Ukuqonda Isisekelo Samalungelo Akho Esimisweni Sobulungisa Besigebengu

Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu sase-U.S. siwuhlelo olukhulu futhi oluyinkimbinkimbi oluklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukulondeka komphakathi nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Kusukela esikhathini sokuboshwa kuze kube isikhalo sokugcina, isivikelo senu esingokomthetho sisebenza njengetshe eliqinile lenqubo elungile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyisisulu esifuna ubulungisa, ufakazi ocelwa ukuba abufakazele, noma umuntu omangalelwe ngecala, wazi ukuthi amalungelo akho awasizi nje kuphela. Lesiqondiso sinweba ezivikelini eziyisisekelo eziqinisekiswe uMthetho-sisekelo nezimiso zombuso, sinikeza ulwazi oluwusizo lokuhlola zonke izigaba zomthetho.

Abantu abaningi besaba ukuzwa umthetho. Besaba ukukhuluma namaphoyisa, ukuhlala enkantolo, noma ukubhekana nomshushisi. Kodwa umthetho ukunika izihlangu ezinamandla. ISiphendulo sesihlanu, sesithupha, neseshumi nane sidala imingcele eqondile uhulumeni angeke adlule kuyo. Ukuqonda lemingcele kukunika amandla okufuna ukwelashwa okulungile nokugwema izihibe ezifanayo. Ngezansi, sihlola isilinganiso ngasinye esiyinhloko, kanye nesivikelo esengeziwe esivame ukunganakwa.

Amalungelo Akho Omthetho - sisekelo Eqenjini

IBhili of Rights ibala isivikelo esiningana esisebenza ngokuqondile enkantolo yobugebengu. Nakuba ngasinye sigxeka ngokwaso, sisebenza ndawonye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu ophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele. Nawa amalungelo ayinhloko ophethe:

  • ngakwesokudla ukuthula — kuvikela ekuzithatheleni
  • Isokudla eselulekweni somthetho — isiqinisekiso sokumelelwa kochwepheshe
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekuqulweni komthetho [ — ijubane, umphakathi, futhi ingakhethi
  • Akwesokudla ukubhekwa njengongenacala[ — uhulumeni unomthwalo ogcwele wobufakazi
  • ngakwesokudla ukubhekana nofakazi [ — ukuphenya nokubekela ubufakazi inselele
  • Ukuvikelwa ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka — Izivikelo zeSichibiyelo sesine
  • [[QUE:0] Ukuvikelwa engozini ephindwe kabili — akukho cala lesibili lomthetho ofanayo

Uma ukugcinwa komthetho noma abashushisi bephula amalungelo akho, ubufakazi bungase buncishiswe, amacala angase aphetshwe, noma izinkolelo zingaqedwa lapho kudluliswa icala.

Ilungelo Lokuhlala Uthule: Akusona Isixwayiso Nje

IsiHluzi sesihlanu sithi akekho umuntu "ozophoqelelwa kunoma iliphi icala lobugebengu ukuba abe ufakazi omelene naye." Lokhu kuyilungelo ngokumelene nokuziphikisa. Kusho ukuthi awunakuphoqelelwa ukuba uphendule imibuzo engaholela ekumangalelweni kwakho. Ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kumelwe kukutshele ngalelilungelo lapho uboshiwe futhi uphenywa ngemibuzo.] Lokhu kuyisixwayiso esivamile [ Miranda [.

Indlela Yokukhipha Ilungelo Ngokufanelekile

Ukuthula nje akwanele ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukuze uzivikele ngokugcwele, kumelwe usho ngokucacile ukuthi usebenzisa ilungelo lakho lokuthula. Yisho okuthile okunjengokuthi, "Ngicela ilungelo lami lokuthula, futhi ngifuna ukukhuluma nommeli ngaphambi kokuphendula imibuzo." Uma nje ucela, amaphoyisa kumelwe akuyeke konke ukuphenya. Uma eqhubeka, noma yiziphi izinkulumo ozenzayo zingaba yizingakho ukuqashelwa enkantolo.

Yini Ebalulekile Njengokuzihlukanisa?

Ukuzishintsha akugcini emazwini akhulunywayo. Kungahlanganisa ukunikeza amadokhumende, amagama ayimfihlo, noma okunye ukwaziswa okungase kusetshenziswe kuwe. Nokho, ilungelo alisebenzi ebufakazini obungokoqobo njengesampula le-DNA, iminwe, noma i-emplar. Ungaphoqeleka ukuba unikeze lezozinto, kodwa awunakuphoqelelwa ukuba unikeze noma ukhiphe ubufakazi obuyingcaca.

Lapho Ilungelo Lingasebenzi

Kukhona okubalulekile. Ilungelo elimelene nokuzijezisa lisebenza kuphela emacaleni obugebengu. Alikuvikeli emacaleni omphakathi, emacaleni esehlukaniso, noma ekulahlweni kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Futhi, awukwazi ukulicela ukuba likuphendulele imibuzo engakukhathazi ngempela, ngesibonelo, imibuzo evamile phakathi nokuma kwezimoto njengo-"Uyazi ukuthi nganiwethulani?" noma ungavikelelwa. Noma kunjalo, kungcono ukuba uhlale uthule kuze kube yilapho ukhuluma nommeli.

Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ngeSichibiyelo sesihlanu, vakashela Cornell Legin Information Institute's Isichibiyeli sesihlanu [[[FLT: 1]].

Ilungelo Leseluleko Esingokomthetho: Ummeleli Wakho Esimisweni

ISichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa wonke ummangalelwa ngelungelo lokusiza ngeseluleko. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungaqasha ummeli ozimele, noma uma ungakwazi ukuthenga, inkantolo kumelwe imise umlweli womphakathi noma omunye ummeli ofanelekayo. Leli lungelo lisebenza kuzo zonke "izigaba ezibucayi" zommangaleli wecala, kusukela ekuveleni kwenkantolo ukuzoqulwa icala, ukugwetshwa, ngisho nokunxusa ngokuqondile.

Kunini Lapho Okufanele Kuhlanganiswa Khona?

Ilungelo lokwelulekwa linamathela ngokushesha lapho kuqalwa ukuqulwa kwecala, uma kuqhamuka kuqala phambi komahluleli. Ngaphambi kwalokho, phakathi nokuphenywa kwamaphoyisa, usenelungelo kummeli ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu, okuyisizathu sokuba ucele ummeli, konke ukubuza kumelwe kuphele kuze kube yilapho ummeli wakho ekhona.

Ukukhetha Phakathi Komlweli Womphakathi Nesitho Esiyimfihlo

Uma ufanelekela ngokwezimali ukuba ulwele umlweli womphakathi, uyokwamukela ummeli ngaphandle kwezindleko eziqondile. Abavikeli bomphakathi bangabameli abangomagebengu abangomakad ’ ebona, kodwa bavame ukuthwala imithwalo esindayo yecala. Uma ungakwazi ukunikeza ummeli wangasese, uyakwazi ukulawula kangcono ukuthi umelelwa ngubani. Cabangela lezi zici lapho ukhetha iseluleko:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwephula umthetho wobugebengu[ — Funa othile osingatha amacala afana nawenu (umk., i-DUI, ukulahlwa kwezidakamizwa, i-collar emhlophe).
  • idumela lendawo [ — ummeli owazi amajaji, abashushisi, nezinqubo zendawo angaphumelela kakhulu.
  • Ukuhlanganisa[ — Udinga ummeli ochaza izinto ngokucacile futhi abuyise izingcingo zakho.
  • Isakhiwo se- [ — Qonda izindleko ezicashile kanye nokubhalisa ngehora, bese ubuza ngezindleko ezengeziwe kubaphenyi noma ochwepheshe.

Usizo Lweseluleko Oluphumelelayo

Ilungelo leseluleko alikona nje ukuba nommeli okhona. Kungenxa yokuba nombhalo ophumelelayo. Uma ummeli wakho enza ngendlela elulaze kakhulu kangangokuba alulaze ukuzivikela kwakho, ungakwazi ukuphakamisa ukusho ukuthi iseluleko asisebenzi ekudluliseni. Indinganiso iphakeme: Kumelwe ubonise ukuthi ummeli akakwazi ukwenza kahle nokuthi ukushiyeka kwakhe kusola icala lakho.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungenaphutha: Akulona Isenzo Sobuqotho

ISichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa futhi ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi linikezwa ijaji elingakhethi. Lena isisekelo sesimiso sokuqulwa kwecala. Icala elilungile lihlanganisa izingxenye eziningana ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubulungisa.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Okusheshayo

Uhulumeni awunakukuthatha unomphela ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala. I-Foursy Trial Act ifuna ukuba ukuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni kuqale phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-70 zokumangalelwa noma ukubonakala kokuqala kommangalelwa. I-United States inemithetho efanayo. Uma ukulibala kungenangqondo futhi kubangelwa ukuquliswa, amacala angapheliswa.

Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Omphakathi

Izikhulu zenkantolo zivulekele umphakathi nabezindaba. Lokhu kubonakala kuqeda ukuxhashazwa kwecala futhi kwenza icala libe necala. Nokho, umahluleli angavala inkantolo ngezizathu eziphoqelelayo, njengokuvikela ukuthi ufakazi ungubani noma ukulondeka kwesizwe.

UJury Ongakhethi

Unelungelo lokwahlulelwa yijaji elikhethwe eqenjini elifanele lomphakathi. Phakathi nokukhethwa kwamajaji (amahlazo), ummeli wakho angabuza imibuzo engase ihlolwe abahluleli ukuba bavule ubandlululo. Umahluleli angaxosha abakhohlisi abakhohlisi abakhohliweyo ngesizathu. Futhi unenani elilinganiselwe lezinselele zokususa abajaji ngaphandle kokusho isizathu.

Ubufakazi Nokungcola Kwesiphambano

Unelungelo lokuveza ubufakazi bakho siqu, ukubiza ofakazi, nezincwadi eziseceleni. Okubaluleke ngokufanayo, ummeli wakho angadlula e-examine njalo lapho efakaza. Ikhono lokuphikisa ubufakazi libalulekile − lidalula ukungavumelani, amanga, nezinkumbulo ezinephutha.

Funda okwengeziwe ngezakhi zomthetho olungile e- i-Melikan Bar Association's inshorensi yovivinyo olulungile.

Ukucabanga Ngokungabi Naludolo Nomthwalo Wobufakazi

Wonke umuntu obekwa icala lobugebengu uthathwa njengongenacala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe abonise icala ngokungenakungabaza, [1] indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu esimisweni sethu somthetho. Ummangalelwa akudingeki abonise ukuthi akanacala noma anikeze nanoma ibuphi ubufakazi. Lesivikelo sigcinwe kuyi-Gast Procession Claus e-Gradite of the 1450 Remplete.

Lokho Okushiwo "Ukuveza Ukungabaza Okunengqondo"

Ukungabaza okunengqondo akuyona nje into engenzeka noma ecatshangelwayo, ukungabaza okungenza umuntu onengqondo angabaze ukuthatha isinyathelo endabeni ebaluleke kakhulu. Uma abahluleli benokungabaza okunjalo, kumelwe bakhululwe.

Umphumela Ongokoqobo Enkantolo

Ngenxa yokucabanga ukuthi akanacala, ummangalelwa akadingeki ukuba afakazele. umahluleli uzoyala abahluleli ukuthi abakwazi ukuthulisa ummangalelwa. Futhi, umshushisi kumelwe anikeze ubufakazi obuhlangana nomnyango (uma behluleka), uma ijaji lingavuma ukuba kuthathwe icala ngaphambi kokuba liyokwabethwa ngisho nasemajaji.

Ilungelo Lokubhekana NoFakazi

ISiphendu seSithandathu sika Claus sikunika ilungelo lokubhekana nalabo abakufakazelayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuba khona enkantolo phakathi nobufakazi babo kanye nokuhlangana nabo. Umgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inzwabethi ayinakusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuba umthumeli ukhona ukuze aphenywe.

Izici Ezihlukile Nokulinganiselwa

Izinkantolo ziqophe okungalingani. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ufakazi engekho ngenxa yokufa noma ukugula, futhi ubufakazi bazo bangaphambili bungaphendulelwa, kungavunywa. Futhi, amanye amazwi angaphandle enkantolo angewona "okubonisa inhlonipho" (njengamazwi avamile kumngane) angase angabi yisisulu esizwakalayo ngaphansi kwemithetho ewubuwula. Nokho, isimiso esiyisisekelo sisasele: unelungelo lokumelana nabamangali enkantolo.

Isivikelo Esengeziwe: Ukuhlola, Ukucasha Okukabili, Nakweminye Eminingi

Ngaphandle kwamalungelo osekuxoxwe ngawo, ezinye izivikelo eziningana zivikela abantu ekuphanjweni uhulumeni.

Isivikelo Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sifuna amaphoyisa abe nesizathu nesiqinisekiso esingokomthetho, (noma isiqinisekiso esingokomthetho) ngaphambi kokuphenya ikhaya lakho, imoto, noma umuntu. Uma uphula umthetho wokuzihlukanisa ungavimbela ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho ekuqulweni icala. Ngokuvamile zihlanganisa imvume, umbono ocacile, nezimo ezicacile. Ngaso sonke isikhathi bubuze ukuthi, "Ingabe ngikhululekile ukuhamba?" ngesikhathi sokuma. Uma uvalelwe, ungasho ukuthi, "Angivumi ukuphenya."""

Isivikelo Engozini Ephindwe Kabili

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu futhi senqabela ukuqulwa kabili kwecala elifanayo. Uma ukhululiwe noma ubekwe icala, uhulumeni akanakukucela ukuba ulandelwe lelocala, ngisho noma bukhona ubufakazi obusha. Nokho, lokhu akuvimbeli isimo esihlukile ekukumangaleleni ngesenzo esifanayo uma sephula kokubili umthetho wombuso nowombuso (imfundiso "yobukhosi]).

Amalungelo ezisulu: Indima yakho emkhankasweni

Isimiso sobulungisa siyawaqaphela futhi amalungelo ezisulu zobugebengu. Crime's Rights Act (CVRA) inikeza izisulu ilungelo lokuzwakala ngezikhathi ezithile, ukwamukela isaziso sokuqulwa kwecala, ukuba khona, nokuphatha ngenhlonipho. Izifunda eziningi zinemithetho efanayo. Uma uyisisulu, ungafaka amazwi empikiswayo ekwahlulelweni nasekuceleni. Ungaba nelungelo lokubuyisana nomshushisi.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, hlola U.S. uMnyango woMahluleli woMnyango woCulta’s Gideous's Rights phezu .

Amalungelo Phakathi Nokuboshwa Nokubhala Izincwadi

Uma umthetho ufaka umthetho ejele, izinqubo ezithile kumelwe zilandelwe. Unelungelo lokwazi ukuthi kungani uboshiwe. Kumelwe uxwayiswe iMiranda ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume. Uma ubhala incwadi, unelungelo lokushaya ucingo (ngokuvamile kummeli noma ilungu lomkhaya). Unelungelo futhi lokuthola ibheyili elifanele, nakuba amacala athile engase avumele ukuvinjelwa.

Ibhayile Nokukhululwa Kwama - computer

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili ephakeme. Umahluleli ubeka ibheyili esekelwe ekuzifakeni engozini zokuhamba ngendiza, ingozi emphakathini, nasesimweni samacala. Uma ungakwazi ukukhokha, ungacela ukuncishiswa kwe-pager noma ufune ukukhululwa ngemvume yakho siqu. Izifunda eziningi manje zisebenzisa amathuluzi okuhlola ayingozi ukuze zinqume izimo.

Ukudlulisa Amacala Nokusiza Ngeposi

Uma uthola isigwebo, usenganamalungelo. Ungasidlulisa isinqumo ezisekelweni zomthetho (ngokwesibonelo), amaphutha eziyalweni zamajaji, ukuvuma okungafanele, noma usizo lwezeluleko olungaphumeleli. Izikhalo azibuyi komiti yezomthetho; inkantolo ihlola umbhalo ogciniwe wokuqulwa kwamaphutha. Uma ulahlekelwa isikhalo, ungafuna ukuphoqelelwa, njenge-habeas corpus, ukubekela isigwebo inselele.

Izinsalela Zokulinganiselwa Kokudluliswa Kwezicelo

Izicelo kumelwe zidluliswe ngokushesha, ngokuvamile phakathi nezinsuku ezingu - 30 zokwahlulela. Ukungasitholi isikhathi kungalahlekelwa ilungelo lakho lokudlulisa icala. Njalo buza ummeli wakho ngesikhathi esinqunyiwe kanye nanoma imiphi imiphumela engase ihloselwe ukuthunyelwa (njengemiphumela yokuvota noma ukulahlekelwa amalungelo okuvota).

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuvikela Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi amalungelo akho akusizi ngalutho uma ungawasebenzisi. Nazi izenzo eziqinisekile okufanele uzithathe:

  • Ungasho lutho ngaphandle kommeli. Ngemva nje kokuboshwa, cela ummeli bese uthula.
  • Ungavumeli ukuphenya. usho ngokucacile ukuthi, “Angivumelani nokuhlola." Ungaphiki ngokomzimba.
  • Bhala yonke into. Ibhalwe amagama ezikhulu, ofakazi, kanye nemininingwane yokuboshwa.
  • Ngokushesha hlangana nommeli. Uma ungakwazi ukuthenga enye, cela umvikeli womphakathi ngosuku lwenkantolo yakho yokuqala.
  • Ithathe zonke izinsuku zenkantolo. Ukwehluleka ukuvela kungaphumela ekugunyazeni ibhentshi nasemacaleni engeziwe.
  • gcina amakhophi awo wonke amadokhumende. Amakhasi okukhokha, ukuthola, ne-oday yenkantolo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, zifundise ngezinqubo zenkantolo yendawo yakho. Izinkantolo eziningi zinezikhungo zosizo lwalabo abangenawo amagqwetha. Futhi ungalokothi ululaze ukubaluleka kokulondoloza ukuzola kwakho. Sebenzisa izinqubo eziyisisekelo zokubhala, kodwa qinisa amalungelo akho ngomoya ophansi naqinile.

Isiphetho: Ulwazi Luyisivikelo Sakho Esinamandla Kunazo Zonke

Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu singaba sikhulu kakhulu, kodwa unezivikelo ezinamandla zomthetho-sisekelo. Kusukela elungelweni lokuthula elungelweni lokubhekana nabamangaleli bakho, lezizivikelo ziklanyelwe ukuhlobisa indawo yokudlala phakathi komuntu nombuso. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyisisulu, ufakazi, noma othile obhekene namacala, ukuqonda amalungelo akho kukusiza ukuba uhambe ngokuqiniseka. Ngaso sonke isikhathi funa iseluleko esingokomthetho esifanelekayo esivumelana nesimo sakho esiqondile, futhi unganqikaze unqene ukuqinisa amalungelo aqinisekiswe uMthetho-sisekelo. Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, thintana nesiqondiso sakho [[FLT:] ACLU] ALY Uyazi Isiqondiso sakho [ ngezenzakalo ezisebenzayo.