Ukuqonda Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungamandla enkantolo okuhlola izenzo zamagatsha omthetho nophethe kahulumeni nokunquma ukuthi lezozenzo ziyavumelana yini nomthetho-sisekelo. Uma umthetho noma isenzo sokuphatha sitholakala siphula amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, inkantolo ingazenzisa. Leligunya liyisisekelo sombuso wentando yeningi wanamuhla, iqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha likahulumeni elisebenza ngaphezu kwemingcele ebekwe yincwadi yokusungula. Ngaphandle kokuhlola kokwahlulela, isishayamthetho singamisa imithetho ephula amalungelo ayisisekelo ngaphandle kokuhlola okuzimele.

Isigaba sokwahlulela sihluka-hlukene ngokwemithetho. Kwamanye amazwe, izinkantolo zingabukeza umthetho kuphela, kuyilapho kwezinye zingahlola futhi izenzo zokuphatha neziqondiso zezikhulu. Lendlela ivame ukubangelwa icala noma impikiswano elethwa iqembu limile. Inkantolo ebukezayo ichaza umthetho-sisekelo ngokubheka isenzo esiphikiswayo. Lenqubo idinga ukuba abahluleli balinganisele ukuthembeka kombhalo womthetho-mthetho kanye nezimiso ezisekelwe ekwakheniseni imithetho, ngokuvamile okuholela ekuvuselweni kwempikiswano engokomthetho.

Izici Eziwubufakazi Zokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukuze kusebenze ngokuphumelelayo, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuncike ezicini eziningana eziyinhloko:

  • IConstigal Supremacy: Umthetho-sisekelo uphakeme kakhulu ezweni. Noma yimuphi umthetho noma isenzo esiphikisana nayo siyize.
  • Inkantolo ezizimele: kumelwe ikhululeke ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe noma ukugxambukela ukuze ikhiphe izinqumo ezingakhethi.
  • Ubulungisa:[ Akuyona yonke imibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo ebukezwayo. Izinkantolo zidinga ukuphikisana kwangempela, ukuma, nokuvuthwa.
  • Inqubo yokusebenza kwe-Interpretiveology:[ Abahluleli basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene /i-profilesm, umbhalo wokuqala, i-systrucism, ephila ngokomthetho-sisekelo-sisekelo /ukuchaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo.

Lezi zici ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kusekelwe ezimisweni nasekuzivumelaniseni nezimo. Ukulunga kwamandla kuxhomeke ekuthembeni komphakathi ekwahluleleni nasekubophekeni okukodwa kokubusa umthetho.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Umqondo wokuthi izinkantolo zingaqeda izenzo zomthetho awuqalanga e-United States, kodwa kwakulapho lapho yathola khona ukuqanjwa kwayo okudumile. Umthetho ovamile waseNgilandi wawuwuqaphela isikhathi eside umqondo womthetho oyisisekelo, futhi izinkantolo zamakoloni ngezinye izikhathi zazibukeza izenzo zezishaya-mthetho zamakoloni. Nokho, kwakuyiNkantolo ePhakeme i-U.̱ isinqumo ku Marbury v. Madison [183]

UMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall, ebhalela inkantolo ehlangene, wagomela ngokuthi i-#820; isifundazwe nomsebenzi womnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini. i-” icala lavela engxabanweni yezombangazwe phakathi kukaMongameli John Adams noMongameli owezayo uThomas Jefferson. UWilliam Marbury, u-Marbury, uNobhala wezwe wezwe uJames Madison ngokusemthethweni wakhe. Nakuba iNkantolo yathola ukuthi iMarbury yayinelungelo lokuthunywa, yamemezela ukuthi ilungiselelo leSivumelo soMthetho weSikhathi sikaJudiary ka-1789 esanikeza umthetho weNkanto ewugunyazwe ka-wdamusmusmus (umthetho we-Ezimeyawumthetho) yasungula i-Marshallston ukuba iphinde ithathe inqubo ye-mthetho.

Intuthuko Kwamanye Amazwe

Ngokulandela isibonelo saseMelika, amazwe amaningi ahlanganisa ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kumthetho-sisekelo wawo. Indiya, iNkantolo Ephakeme ihlola iZigaba 13, 32, no 226 zoMthetho-sisekelo. I-judiary yaseNdiya iye yaphula imithetho ephula amalungelo ayisisekelo, njengaku Khavananbrancav v. State of Keralah [12773]), emisa imfundiso eyisisekelo evimbela iPhalamende lemithetho elawula izici eziyisisekelo zomthetho. [FLT], isebenza ngaphansi kweshadi yenkululeko neNkulumbuso (FLT) ekwazi ukukhohlakala imithetho eqinile, ngaphandle kwemiyalela imingcele eqinile yemithetho egciniwe (imvume) (imvume yokukhishwa). Inkantolo ephakeme yeNkakhulu leNkakhulu leNkathi yezomthetho yaseCanada, ikhipha izigwebo, ikhipha izigwebo, ikhipha izihlu. [Foma,

Ku kuvela eJamani, iNkantolo ye-Federal Constitutional (Bundesfassungsericht) iyinkantolo ekhethekile enikezelwe ngokukhethekile ekubukezeni umthetho-mthetho. Inendlela ebanzi yokubukeza imithetho ecatshangelwayo, kuhlanganise nokubukezwa kwesicelo sikahulumeni bezwe noma uhulumeni, ukubukezwa okuqinile ezinkantolo eziphansi, kanye nezikhalo zomthetho-mthetho-mfasphetho. Isibonelo saseJalimane siye sathonya izizwe eziningi zaseYurophu kanye neNkantolo yobulungisa yaseYurophu.

Akuyona yonke imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi ethatha ukubukezwa okuqinile komthetho-mthetho osemthethweni ohlangene. I-United Kingdom, engenawo umthetho-sisekelo ohlangene, incike ekwakheni uhulumeni wephalamende. Nokho, uMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1998 uvumela izinkantolo ukuba zikhiphe izimemezelo zokungavumelani, zitshela iPhalamende ukuthi umthetho ophikisana ne-European Convention on Human Rights. Ngokufanayo, amazwe anjengeNetherlands neFinland anemidanti yomthetho emisiwe ngokwesiko.

Ukubaluleka Kokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukeza ukwahlulela kufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile emphakathini wentando yeningi. Akuyona nje inqubo yomthetho engokobuchwepheshe kodwa kuyisivikelo esiyisisekelo senkululeko nokubusa okuhle.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Ukubaluleka okusheshayo kokwahlulela yindima yayo ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu ngabanye kuhulumeni ophathwe kabi. Uma isishayamthetho sidlulisa umthetho ovimbela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, simisa inkolo, noma siphika isivikelo esifanayo, singathinta abantu ababekela lowo mthetho inselele. Umthetho wokwahlulela unikeza i-asperum yokulwela lamalungelo, ngokuvamile amaqembu angenawo amandla ezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakathi ye-U. i-U.S evimbela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, i- i-Scounty v. I-Rhounter[ [2013]] inikeza ilungiselelo eliyinhloko lamaLungelo, kodwa izinqumo zangaphambili njengezinqulu. i-Carolina v. Southernbach[FFFF:] [6] (196]) ngenxa yokuhlola lomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.[2010]

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuqinisa ukwahlukana kwemibuso ngokwenza isheke emagatsheni emithetho nawabaphathi. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. baklama isimiso lapho igatsha ngalinye lingaba nezindlela zokumelana nokungezwa amanye. Ijaji, njengoba libuthakathaka kakhulu (ayinaso isikhwama noma inkemba), lidinga ithuluzi lokuqinisa igunya lalo. Ukuhlola komthetho kunikeza izinkantolo ikhono lokuthi cha uma amanye amagatsha edlula imingcele yawo. Lomsebenzi wokuhlola ubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukuhlasela kweningi noma isikhulu.

Ukugqugquzelwa Kokulandisa Nokubona Ingaphandle

Uma izenzo zikahulumeni zingaphansi kokucusumbulwa kokwahlulela, izikhulu zithambekele kakhulu ekwenzeni ngokuvumelana nemingcele yomthetho. Ithuba nje lenselele yomthetho-sisekelo lingavimbela izishayamthetho ekudluliseni ngokuxhamazela, ukuthatha imithetho elawula amalungelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibono yokwahlulela idinga ukuthethelela okucacisiwe, okuphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba acacise incazelo yakhe obala. Lokhu kukhanya kwenza izakhamuzi ziqonde isisekelo esingokomthetho sezinqumo zezimiso futhi zibeke abameleli babo ecaleni.

Ukusekela Ukubusa KoMthetho

Ukubusa komthetho kufuna ukuba bonke abantu nezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nohulumeni ngokwawo, bazithobe futhi balawulwe ngaphansi komthetho. Ukuhlola kwezehlulelo kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho-mthetho awuyona nje incwadi yezombangazwe kodwa umthetho ophakeme ophoqwa ngokomthetho. Unikeza indlela yokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwemithetho evamile nemithetho egunyaziwe, uvimbele ukubusa okuzimele. Emiphakathini engaphansi kokubusa okubuthakathaka komthetho, ukubukezwa komthetho kungaba yithuluzi elinamandla lokumisa ukubikezela okungokomthetho nokulunga.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Kuyaqhutshwa

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela akuwona nje umbono ocatshangelwayo; kunemiphumela eqinisekile, ngokuvamile eshintshayo emphakathini. Izinkantolo zibhekana njalo namacala abekela imingcele yencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo inselele, futhi izinqumo zazo zimisa isimiso somphakathi, amalungelo omphakathi, kanye nesimiso sikahulumeni.

Izici Eziwuphawu Nethonya Lazo

Izinqumo eziningana eziphawulekayo zibonisa amandla nokufinyelela ukubukezwa kokwahlulela:

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yamemezela imithetho yombuso emisa izikole zomphakathi ezihlukene zabafundi abansundu nabamhlophe abangahloniphi, igumbuqela i-̴ i-patralicate kodwa iyalingana & #221; imfundiso ye- Pneby v. Fergusonson [186]). Lesinqumo saguqula amalungelo omphakathi futhi sabonisa ukuthi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungaqeda ubandlululo lwesizwe.
  • Roe v. [771]): INkantolo yaqaphela owesifazane i-̱ inikeza ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokweqa, ihlanganisa isinqumo sakhe sokuqeda ukukhulelwa. Lelicala lisenye yezindlela zokwahlulela eziphikisana kakhulu, ibangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokunqandwa kokwahlulela nendima efanele yezinkantolo.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): INkantolo yathi imibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo inelungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada ngaphansi kweNkathi Emisiweyo neSivikeli sika-Celas. Lesi sinqumo esingokomthetho esisemthethweni somshado we-expression ezweni lonke, sibonisa indlela ukuhlaziya kokwahlulela okungaqhubekisela ngayo amalungelo omphakathi we-LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye.
  • ICItamisés United v. FEC (2010): INkantolo yalahla imingcele ekusebenziseni okuzimele kwezombangazwe ngezinhlangano, ibusa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okunjalo kuyinkulumo yezombangazwe evikelekile. Abagxeki baphikisa lesinqumo ngokuthi imali ekhuliswe kakhulu kwezombangazwe, ibonise ukuthi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungaba nemiphumela eyimpikiswano.
  • I-National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202): INkantolo yasekela ingxenye enkulu yoMthetho we-Afford Care Care kodwa elinganiselwe ka-Congress ̱ amandla ngaphansi kwe-Chwebo Claus, ebonisa indlela ukubukeza kokwahlulela okungaguqula ngayo isimiso sokunakekela impilo.

Kwezinye izikhulu, kugcwele izenzakalo ezifanayo. i-India ’ iNkantolo Ephakeme, ku-Navtej Singh Johar v.Union of India (2017]), idecrimentificial conssionentury [1988], ukukhipha imingcele esemthethweni yokukhipha isisu ngokususa okulinganayo ngokuphula i-Pentalo. Canada &817; iNkantolo Ephakeme, R. v. Morgentaller [[FLT:] [1988], okungakhokhwa okukhishwayo kwemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho elawulayo, futhi imvume yokubulala ukukhishwa komthetho. i-Alphane.Nal 517; Constitutions Counts, i-Act; i-Act.52.52.

Imishini Yezinselele Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuvame ukuvela ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukubukeza okuqinile nokungaqondakali. Ekubukezeni okuqinile, iqembu eliphethe icala liphikisa ngokuthi umthetho osebenza ecaleni labo awusebenzi enkantolo. Lena indlela evame kakhulu e-United States, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme izwa amacala angokoqobo nezimpikiswano. Ngokuhlola okungaqondakali, izikhulu zikahulumeni ezigunyaziwe (njengomongameli, i-projekthi ye-proclation, noma uhulumeni) zinganxusa inkantolo ukuba ibukeze umthetho wemithetho esemthethweni ngaphambi kokuba isetshenziswe. Lenqubo ivamile ivamile ezimisweni yomthetho wesizwe, njengaseFrance, eJalimane, naseNingizimu Korea.

Izinkantolo nazo ziyahluka endleleni yazo yokulungisa. E-U.S., ukuthola ukuthatha umthetho ngokuzenza i-abitio (kusukela ekuqaleni). ECanada, izinkantolo zingamisa izimemezelo zokungalungi komthetho-mthetho ukuze zinikeze izimemezelo isikhathi sokulungisa indawo ethathelwe umthetho-mthethweni. Ezinye izimiso zivumela inkantolo ukuba ifunde noma inqume amalungiselelo aphambuke kuyilapho ilondoloza wonke umthetho.

Izikhalo Zokubukezwa Kokwahlulela

Naphezu kokutholwa kwayo kabanzi, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuye kwabangela ukugxekwa okukhulu.abaphikisi baphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokufaneleka kwentando yeningi, ukuthatha izinyathelo zokwahlulela, namathuba okuba izinkantolo ziphambe.

Impicabadala Ephikisayo

I-critique ephikelela kakhulu yi-'mntango8220; i-couter-majoritarian bunkimbinkimbi, i-̵ igama elaqanjwa isazi esingokomthetho u-Alexander Bickel. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, izinqumo ngokuvamile zenziwa abameleli abakhethiwe abalandisa ngabantu. Ukuhlola kwezomthetho kuvumela amajaji abangakhethwanga ukuba baqede imithetho edluliswa ngemithetho yentando yeningi. Lokhu kungabonwa njengokululaza ukuzibeka phansi kwemithetho esemthethweni ethandwayo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lapho izinkantolo zishaya umthetho othandwayo, zithatha izinqubo zazo siqu ezifuna abantu abamele ukulandisa kubantu i-̱ abamelelis. Ubunzima bukhulu kakhulu ezimweni eziphathelene nesimiso sezezezomnotho, lapho umthetho womthetho unganikeza isiqondiso esicacile.

Abasekeli bobuphengululi bokwahlulela baphendula ngokuthi umthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo uyisibonakaliso sabantu i’ izibopho, nokuthi izinkantolo zibekwa icala lokuqinisa iziphakamiso zazo ngokumelene nezikhulu ezizimele. Baphikisa ngokuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo akumelwe athonywe yivoti elula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlola kokwahlulela kungathuthukisa idemokrasi ngokuvikela amalungelo abantu abambalwa nokuqinisekisa izinqubo zezombangazwe ezilungile.

Imithetho Yokwahlulela imelene

Isehlo senkinga ephikisanayo nempikiswano yezomthetho we-majoritarian iyimpikiswano ngezenzo zokwahlulela. Abagxeki bamangalela ezinye izinkantolo ngokuqamba iziphakamiso ezintsha ngokufunda amalungelo azo kumthetho-sisekelo, ngokuphumelelayo ukuwamisa ebhentshini. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme i-U.’ izinqumo [ku-ROe v. I-wade[ [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] kanye [FLT]bergefell v. Hodges, eziphikisanayokungasekelwe embhalweni womthetho womthetho noma oyisisekelo. Ngokuphambene, abameleli bezikhombisi bemithetho yokulawula kufanele bawale emagatsheni ngaphandle kokuba umthetho obalandulile.

Kodwa umugqa phakathi kokuchaza nomthetho awucacile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Abahluleli kumelwe bachaze imisho engacacile yomthetho-sisekelo njenge-#821; noma i-“ isivikelo esilinganayo. ̵ Indlela evinjelwe encike kuphela enhloso yokuqala ingase ihluleke ukusingatha ukungalungi kwamanje. Inselele iwukuhlola ukwahlulela ngendlela esekelwe enqubeni esemthethweni futhi esabelayo ekuthatheni izindinganiso ze-socinetal, ngaphandle kokuba yi-elegislature engcono kakhulu.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezinkantolo

Enye i-contique ephawulekayo ukuthi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungawenza abonakale amajaji angcono. Uma izinkantolo zenza izinqumo eziphakeme ngokukhishwa kwezisu, umshado, izimali zomkhankaso, noma amandla okulawula, ukumiswa nokuqinisekiswa kwamajaji kuba izimpi ezinamandla. E-United States, lokhu kuye kwaholela ekubekeni izigijimi zemibono futhi ukulahlekelwa kwethemba emphakathini eNkantolo ePhakeme njengelungu elingathathi hlangothi. Kwamanye amazwe, njengePoland neHungary, ohulumeni baye bahlasela ukuzimela ngokwahlulelwa ngemithetho yenkantolo yokuvala izinkantolo noma ngokuvala kabusha imithetho engokomthetho, besebenzisa izaba zokuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kweqembu lezentengiselwano.

Abavikeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuqanjwa kwemibono akuyona into engenakugwenywa. Izikhungo eziqinile zezinhlangano, njengokuphila (noma amagama amisiwe isikhathi eside), amaholo alondekile, nezinqubo zokumisa ezibonisayo, kungavikela amajaji ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiko eliqinile lokucabanga okungokomthetho nokunamathela endulweni yokulandela ukwahlulela lingagcina ngokomthetho ngisho nasezindabeni eziphikiswana.

Ukulinganisela Igunya Lokwahlulela Nokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukuze kusingathwe lezi zimpikiswano, izimiso eziningi zomthetho ziye zasungula izimiso zokulinganisela ukubukezwa kokwahlulela nokulandisa okungokwasebukhosini.

IziNguqulo Ezingagunyaziwe NezoMthetho - sisekelo

Amanye amazwe avumela izishaya-mthetho ukuba zithathe iziphakamiso zokukhipha izinqumo ezithile zokwahlulela. iCanada ’ i-Gajion “ inobuss; (Uhlelo lwama-33 lwe-Chater of Rights and Freedoms) luvumela iPhalamende noma isishayamthetho wesifunda ukuba zimemezele ukuthi umthetho uzakusebenza naphezu kwamalungelo athile eTshadiyo enkathini yeminyaka emihlanu evusenezelwe. Le lungiselelo linikeza igatsha elikhethwe igama lokugcina kwezinye izimo kuyilapho lilondoloza ukubukezwa komthetho njengomugqa wokuqala wesivikelo. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwalo kuyabiza futhi akuvamile ukucelwa.

Okunye ukuhlola yinqubo yokulungisa yomthetho-sisekelo. E-United States, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esichaza uMthetho-sisekelo singapheliswa kuphela ngokulungisa komthetho-mthetho, okudinga iziphendu ezinkulu kakhulu eSixhulumenteni kanye nokuhlaziywa ngezindlela ezintathu kwezine zezifundazwe. Lesi siqobo siqinisekisa ukuthi ukubukezwa komthetho-mthetho akuhlehliswa kalula kodwa futhi kuvumela abantu ukuba balungise izincazelo eziyiphutha. I-11, 14th, 16th, kanye neZiphendulo ze-26, ngokwesibonelo, bonke basabela ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme.

Imingcele Yokwahlulela Nezimfundiso Ezingavumelani Nezomthetho

Izinkantolo ngokwazo zingathatha izimfundiso zokuvimbela ukulinganiselwa ukuze zilinganisele ukufinyelelwa komthetho wokwahlulela. INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ivame ukusebenzisa i-̴ imfundiso ehlukile, i-̵ ukuchaza imithetho yokugwema imibuzo engokomthetho lapho kungenzeka. Ibuye ibhekisele emibuzweni yezombangazwe ebekwe emagatsheni ezombangazwe ngoMthetho-sisekelo (*) nokungawafuni amaqiniso ezindawo ezingokomthetho. Ngokufanayo, izinkantolo eziningi zisebenzisa uvivinyo lokulinganisela lapho zihlola imingcele yamalungelo, ukunikeza izishaya - mthetho zendlu zomthetho zokukhetha phakathi kwezindlela ezinengqondo zokufinyelela izinjongo ezifanele.

Ikusasa Lokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izindlela zokwahlulela ezithuthukisiwe ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ngenxa yezinselele ezintsha ezingokomthetho, zezenhlalo nezezobuchwepheshe.

Amalungelo Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ubuchwepheshe buphakamisa imibuzo enzima yomthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo zilwa namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu enkathini yamanani, kuhlanganise nokuhlola kukahulumeni, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa yizinkampani ezizimele, nomthetho wokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa. Karpaent v. United States [2018], iNkantolo ePhakathi ye-U.S. isekela ukuthi uhulumeni udinga imvume yokufinyelela amarekhodi enqolobaneni engokomlando ezindaweni zokuthula, ukuqaphela ukuthi i-memometerstings offormations of Refections. Izinkantolo zaseYurophu ngokufanayo ziye zasebenzisa i-Europe Convention on Human Rights ukuze zihlasele izinhlelo zokuhlola okukhulu. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka, ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuzoba usizo lwemingcele yezindaba zomuntu, ukuveza izimpawu zenkululeko, nenqubo ekhululekile ye-ichbercatempspace.

Ubulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile Nesimo Sezulu

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuwumkhakha okhula ngokushesha. Abameli nohulumeni baletha izimpikiswano ezibekela inselele ukungavumelani kwezimiso zesimo sezulu, bephikisa ngokuthi isinyathelo esinganele siphula amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo (njengelungelo lokuphila, impilo, noma indawo ezungezile enempilo). Ngo-2019, i-Palase Court Ephakeme, [ku-] Urgenda Foundation v. Izwe laseNetherlands , lisekela uhlelo oluphansi lwenkantolo olufuna ukuba uhulumeni unciphise ukushisa kogesi okushisayo okungenani ngamazinga angu-25% kusukela ku-2020. Icala elifanayo liye labekwa eUnited States, eCanada, eJalimane, naseBrazil. Ukubukeza isihluthulelo sezibopho esilawula isimo sezulu esishintsha isimo, nakuba kumelwe ukuba kungadingenze inqubo engcono kakhulu enkantolo.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nengxoxo Yokwahlulela Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Izinkantolo ziqhubeka zicaphuna izinqumo ezivela kwezinye izikhundla lapho zichaza imithetho-siseko yazo. Le nkantolo ephakeme, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ukuvundisa kwengqungquthela yezizwe, igcwalisa umthetho-mthetho kodwa iphakamisa nemibuzo ngobukhosi. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseCanada ngokuvamile iye yabheka e-U.S., eYurophu, nasemthetho wezizwe zonke ezicabeni zeTreater. Ngokungafani, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., ngokungafani, iye yaqhubeka kakhulu, ngokunye ukuphikisa ukuthi imithombo yangaphandle ayivumelani nencazelo yomthetho waseMelika. Ikusasa lokuhlola kokwahlulela cishe liyobona kokubili ukuboleka okukhulu nokumelana kwayo.

Ukusakaza Nokusongela Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela

Ukubukeza ukwahlulela kubhekene nezinselele eziqondile zezinhlangano ezifuna ukugxilisa amandla nokuqeda iziphakamiso zezinhlangano. Emazweni anjengePoland, iHungary, neTurkey, ohulumeni baye basusa abahluleli, bamisa imithetho evimbela ukubusa kwezinkantolo zomthetho-sisekelo, kanye nabalweli abamisiwe. Le misebenzi ilulaza ukuphumelela kokwahlulela nokusongela ukubusa komthetho. Ukulwela ukuzibusa kuyodinga ukuqapha emiphakathini engokomthetho, ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba, nasemphakathini womphakathi. Ukuzimela kokwahlulela ngokubhekene nokuhlasela okunjalo kuyovivinya ukuphumelela kwayo isikhathi eside njengesivikelo sombuso wentando yeningi.

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo Ngokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukuqonda ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kudinga ukuqonda indlela izimiso zomthetho ezihlukene ezikusebenzisa ngayo.

Isibonelo SaseMelika: Ukubukeza Okuxegayo

E-United States, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kwenziwa yizo zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso, hhayi nje inkantolo ekhethekile yomthetho-sisekelo. Inkantolo ingamemezela umthetho ongekho emthethweni, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme inegunya lokugcina. Lendlela ehloniphekile yandisa inani lamathuba ezinselele zomthetho-sisekelo kodwa ingaholela ekubekeni izinqumo eziphikisanayo phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi kuze kube yilapho inkantolo ephakeme ixazulula lendaba. Isiko [[FLT: 0] liyi-decis[ aresterossion [[ [isikhombisi] [indlela ephakeme] inikeza ukuzinza, kodwa isimiso sinikeza ukuqina okukhulu kwemiyalo, kodwa isimiso siveza ukuma kwecala necala-9.

Isibonelo SaseYurophu: Izinkantolo Zomthetho - sisekelo Eziphakathi

Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu, ethonywe yizinkolelo-lwazi zikaHans Kelsen, amise izinkantolo ezinikezelwe zomthetho-mthetho ezihlukene nezomthetho-mthetho ovamile. Lezi zinkantolo zinegunya elikhethekile ngemibuzo yomthetho-mthetho, ngokuvamile ngokubukeza okungacaci. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo waseJalimane, i-French Constitutional Council, neNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-Italy. Lesibonelo sigxilisa ulwazi lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo futhi sinciphisa izingozi zesinqumo esiguquguqukayo. Nokho, zingadala futhi igebe phakathi komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nomthetho ovamile, okudinga inqubo yokuthatha i-tetranslatement.

Izimonyo Ezisahwaqa

Amanye amazwe ahlanganisa izici zazo zombili izimiso. I-South Africa ̱ iNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo inezinga elikhulu lokubukeza kodwa iyingxenye yejaji elihlangene. i-Japane ̱ iNkantolo Ephakeme ilandela isibonelo saseMelika kodwa ayivamile ukubukeza ukwahlulela, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yempucuko yezombangazwe nemingcele yezinhlangano. I-Indiya ihlanganisa iNkantolo ephakeme enamandla ngokubukezwa kwezikhulu eziphakeme zenkantolo, futhi amajaji ayo aphoqelela amalungelo ayisisekelo nemfundiso eyisisekelo.

Isiphetho

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuseyinsika ebalulekile yentando yeningi yomthetho-sisekelo. Kuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, kugcina ukuhlolwa nokulinganisela, kukhuthaza ukulandisa, futhi kusekela umthetho. Nokho, akuwona amaphutha. Ubunzima obuphikisanayo nomthetho, izingozi zokuthatha i-gano yomthetho, nezinsongo zokuzibusa zidinga ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo. Ikusasa lokuhlola kokwahlulela liyoxhomeke ekutheni inguquko yezobuchwepheshe, izinselele zesimo sezulu, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, kanye nezingcindezelo ze-populist.

Ekugcineni, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuyinhlangano eshukumisayo okumelwe ilinganise ukwethembeka embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo kanye nokusabela ekuqondeni izindinganiso zomphakathi. Ukufaneleka kwayo kuxhomeke enkantolo esekelwe kokubili ezingokomthetho futhi ethobekile, esebenzisa amandla okuzibamba nokwahlulela okunengqondo. Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubeka iyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ukubaluleka kokubukezwa komthetho kuyojula, kuyenze ibe indaba ebaluleke kakhulu ezifundweni, ehlala njalo kudokotela, nasezakhamuzini ngokufanayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka [ Marbury v. Madison [[FT]] [I-Oyez], Iprojekthi ye-Constituti[[ yemithetho-mthetho-siseko yembulunga yonke, kanye Enclopedia Britannica ekubukezeni kokwahlulela [.[[FLT]]