Isingeniso

Ukwengamela umthetho kuyikhondla lokubusa okunesibopho sokulandisa, okwenza amapalamende namangqungquthela ukuba ahlole izenzo, izimiso, nezindleko zegatsha eliphethe. Ngaphandle komthetho-sisekelo, kusebenza njengendlela esebenzayo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla omphakathi asetshenziswa ngokuvumelana nomthetho, ngokuphumelelayo, futhi nesithakazelo emphakathini. Kulemisebenzi yanamuhla yokuqondisa izakhiwo zentando yeningi, imisebenzi yokuhlola isuka ekubukezeni okuqhubekayo kuya ekuqhubekeni, ukuhlaziya okuhlelekile okuhlanganisa ingxube yamathuluzi angokwesiko kanye nezindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokwaziswa. Lesi sihloko sihlola amathuluzi ayinhloko nokwengameleli, ukuhlola izicelo zazo eziwusizo, futhi sixoxa ngezinselele eziwusizo, futhi sixoxa ngezinselele zokwakheka okubusayo ezisebenza ngekhulu lama-21.

Ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo akudingi nje kuphela igunya elingokomthetho kodwa futhi negunya lokuhlela, intando yezombangazwe, nokuthembisana nomphakathi. Izingxenye ezilandelayo ziphula izinjongo eziyinhloko, amathuluzi, namasu angazisebenzisa izishayamthetho nezisebenzi zabo ukuze bafeze lendima ebucayi. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngezindinganiso zembulunga yonke, i-Inter-Parliamentation Union[ inikeza isiqondiso esibanzi ezinhlangothini zobuqondisi bephalamende.

Ukubaluleka Kokuphatha Imithetho

Ukugada akuyona nje i-aspect uhulumeni; kuyithuluzi elisebenzayo lokuthuthukisa imiphumela yenqubo nokuqinisa ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi. Ukubaluleka kwayo kungaqondwa ngemisebenzi eminingana ehlangene:

Ukulandisa Nokuhlola Amandla Aphethe

Ezimisweni zemibuso ehlukene, izishaya - mthetho zinikeza isilinganiso esimelene negunya eliphetheyo. Ngokuzwa, ukuhlola, nokuhlela uhlelo lokuhlela, amaphalamende aqinisekisa ukuthi izikhonzi nezisebenzi zombango zithethelela izinqumo zazo futhi zibhekane nemiphumela yokuphatha kabi noma ukuphatha kabi. Lokhu kulandisa okuqinile nokuqondile kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukugxiliswa kwamandla nokukhukhuleka kwempoqo.

Ukuthemba Okusobala Nokukhokhwa Omphakathi

Lapho izinqubo zobubonisi ziqhutshwa obala — ngokuqulwa kwezindaba zomphakathi, ngokusakazwa kwemibiko, nangokutholakala kwemininingwane − kwakha ukuthembela komphakathi kuhulumeni. Izakhamuzi zingabona ukuthi abameleli bazo baqapha ngokuzikhandla ukusetshenziswa kwemali yokukhokha intela nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungaqondi kuqeda ukwethembana futhi kuphembele ukukhohlakala.

Ukuphumelela Kwezimiso Zokusebenza Nokufunda

Izinkampani eziqondise imingcele ivame ukuveza izikhala phakathi kwenhloso yomthetho nokusetshenziswa kweziphathimandla. Ngokuhlola ukwenziwa kwezinhlelo ne ulawulo lwemiphumela[, amakomiti angatusa ukulungisa, imithetho ephelelwe isikhathi, noma ukuklama umthetho ongcono. Le nqubo iguqula ukuqondisa kube intuthuko eqhubekayo yokubusa.

Isiyalo Esiwuhlelo Nesimiso Esiphumelelayo

Ukubukeza ukufakwa kwemali nokuhlelwa kwemisebenzi kusiza izishaya-mthetho ukuba zibone udoti, ukukhwabanisa, nokungakhonzi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ofisi ye-Accounting (GAO) ye-United States Government Accounting Office (GAO) ikhipha njalo okutholwa okungasindisa izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ngenguquko etuswayo. Izinhlangano ezifanayo ezifana nezinhlangano eziphethe ukuncintisana kwemithetho yomhlaba wonke nephalamende ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zinomthwalo wemfanelo wemali.

Amathuluzi Ayinhloko Okuqondisa Ngemithetho

Imithetho inethuluzi elihlukene lokuqondisa. Ukukhethwa kwethuluzi kuxhomeke endabeni yendaba, izinga lokuphuthuma, nomongo wezombangazwe. Amathuluzi asetshenziswa kakhulu ahlanganisa:

Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Omphakathi Nobufakazi Bobufakazi

Izindlebe ziyithuluzi lokuqondisa elibonakalayo kakhulu. AmaKomiti amema izikhonzi, ochwepheshe abadala, ochwepheshe, kanye nezakhamuzi ezithintekile ukuba zinikeze ubufakazi obufungelwe. Le mizuzu ingaba ukuphenya okukhethekile /ukuhluleka /okanye isimiso esimisiwe, ukuqoqa ubufakazi bemithetho yesikhathi esizayo. Ukuze kuphumelele, ukuzwa kumelwe kulungiswe kahle, ngokuzwa kafushane nokuhlola okucacile. Amandla e-Sutena okuphoxa ubufakazi kungumboni ogxekayo.

Imibuzo Nesikhathi Sephalamende

Kuhlelo lwemiklamo ye-Westminster, imibuzo ebhaliwe neshiwo ngomlomo ivumela abashaya imithetho ngabanye ukuba bagcine izikhonzi zinecala ezindabeni ezithile. “Isikhathi sokuhlanganisa” sinikeza i-Fourplan evamile, ephezulu ukuze ihlolwe ngokushesha. Le misebenzi iveza umlando womphakathi futhi ngokuvamile iphoqelela umphathi ukuba acacise izikhundla noma avume ukubambeka. Amaphalamende amaningi manje anyathelisa iziteshi zemibuzo ukuze andise ukubonakala.

Ukuphenywa Kwekomiti Nokuphenya Okukhethekile

Ukuma noma amakomiti e-advohoc angaqhuba uphenyo oluqinile lwezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi njengehlazo lokonakala, ukusabela ngenhlekelele engokwemvelo, noma ukwehluleka okukhulu kwemisebenzi. Uphengululo luhilela izicelo zezincwadi, ukuhambela ingosi, nokuhlola kochwepheshe. Imibiko ewumphumela ngokuvamile iqukethe ukutusa okunezinga eliphezulu kwezombangazwe futhi okungaholela ezinguqulweni zemithetho noma ekumangalelweni.

Izimali Nemali Egciniwe

Imithetho incike ezikhungweni ezizimele zokuhlola ukuncitshiswa kwemali (njenge- International of Supper Applications [I-informations:1]] ukuze kuhlolwe ama-akhawunti kahulumeni kanye nokusebenza kohlelo. Okufinyelelwe kokuphehlwa kunikezwa i-Public Akhawuntium (noma into elingana nayo), bese ihlola izikhulu eziphethe. Le nqubo yokuhlola, ukubukeza, nokutusa iyinqubo emisiwe yokufaka icala lemali.

I - Leastical Veto Negunya Lokuqinisekisa

Kumazwe amaningi, amaphalamende kumelwe avumele ukumiswa kwabaphathi, izivumelwano, noma iziqondiso. Lenqubo yokuqinisekisa ivumela amakomiti ukuba afake izibopho zokuveza imvume. Ngokufanayo, izimemezelo zokushaya umthetho ezilawulayo noma imithetho yezinhlangano zinikeza i-exakelo eliqondile esinyatheloni esingakho sobuzwe.

Umenzi Wemishini Nezakhamuzi Ezikhonondayo

Isigamu sephalamende esizimele sihlola izikhalo zezakhamuzi ngokuphathelene nokungaqondisi kahle kwesimiso sokuqondisa. Lokhu kuphelelisa ukwengamela kwendlu yomthetho ngokuxazulula izikhalo zomuntu siqu ezingase zivele ngamanye amathuluzi.

Izindlela Zokuqondisa Okuphumelelayo

Ukuba namathuluzi afanele akwanele; izishaya - mthetho kumelwe ziwasebenzise ngezindlela eziwusizo.

Ukuhlobana Kwaphesheya Kwamagatsha Nanomphakathi Wasemphakathini

Ukubambisana okungaphakathi kwe-Inter-stitutional kuthuthukisa ukuphatha. Imithetho elondoloza ubuhlobo obusebenzayo nezinhlangano eziphezulu zokuhlola, amakomiti alwa nokonakala, namakomiti ejaji angahlanganyela ulwazi futhi agweme ukuphindaphindeka. Izinhlangano zomphakathi nezokuxhumana zifeza indima ebalulekile ngokunikeza ukucwaninga okuzimele, ukudalula isimiso sokuphatha esingafanele, kanye nokuthuthukisa abaphathi bezobungamele. I-Platformations njenge i-OpengatestryPriverties []

Amathuluzi Okuhlola Nezinombolo

Izishaya-mthetho zanamuhla zisebenzisa imishini ehlola ukusebenza kwemali kahulumeni. Amabhodi alandela indlela yokusetshenziswa kwemali esetshenziswayo, izikhombo zokunikeza inkonzo, kanye nezivumelwano zokuthola imali avumela amakomiti ukuba abone izinto ezingekho ngesikhathi sangempela. Amanye amaphalamende amise amaqembu okucwaninga okunikezelwe kanye nokwaziswa asebenzisa umshini ofunda ukuhlaziya imitapo emikhulu yentengo yemali noma iposi. Amathekisi avula amathekisi enza izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukuthatha iqhaza ekuqondiseni, umkhuba owaziwa ngokuthi “ukwengamele ubuchwepheshe be-cbiccop”.

Ukuqeqesha Nokwakha Ngobuciko Abasebenza Ngezikhungo

Ukuvelela kunamandla kuphela kunabantu abakusekelayo. Intuthuko yobuchwepheshe bomabhalane bamakomiti, abaphathi-mthetho, nabacwaningi ibalulekile. Izinhlelo ezinikezwa yizinhlangano ezinjenge- National Democratic Institute [ igxile ekuhlobiseni izisebenzi ngamakhono ezokuhlola izibalo, ukuxoxa nobufakazi obusekelwe emfundweni. Izisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe ziyakwazi ukucubungula kakhulu izinqumo zemithetho.

Ukulandelelwa Okuhlelekile Nokusetshenziswa Kokuhlolwa

Ubuthakathaka obuvamile bokuqondisa ukuswela ukulandelela okuhlelekile ekutusweni. Izishaya-mthetho eziphumelelayo zidinga izimemezelo zokubuyisela umbiko ngendlela eziye zaphendula ngayo izinto ezifinyelelwe yikomiti. Ezinye iziphakamende zisebenzisa “iziphakamiso zokubhala izinombolo” ezilandela ukutusa kokwamukelwa kwemali. Uma intuthuko inganele, amakomiti angakhula ngokuthatha izigwebo zokulwa noma ngokulungisa imithetho.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokuvula Izindlebe

Izikhululo zokuvula izindlebe ukuze zihlawulwe futhi zicele ukwaziswa komphakathi nge-eÚconsult platform ikhuphuka ilens yokwengamela. Emazweni anjengeKenya ne-Ningizimu Afrika, amakomiti ephalamende ngokuvamile ahlala equlwa emiphakathini ethintekile, avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zifakazele ngokuqondile. Lokhu akuzuzisi nje kuphela ubufakazi kodwa futhi kuqinisa indima yendlu yomthetho njengeqhawe labantu.

Izinselele Zokuphatha Ngokwemithetho

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwawo, ukuqondisa kubhekene nezithiyo eziphikelelayo ezingase zenze buthaka ukuphumelela kwakho.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe Nempi Yokuhlukana

Lapho ukuqondisa kusetshenziswa njengesikhali sokuphoxa abaphikisi bezombangazwe kunokuba bathole iqiniso, kulahlekelwa ukuthembeka. Indawo ezungezile ye - Hyperāpitan ingaholela kumakomiti anezintambo eziqinile, ukubambisana, nokuzwa okuklanyelwe ukubukwa kwemithombo yezindaba kunokuba kuhlolwe ngobuqotho. Izimiso zemithetho yekomiti ecacile ziyisivikelo esibalulekile.

Imithombo Yengcebo Nokwaziswa

Izishaya-mthetho eziningi, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka, zisebenza ngezisebenzi ezincane nangamandla alinganiselwe okucwaninga. Igatsha eliphethe livame ukuba nemithombo eminingi kakhulu, lidala ulwazi oluphazamisa ukubuza okuphumelelayo. Ukutshala izinhlangano ezizimele zokusekela imithetho esemthethweni i-Congregational Research Service e-U.S.C.

Ukumelana Nezimo Eziqondisayo

Imishini inganqikaza ukusabela, ihlanganise amaphepha njengemfihlo, noma inikeze ukwaziswa okungaphelele ukuze kugwenywe. Abanye abaqondisi bamelana nokuqondisa ngokufaka ilungelo lokuphatha noma ngokunganaki izimemezelo zekomiti. Izinqubo eziqinile zomthetho eziphoqelela ukubambisana nezijeziso zokungahambisani nemithetho zibalulekile, kodwa intando yezombangazwe ibaluleke ngokufanayo ukuze iphoqelelwe.

Ukwaziswa Okugcwele Inqwaba Nezikhala Ezingaqondakali

Ngisho noma ukwaziswa kutholakala, izishayamthetho zingakhungathekiswa umthamo wayo nobunkimbinkimbi bayo. Ngaphandle kwamathuluzi afanelekile okuqondisa nokusekela, ukuqondisa kuba okungasho lutho. IPhalamende lidinga izimiso zokuqondisa ukwaziswa zobungane ezisebenzisa ugesi kanye nekhono lobuchwepheshe lokuthola ukuqonda okusebenzayo ezimisweni zesimiso semali.

Ukulandela Okunganele Nenkumbulo Yezinhlangano

Imibiko eminingi yezobubonisi ihlanganisa uthuli emashalofini. Uma amalungu ekomiti eshintsha ngemva kokhetho, ukutusa kwesikhathi esidlule kuvame ukulibaleka. Ukusungula isimiso sokulandelela imishini nedinga imibiko eqhubekayo evela kumphathi omkhulu kunganciphisa lokhu. Amanye amazwe aye asungula “izindlela ezikhankanyiwe” ezivumela isishaya-mthetho ukuba simise izimali kuze kube yilapho impumelelo ithuthuka.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zokugada Ngokuphumelelayo

Ukuhlola izibonelo zezwe zangempela 93 kubonisa indlela ukuqondisa okungashintsha ngayo ukubusa.

IWatergate Scandal (United States, 1972-1974)

Icala leSigele i-Congress eliholwa yi-Atergate Committee yaveza ukuhileleka kwezikhulu eziphakeme zesigaba esiphezulu ekunqamuleni kwe-progree nasembozweni olandelayo. Amacala, ukusakazwa kwezindaba kuphila, umbono womphakathi ovuselelwe futhi ekugcineni waphoqelela uMongameli uNixon ukuba ashiye. Inqubo yokwengamela yaholela ezinguqulweni ezinkulu zezezimali zomkhankaso, izivikelo zokuphehla impempe, nemithetho kahulumeni yokubona okunjenge - Freedom of Information Act amendements.

Inkinga Yezezimali Ka - 2008 NoMthetho We - Dodd̆Flack (United States)

Ngemva kokuwa kwezinhlangano ezinkulu zezimali, amaKomiti endlu neSishaya-mthetho eBanki aqulwa kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlola kwembula ukwehluleka kwezimiso zokuqondisa, imikhuba yokuboleka ngokunganaki, nezingxabano zesithakazelo. Ubufakazi baqoqwa bathonya iDoddphlain Wall Street Reformation neConsummer Protection Act, eyamisa iConsumer Finical Protection Bureaunce nezimiso eziqinile ezisezimfunekweni zenkokhelo.

I - COVID 16) I - pandemic Createst (Imbulunga Yonke)

Phakathi nalesisifo, amaphalamende emhlabeni wonke asebenzisa amagunya esimiso esiphuthumayo ukuze ahlole imali kahulumeni emalini yosizo. IKomiti ye-Bundestag yezempilo equlwa njalo ngesonto nongqongqoshe wezempilo, kuyilapho iKomiti yePhalamende laseKenya yama-Premen ilandelela izinkulungwane zezigidi ze-shillings e-COVID 9319. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuqondisa kwasiza ekutholeni intengo ekhubazekayo, ukuhlelwa nephutha kwemithombo yemali, nobuthakathaka ezimisweni yezempilo yomphakathi, okwaholela ekutholeni izijeziso eziphakathi ne-1962209.

IKomiti Yomakha - akhawunti Yomphakathi Yase - UK (e - United Kingdom)

Ikaningi inconywa njengenye yezindikimba zobubonisi eziphumelela kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, i-UK’s Committee of Public Accounts (PAC) isebenza ngokuseduze ne-Ofisi yophicotho-zincwadi ye-National. Ithonya le-PAC liyaziwa ngokubuza kanzima izikhulu zikahulumeni ezikhulile. Ithonya le-PAC lingenza ukuba ukutusa kwalo kunganganakwa. Ngokwesibonelo, imibiko yalo ngemisebenzi emikhulu iholele ekuthuthukiseni imithetho yokuthola imali futhi isindise amakhulu ezigidi zamakhilogremu.

Ukuqondisa Izinga Lanamuhla: Ukushintsha Kwezinombolo Nemininingwane Evuliwe

Inkathi yezibalo inikeza amathuba angenakuqhathaniswa okuqinisa ukuqondisa kwemithetho.

  • I-modial à productive Expenditure Dragboards: Ezinye izishaya-mthetho, njengalezo zase-Brazil nase-Philippines, ziye zaveza iziteshi zomphakathi ezibonisa imininingwane kahulumeni esetshenziswayo cishe esikhathini sangempela sonyaka wekhulu lama-2001. Amakomiti asebenzisa lamabhodi angaphambili ukufulela intengiselwano engavamile ngaphambi kokuba angenele emahlazweni.
  • ASSISED Document Review:[ Imiqulu emikhulu yezivumelwano zemali noma izinhlelo ezicushwayo zingahlolwa ngemishini yokufunda ukuzwa imikhondo yokukhohlisa noma yokuphamba. Ushintsho lwe-Palamende laseFrance luqondisa amathuluzi anjalo.
  • E_petition and Compulsive Scrutiny: Ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithumele izicelo ezibangela ukubukeza kwekomiti (njengase-UK nase Scotland) zisebenzisa ukuphathwa kwesigaba sobuso. Iziteshi eziqondisayo zisiza futhi izakhamuzi ukuba zisize ekubukezeni umthetho noma ukuhluleka ukunikeza inkonzo.
  • Isigodo sokubona ngaphaya: Eminye imisebenzi yomshayeli isebenzisa i-blockchain ukuze ibhale izici zikahulumeni namavoti okuvota, okwenza kube nzima ukushintsha amarekhodi ngemva kwalokho.

Nokho, amathuluzi emishini kumelwe ahlanganiswe nokufunda ngemishini phakathi kwabalungisi bemithetho nezisebenzi, kanye nezilinganiso ze-inthanethi ezinkulu. ECD inikeza izibonelo zendlela ohulumeni abahlanganisa ngayo intuthuko yamanani ezinqubweni zobungameli.

Isiphetho

Ukwengamela umthetho kusenye yemishini enamandla kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhulumeni ufeza inzuzo yomphakathi. Kusukela ekulaleleni nasekuhloleni nasekuthatheni izinhlu zezincwadi kuya ekutholeni ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezakhamuzi, ibhokisi lamathuluzi elikhona kumaphalamende alihlukene futhi liyashintsha. Kodwa amathuluzi kuphela awaqiniseki ukuthi angakwazi ukunikeza isiqinisekiso; adinga ochwepheshe, ukuzibusa kwezombangazwe, kanye nempucuko enikeza ubufakazi obubodwa bokuhlukanisa umphakathi. Njengoba idemocracyism ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha . (8) kusukela ekunyukeni kwe-publicalism kuya ebunzimani bezokubusa kwezokulawula kwezemishini /sngletingtinginging systeary nemikhuba yezenzwe ziphuthuma kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Ngokufaka imali ezindaweni zobusweni, ukuthatha imishini, ukuthatha izakhamuzi, nokuhlanganyela izakhamuzi, izishaya-mthetho zingayisekela futhi impumelelo njengezisebenzi zabo abagcini bokuqapha ukubonakala nokulawula.