Table of Contents

Ukugcinwa komthetho kuyisisekelo sanoma yimuphi umphakathi wentando yeningi ofuna ukuletha ubulungisa ngokulinganayo. Ekujuleni kwawo, ukulandisa kubhekisela ezimisweni, ezimisweni, nasemikhubeni eqinisekisa amaphoyisa nezinhlangano zawo kunikezwa impendulo ngezenzo zawo. Ikakhulukazi uma lezozenzo ziphula umthetho, isimiso somthetho, noma amalungelo abantu. Ngaphandle kwezimiso eziqinile zokulandisa, ngisho namabutho abophekile angenza amasosha alahlekelwe ukwethenjwa umphakathi okubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ubugebengu nokuphepha komphakathi okusebenzayo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okubanzi kokugcinwa komthetho, ukuhlola ukugcinwa kwawo, ukubaluleka kwawo okuqhubekayo, imingcele eqhubekayo yokumiswa kwawo, namakhambisela amacala angenza isimiso sobulungisa silahlekelwe yinzuzo yomphakathi wonke umuntu.

Umlando Wokulandisa

Umqondo wanamuhla wokulandisa wamaphoyisa awuzange uvele ungenanjongo. Ekhulwini le-19 nelamashumi amabili leminyaka, ukuphoqelela kwaseMelika kwakungalawulwa kakhulu, ngokuvamile kufeza izithakazelo zemishini yezombangazwe nezikhulu ezicebile. Izinhlangano zamaphoyisa zokuqala ezingochwepheshe, njengaleyo eyamiswa eNew York ngo-1845, yasebenza ngaphandle kokuqondisa okunenjongo. Kwakuze kube ukumiswa kwamalungelo abantu abaphethe ama-1960 okuthola ukuvelela kwesizwe. Izenzakalo ezinkulu zezenzo zezenzo zezenzo zamaphoyisa zonya nonya luka-19659 zezenzo ze-Wattsting kanye nokushaywa kukaRocence King , kanye no-1992 kuphendukulwa kwezicelo ezisabaleleyo zokukhanya nokuguqula. Lezi zenzakalo zaholela ekudalweni kwasekuqaleni kwezindawo zokubukezwa kwezempi kwezempi, ukukhishwa kwezimiso zomthetho wesizwe ezingokomthetho wesizwe (okugunyaziwe yi-U.) U. U. Umnyango womthetho wobuProvince, umbiko wezenyuko weze-conoptic, umbiko wezenyust, umbiko wezomthetho owe ka-E.

Ukubaluleka Okubucayi Kokulandisa Ebuthweni Lanamuhla

Ukulandisa akuwona nje umbono wezikhulu zezombangazwe; kunemiphumela ephawulekayo ekulondekeni komphakathi nasekwethenjwa.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

ISichibiyelo Sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni nokuquleka okungacabangeli, isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo seNguquko sesihlanu senqubo efanele, kanye nokwenqabela kweSiphakamiso seNguqulo se-Hendth isijeziso sonya nesokungajwayelekile konke akunanjongo uma amaphoyisa awephulayo engabhekene nemiphumela. Izinqubo zokuzimela ziqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu (8) ongenacala lohlanga, inzuzo, noma ukufuduka ) wamukela ukwelashwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Ukwakha Nokulondoloza Ithemba Lomphakathi

Ukuthembana kuyimali yamaphoyisa aphumelelayo. Izakhamuzi ezikholelwa ukuthi izikhulu zazo zizoziphatha ngokufanele zithambekele kakhulu ekubikeni ubugebengu, ekusebenzeni nophenyo, futhi zikhonze njengofakazi. Ukuhlolwa kuka-2020 kwePew Research Center kwathola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-38 kuphela ama-Black America nangu-56% ama-Hispanic America abonisa ukuthembela emaphoyiseni endawo, uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe amhlophe angamaphesenti angu-7. Ukuvala lezindawo zokuthemba kudinga ukulandisa okungaguquguquki.

Ukuzitika Ngokuziphatha Okubi

Imiphumela ecacile yokuziphatha okubi (-apoints) esuka ekunqandeni nasekuzinzeni nasekuqedeni kanye nasekumangalelweni ngecala, thumelani isigijimi esinamandla sokuthi ukuxhashazwa ngeke kubekelwe indiva. Ukungabikho kwemiphumela enjalo kuthuthukisa isiko lapho izikhulu zingazizwa zinesibindi sokunquma amagumbi noma ukusebenzisa amandla eqile.

Intuthuko Eqhubekayo Yemikhuba Yesiko

Izimiso zokulandisa, uma ziklanywe kahle, ziveza ukwaziswa okungahlolwa ukuhlukanisa imiklamo yenkinga − njengezinga eliphakeme lengxenye ethile lokusetshenziswa kwezenzakalo zamandla noma ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga ekuvinjweni kwezimoto. Lokhu kwaziswa kukhuthaza ukuqeqeshwa kwezinguquko, ukulungiswa kwezimiso, kanye nokuhlelwa kweminyango, ukwenza iminyango iphephe futhi iphumelele kakhulu.

Izithiyo Eziyinhloko Zokulandisa Okuphumelelayo

Naphezu kokuqaphela kabanzi ukubaluleka kwalo, ukulandisa okunenjongo akukafinyeleli.

Ukungabi Khona Kwendlela Ebonakalisiwe Nemininingwane

Iminyango eminingi yamaphoyisa isebenza ngokungaqondi kahle komphakathi. Ingagodla amarekhodi ezikhalo, ukusebenzisa imibiko yempoqo, noma izenzo zokuyala, ukucaphuna imithetho yemfihlo noma izivumelwano zemisebenzi. Ngisho nalapho kuqoqwa, ngokuvamile kuyaguquguquka, okwenza kube nzima ukwenza umsebenzi we-becmarking noma ukuveza izinkinga zesimiso. Izwe [FLT] [FLT] [1] Inhloso yokuthatha isinyathelo sokubika, kodwa ukuthatha isinyathelo okungokokuzithandela.

“ Udonga Oluluhlaza Oluwuqhwaku Lokuthula”

Isimiso sokuthula sivame ukuvimbela izikhulu ukuba zibike ukuziphatha okubi kwabangane bazo, ngezinye izikhathi okuphoqelelwa ngezinsongo zokuphindisela komphakathi noma kochwepheshe, kuvikela abenzi bobubi neminyango yamakhasi ukuba ingahlolisi. Ukuphula lelisiko kudinga ukuhola okuqinile, ukuvikela ikhwela, nezimiso eziphoqelelwe zokubika.

Imithombo Yengcebo Enganele Yokulawula Imizimba

Amabhodi abaphathi, abahloli, abaphathi-mikhosi, kanye nezindaba zangaphakathi ngokuvamile ziyancipha futhi azinakwa. Bangase babhekane nezinsolo zezinkulungwane, eziholela ekuhlolweni okude nasekutholeni okungaqinisekiyo. Ngokwe-[[FLT]][1] iNhlangano yesizwe ye-Civinian Oversity of Law Inforcement[[FLT][FLT], ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuxhaswa okunikezelwe, amandla ephansi, nokuzimela kwekhephe kupho.

Izivikelo Ezingokomthetho Nezokuqoqwa Kwezincwadi

Izinyunyana zamaphoyisa ziye zaxoxa ngezivumelwano ezingavikela izikhulu ekuzivikeleni. Amalungiselelo anjengathi “isiyalo kumelwe sibekwe phakathi nesikhathi esifushane,”“ abaphathi-hhovisi banelungelo lokubukeza izinkulumo ezikhonondayo ngaphambi kokuba baphenywe,” futhi “izikhalo ezingaziwa aziphenyiswanga” zivamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundiso yokuvikeleka okufanelekayo ingenza kungabi nokwenzeka ukuba izikhulu ezibekelwe icala ngokomthetho, ngisho nalapho zisenza ngokholo olubi.

Ukungaqeqeshelwa Izimiso Zokuziphatha Nokungathuthuki

Izikole eziningi zinikeza amahora ambalwa nje okufundiswa ngezimiso zokuziphatha, ubandlululo, nokungalingani, kuyilapho zinikela amakhulu amahora ezibhamu nasemaqhingani okuvikela. Abaphathi bangena ensimini bengakulungele ukusingatha izinkinga zempilo yengqondo, bangaphazamisi, noma bathathe izimo ezingafani. Izimiso zokulandisa azikwazi ukuxazulula ukuhluleka ukuqeqesha; zingajezisa kuphela imiphumela okumelwe ivinjelwe ukuqeqeshwa.

Imishini Yokuqinisa Isibopho Sokulandisa

Akukho shintsho olwanele, kodwa uma luhlangene, lezi zinqubo ezilandelayo zingakha isisekelo esiqinile sokulandisa.

Izibhodi Ezizimele Eziqondisa Abantu

Izibhodi ezakhiwe amalungu omphakathi angenabo ubudlelwano bomthetho zingabukeza izikhalo, ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwezenzakalo zamandla, futhi zenze ukutusa kwezimiso. Amabhodi aphumelela kakhulu anamandla angaphansi kwempophona, iseluleko somthetho esizimele, negunya lokuphoqelela ubufakazi. Izibonelo ezinjenge Office of Police Clickts eWashington, D.C. zibonise ukuthi ukuqondisa okuzimele kunganciphisa izikhalo nokwenyusa ukuqiniseka komphakathi.

Ikhamera yomzimba-Worn kanye nobuchwepheshe bokubonisa ngaphaya komzimba

Amakhamera omzimba, uma ehlangene nezimiso ezicacile zokuthi kufanele aqoshwe nini futhi izinyawo zigcinwe kanjani, anikeza umlando oqotho wokubhekana. Ukuhlola kuye kwathola ukuthi amakhamera anciphisa kokubili ukukhononda nokusetshenziswa kwezenzakalo eziphoqelelwe. Nokho, awayona i-panca: abaphathi bangase bahluleke ukwenza amakhamera, futhi izinyawo zingavinjelwa noma zihlelwe. I-Policies kumelwe igunyaze ukukhutshelwa okuzenzekelayo kokuqopha izenzakalo ezinkulu.

Isimiso Sokungenela Sokuqala

Izimiso zesixwayiso ze-flagi zakudala ezibonisa indlela yokuziphatha okunenkinga − njengokukhononda okuningi, ukusebenzisa amandla njalo, noma izinombolo eziphakeme zezikhawu zomgwaqo. Lezi zikhulu zinganikezwa iseluleko, ukuqeqesha, noma ukuqondisa okuseduze ngaphambi kokuba ukuziphatha kwazo kuqhubeke. Prolice Guide Research Forum

Imithetho Engavunyelwanga Nokugadiswa Kwesizwe

Lapho uMnyango wobulungisa wase-U.S. uthola indlela noma umkhuba wokusebenza kwamaphoyisa okungavumelani nomthetho, ungangena esivumelweni sokuvuma esiphoqelelwe inkantolo ukuba umnyango usebenzise izinguquko ezithile. Imithetho yesivumelwano emadolobheni anjenge Babaltimore, New Orleans, noCleveland uye waholela ekuthuthukiseni izimiso ezithuthukisiwe ekusebenziseni amandla, ukuphoqelela ubandlululo, nokuthembisana komphakathi, nakuba lenqubo ingathatha ishumi leminyaka noma ngaphezulu.

Ukuqinisa Izivikelo Zokuba Nemisebe

Abaphathi ababika ukuziphatha okubi ngaphakathi ngokuvamile bayakwazi ukuphindisela. Imithetho evikela abafutha impepho ekuthotyweni, ekudubuleni, noma ekuhlukunyezweni − njenge-Law yeSikhulu saMandla soMnyango wamalungelo abantu [[ kwezinye izizwe ibalulekile ekuphuleni impucuko yokuthula.

Izifundo Zezwe Langempela Ezitholakala Emizamweni Yezinguquko

Ukuhlola izindaba ezithile kwembula kokubili ukulinganiselwa nokulinganiselwa kwezenzo zokulandisa.

Seattle, eWashington: Ukuqondisa Komphakathi Kuyasebenza

I-Community Police Community Community Commission, eyamiswa ngemva kwesinqumo seDOJ, ihlanganisa amalungu abolekisa emiphakathini ehlukahlukene futhi azimele azimele azimele amaphoyisa. Ikhomishane ihlola izinqubo, izintsuku zokulalela umphakathi, futhi yenza ukutusa okubophayo kokulandisa. Umbiko ka-2022 waphawula ukwehla okungu-30% ekusebenziseni izenzakalo zempi kusukela lapho lo mnyango uqala umsebenzi.

ICamden, eNew Jersey: Umsekeli Womnyango Ozelwe

Ngo-2013, uCamden wahlakaza wonke amaphoyisa ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yenkohlakalo nokungathembani. Lomnyango omusha wesifundazwe wathatha i-polissal jour, wafuna ukuba izikhulu zihambe zishaye, zihambe zize ziyofunda imihlangano yomphakathi, futhi zithole amahora angu-40 okuqeqeshwa kokukhuculula ijubane. ICrime camden yawa kakhulu, futhi izikhalo zehla kakhulu ngama-95% phakathi neminyaka emihlanu. I-Camden iveza ukuthi ushintsho olukhulu lokwakha, nakuba kunzima, lungaphumelela.

ILos Angeles: ISimemezelo Sokuvunyelwa NjengeSimemezelo

Ngemva kwehlazo likaRampart lokuphela kwawo-1990, lapho kwatholakala khona izikhulu zihileleke ekusebenziseni i-pejury, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, nokudubula − i LAPD yasebenza ngaphansi kwesinqumo sikahulumeni kusukela ngo-2009 kuya ku-2013. Lo mthetho waphoqelela umnyango ukuba usebenzise izinhlelo ze-operater-operation, usungule isimiso esiqinile sokungenela ngokushesha, futhi udale umhloli omkhulu ozimele. Nakuba izinselele zikhona, i LAPD manje ibhekwa kakhulu njengomholi ekulandiseni nge-data.

UChicago: Umshikashika Wezinguquko Owasekelwa

Umnyango wamaphoyisa eChicago ubulokhu ungaphansi kwesinqumo semvume kusukela ngo-2019 ngemva kokukhululwa kwevidiyo ebonisa ukubulawa kuka-2014 kwe-Laquan McDonald. Izinguquko ziye zahlanganisa ukusebenzisa kabusha izimiso eziphoqelelwe, ukuqeqeshwa kwezinkinga, nebhodi yongamele izakhamuzi. Nokho, intuthuko ibingalingani, kanye ne-monitor ezimele ebika ukubambeka nokumelana nenyunyana kwamaphoyisa. IChicago ibonisa ukuthi ngisho nangemithetho engokomthetho, ukulandisa kwangempela kudinga ukucindezela kwezombangazwe nokuqhubeka komphakathi.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekuxazululeni Okuqhubekayo

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuluzi anamandla okuveza ukukhanya, kodwa futhi buveza izingozi ezintsha okumelwe zisingathwe.

Umzimba Nezicathulo Ezinqamulelayo: Irekhodi Elixubile

Amakhamera asebenza emzimbeni manje asesesilinganisweni eminyangweni eminingi. Ukucwaninga okuvela ku- Journal of Quantitive Crimeology kwathola ukuthi amakhamera anciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngo-37% kanye nokukhononda ngo-30%. Nokho imiphumela ixhomeke esimisweni: iminyango evumela abaphathi ukuba babheke izinyawo ngaphambi kokubhala imibiko ingalahla izinzuzo ezihlongozekayo, njengoba izikhulu zingalungisa ukulandisa kwazo. Izindlela ezinhle kakhulu ezigunyaza ukuba izikhulu zibhale zonke izinqubo zomphakathi futhi ukuthi izinyawo zigcinwe okungenani izinsuku ezingu-90.

Indawo ye-GPS kanye ne-Vhicle ezenzakalelayo (AVL) uhlelo

Ukulandelela izindawo ezigada izimoto kusiza abaphathi ukuba baqiniseke ukuthi izikhulu zivala izinsimbi zazo futhi azihileleki ezintweni ezingadingekile.

Amabhodi Ashayelela Ukubika Komphakathi

Izinhlangano eziningi manje zinyathelisa amabhodi abonisa izenzakalo zezehlakalo zezimoto, ukuyeka inani labantu, kanye nemiphumela yokukhononda. Lamathuluzi anika izintatheli, abacwaningi, kanye nomphakathi ukuba imemezelo yeminyango ibone ukuthi iyalandisa. Brennan Center for Justice itusa ukuba yonke iminyango ikhuthaze ukuba yonke lemitapo yenze le mininingwane itholakale kumafomethi afanayo emshinini.

Izingozi Zokubikezela Nokuhlasela

Imithetho-mithetho eqeqeshiwe ngemininingwane yokubopha engokomlando ingaqhubekisela phambili ubandlululo lwezinhlanga nezenhlalo. Uma izimiso zokulandisa zixhomeke kuphela emaqenjini ezingozi ezi-AI, zingakhuphula khona kanye ukungalungi okuhloselwe ukulungisa. Ukuqondisa komuntu, ukuhlola okuvamile, nokubona kahle emklamweni wemithetho kudingekile.

Ukuqeqeshwa Noshintsho Lwempucuko Phakathi Komthetho

Ukulandisa akukhona nje kuphela ngokujezisa ukuziphatha okubi, kodwa kubangelwa ukukuvimbela ngemfundo nangokushintsha amasiko.

Ukuqeqeshwa kokuhlinza nobunzima

Iminyango yamaphoyisa engaphezu kuka - 2 700 iye yamukela izinhlelo zeCIT, ezifundisa izikhulu indlela yokuqaphela ukugula kwengqondo, ukuxhumana ngokuphumelelayo, nokusebenzisa amasu angenabudlova ukuze kuxazululwe izingxabano. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi iCIT inciphisa ukulimala kokubili ezikhulwini nasezakhamuzini futhi inciphisa izinga lokuboshwa kwabantu ezinkingeni. Amazwe anjengeTexas manje adinga iCIT kuzo zonke izikhulu.

Ukuncintisana Okuphelele Nesiko

Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ubandlululo olungekho olwazini lungathonya ukwenza izinqumo ezihambelanayo omzuzwana. Ukuqeqesha okusiza izikhulu ukuba ziqaphele futhi zinciphise lokhu bandlululo kuye kwaboniswa ukunciphisa ubandlululo lwezinhlanga ezimayini nasekuphenyeni. Nokho, ukuqeqeshwa kukodwa akwanele; kumelwe kuhlanganiswe nezimiso ezivimbela imikhuba ecwasanayo, njengokuvinjelwa kokunqandwa kombhalo ngaphambi kokuba kufinyelelwe.

Izimiso Zokuziphatha Nobuqotho Njengezindinganiso Ezinhle

Iminyango yamaphoyisa eminingana ihlanganise ukwenza izinqumo ezingokokuziphatha ezifundweni zayo zesikole. I- Factorial Policing Standard esetshenziswa yiNew York Police Department, isebenzisa ukuhlola kwamacala nokuqeqeshwa okusekelwe ezibonelweni ukuze iqinise ukubaluleka kobuqotho ngisho nangaphansi kokucindezeleka.

Ukulandisa Kwabaholi

Izinguquko ngeke zinamathele uma abaphathi nabaphathi bengasolwa ngokuhluleka. Izeluleko kufanele ziboshelwe embhalweni werekhodi womphathi ekunciphiseni izikhalo, ekusebenziseni amaphoyisa omphakathi, nasekuqinisekiseni ukuvumelana nezimiso zekhamera yomzimba. Ezinye izinhlangano manje zisebenzisa “izingqwembe zokubhala amagama” zezisebenzi ezilawulayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokukhiqiza Ukuphepha Komphakathi

Icala lingumgwaqo ohamba ngezindlela ezimbili. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zibe nesihlalo etafuleni ekulolongeni izimiso zamaphoyisa nezinto eziza kuqala.

Imithetho Yomphakathi Yenza Okufanele

Amaphoyisa omphakathi awawona nje umkhankaso wePR. Kudingeka isabelo saphakade sezikhulu ezindaweni eziseduze, ukushaya imihlangano njalo, nokuhlangana kwezinkinga nezakhamuzi. Uma kungenziwa kahle, kwandisa ukulawulwa kwezenhlalo ngokwethukela futhi kunciphisa isidingo sokugcinwa kwemithetho yokugcinwa kwesijeziso. U.S. uDwedelo loMnyango we-Community Oriente Policing Services (COPS) Ihhovisi lezethu elihlangene linikeza imithombo nokuqeqesha ukusekela le mizamo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Ukuze Kuphephe Umphakathi

Amanye amadolobha aye azama ukuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinqume ukuthi ingxenye ethile yemali yamaphoyisa isetshenziswa kanjani. Ngokwesibonelo, i- Paricioticalting Project [ ivumela amalungu omphakathi ukuba asekele izinhlelo zentsha, izinkonzo zempilo zengqondo, kanye nokukhanyisa emigwaqweni ) ukuthulula umthwalo emaphoyiseni nokusingatha izisusa zobugebengu.

Izinqola Zomphakathi Ezinamandla Angempela

Amabhodi amaningi okuhlola avamile anikeza imvume kuphela, angenagunya lokuyala izikhulu noma aphoqelele izinguquko kwezenqubo. Abasebenzi baphikisa ngokuthi amabhodi kumelwe abe namandla angaphansi kwempophona, abacwaningi abazimele, nekhono lokutusa imiphumela edingekayo ukuze inkosi yamukele noma ichaze ngokubhala.

Ubulungisa Obulandelayo Nezingxoxo Zamaphoyisa

Uma kwenzeka ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, ukuvuselela izinxushunxushu zobulungisa kungahlanganisa isisulu, isikhulu, nabameleli bomphakathi ukuba baxoxe ngokulimala futhi bavumelane ngamakhambi. Nakuba kungakufanele amakhambi anzima, lendlela iye yasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo emadolobheni anjenge Longmont, Colorado ukulungisa ukwethemba ngemva kwezenzakalo ezincane.

Isiphetho: Indlela Engaphambili

Ukugcinwa komthetho akuyona indawo okuqashelwa kuyo kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo. (*) Akukho nqubo eyodwa eqhubekayo. Kodwa noma i-carbon camera, umqondisi wezomthetho, noma imiyalo egunyaziwe, kungaqinisekisa ukulunga. Kunalokho, ushintsho oluhlala njalo ludinga ukuhlelwa kwemitapo ehambisanayo yezinguquko: ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa okubonisayo, ukuqondisa, ukusebenzisa ngokuhlakanipha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo, nokubambisana komphakathi okungokoqobo. Izinselele zibalulekile, kodwa amagxobo angeke abe ngaphezulu. Nganoma isiphi isikhathi lapho isikhulu sisebenza ngaphandle kokuziphendulela, ukukhohlakaza, ukukhohlakaza okulinganayo. Uma sithembisa umthetho wonke, isikhathi lapho umnyango uthola icala eliyo, ukulahla amaphutha, ukujezisa, nokulalela umphakathi kusebenza okulungile. Indlela engaphambili ifuna isibopho esiqhubekayo esiminyangweni, amaphoyisa, nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo.