukuze uthole isimemezelo esiqinisekile.
  2. [ qinisekisa ilungelo lakho lokululeka kwasekuqaleni. Isikhathi oyisisulu noma umncintiswano, xhumana nommeli. Ezindabeni zobugebengu, ucela ilungelo lakho lokuthula futhi ucele iseluleko ngaphambi kokuphendula imibuzo. Ezindabeni zomphakathi noma zezokuphathwa, ngisho nokuxoxa kafushane kungavimbela amaphutha abizayo.
  3. Uxwebhu yonke into. Gcina umbhalo wezokuxhumana nezisebenzi zenkantolo, iseluleko esiphikisayo, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Gcina ama-imeyili, izinhlamvu, nama-oda, izikhathi, namagama abantu okhuluma nabo. Lombhalo ungagxeka uma kamuva uthi uphule inqubo efanele.
  4. Uzwa zonke izimemo futhi uvumelane nezinsuku ezimisiwe. Ukungalutholi usuku lwenkantolo kungaphumela ekwahluleleni okungahleliwe noma ekuboshweni kwesivumelwano. Uma ungakwazi ukuvela, faka isinyakazo sokuqhubeka noma ubuze ukuvela ngocingo/video. Izinkantolo zithatha indawo yokuposa-pandemic, kodwa kumelwe ucele indawo yokuhlala kusengaphambili.
  5. Owenza amaphutha angokwemvelo. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi umphikisi noma inkantolo ihluleka ukunikeza isaziso esifanele, uvumela umenzi wesinqumo onobandlululo, noma ukukuphika ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi, into egciniwe. Ukuphikisa okungaqiniseki ngokuvamile kuyayekwa ekudluliseleni isikhalo.
  6. Cwangcisa okunye ukuphikisana ngesinqumo (ADR). Ezimweni zomphakathi, ukuthunyelwa noma ukufakwa kwe-orbitation kungaxazulula izimpikiswano ngokushesha futhi ngaphandle kobunkimbinkimbi bendlela ejwayelekile. Nokho, qinisekisa ukuthi noma isiphi isivumelwano se-ADR asiwaphuthi amalungelo akho afanele okudlulisa icala noma ukuqulwa kwejaji ngaphandle kokuba uqonde ngokugcwele imiphumela.

Inqubo Efanele Enkathini Yezinombolo

Ubuchwepheshe buqala ukubuza imibuzo edingayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinqumo zokuqondisa ezizisebenzelayo (umz., ukuphika nge-algorithm) kunganikeza ukubukeza okunengqondo komuntu. Izinkantolo ziqala ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo efanele idinga “ukwengamela komuntu” uma izigxobo ziphakeme. Ngokufanayo, ukutholakala kwemishini yobuchwepheshe ekhankanyiwe kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuphenywa kwemininingwane yomuntu siqu. Unenqubo efanele yokubekela inselele ukuthathwa kwemishini ye-athom nokucindezela ubufakazi obungaqiniseki ukuthi imishini ethile ihlelwe ngaphandle kwemvume yokusetshenziswa.

Enye impikiswano ephumayo ukusebenzisa ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa ekugwebeni nasebheyili. Inqubo elindelekile idinga ukuba umuntu abone qhaphu-i ze-(i-defensi) kumele akwazi ukuqonda futhi ancintise imininingwane nemithetho-algorith esetshenziselwa ukuhlola ingozi yakhe. Izigodlo eziningi manje zidinga ukudalulwa kwezici ezisetshenziswa ekuhloleni izingozi.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke

Inqubo efanelekile ayiqalwanga e-United States kuphela. UDeclaration of Human Rights (Iziqu zamacala 10 no 11) iqinisekisa ukuqulwa kobulungisa nokuthathwa kobumsulwa. ] I-Eupanon on Rights [Izimemezelo] [izihlongoso]] (i-Actle 6) inikeza isivikelo esiningi, kuhlanganise nelungelo lomphakathi, isikhathi esanele sokulungiselela isivikelo, nosizo olungokomthetho. [[FLT.FLD:2]]]] Inqubo efanayo ngaphansi kwemithetho yabo siqu noma imithetho engokomthetho. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlanganisa iziciongo zakho, njengasemazwe ahlukene, noma ukuxoshwa.

Isiphetho

Inqubo efanelekile ayiyona inhloso engokoqobo; ingusihlangu okwaziyo ukusisebenzisa ezinkantolo nasemehlweni abaphethe nsuku zonke. Ngokuqonda umehluko phakathi kwenqubo efunekayo neyokungaqondi, ukwazi amalungelo akho akhethekile obugebengu, omphakathi, nokuphathwa, nokuthatha izinyathelo zokuvikela lawomalungelo, ungasebenzisa isimiso somthetho ngokuqiniseka. Uma inqubo efanele isongelwa, unezindlela ezinamandla zokuzivuselela. Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola [[FLT:] [[0]] Cornell Information Yolwazi olusemthethweni [[FLT:]], [FLT]], i-CU’U’OK Yazi amalungelo akho [indawo yasekhaya], noma inhlangano yakho esetshenziswa yilungelo.