Table of Contents
Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo: Umbono Ohlangene
Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo akha umgogodla wokubusa kwentando yeningi, esebenza njengesivikelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nesimiso sokulandisa kwezwe. Emiphakathini elwela ukwahlulela ngokulunga nokulingana, ukuphoqelelwa kwalamalungelo akuwona nje umsebenzi ongokomthetho; kungumsebenzi womphakathi oqhubekayo odinga ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi ngenkuthalo, ukuqapha kwezeluleko zezenkantolo, nokusabela kwemikhandlu yemithetho. Lokhu kuhlola okubanzi kuhlola isimo esinemiyalo ehlukene samalungelo omthetho, ukunikeza abafundisi, abaholi bezakhamuzi, nokuthembisa ukuqonda okubanzi indlela lezisivikelo ezisekelwa ngayo.
Isivumelwano sezenhlalo esisekela ukubusa ngentando yeningi komthetho-sisekelo sisho ukuthi amalungelo anamandla kuphela njengezimiso zawo zokuphoqelela. Ngaphandle kwezakhiwo eziqinile zokuqinisekisa ukuvunyelwa, umthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa izingozi zokuba izinkulumo ezifinyelelwe kunokuba zibe isivikelo esisebenzisekayo. Ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwezivumelwano zomphakathi, ukubukezwa komthetho, ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho, noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthatha noma ukufundisa amandla okugcinwa kwamalungelo ekhulwini lama-21.
Ukuqonda Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo
Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo ayinkululeko nesivikelo esiyisisekelo umthetho-sisekelo oqinisekisa abantu ngabanye ngokumelene nezenzo zombuso, futhi kwezinye izimo, abadlali bomuntu siqu. Lamalungelo avela emasikweni efilosofi agcizelela isithunzi sobuntu, ukuzibusa, nokulingana. Nakuba ukubalwa kwamalungelo okukhethekile kuhlukahluka ezikhundleni zombuso wentando yeningi, imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi iqaphela izigaba eziningana.
Izinhlobo Zamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo
Amalungelo omphakathi ahlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, yenkolo, neyokunyathelisa, kanye nesivikelo ekuboshweni nokuhlukunyezwa okungokomthetho. Amalungelo ezombangazwe ahlanganisa ilungelo lokuvota, lokuthatha isikhundla, nokuhlanganyela ekubuseni. Inkululeko yezomnotho nezenhlalo, eqashelwa kakhulu emithethweni yanamuhla, ihlanganisa ukufinyelela imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, indawo yokuhlala, nezimo ezingcono. Umehluko phakathi kwamalungelo aphambene, avimbela ukungenela kwezwe, namalungelo alungile, okudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo sombuso, ukuhlelwa kwezindlela zokuphoqelela.
Isisekelo Esingokomlando
Ukuqonda kwanamuhla amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kubuyela emuva kubantu abacabangayo abakhanyiselwe njengoJohn Locke, owaveza amalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, enkululeko, nasempahlani, kanye naseMontesquieu, owasekela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso njengesivikelo sokulawula. ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samaLungelo ( sagunyazwa ngo1791 ) [namazwi aseFrance amalungelo abantu, neSimemezelo samalungelo abantu (ngo-18789) sasungula iziqondiso ezathonya izenzakalo zomthetho-sisekelo emhlabeni wonke. Ngekhulu lama-20, iSimemezelo somhlaba wonke samaGajistala eHlunte Amalungelo Abantu (1948) sanikeza ibhentshisi yezizwe zonke, ishukumisa amazwe amaningi ukuba afake izimiso zomthetho wasekhaya.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwamalungelo
Amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo awami ndawonye. Ayashintsha ngenxa yokulungisa komthetho-sisekelo, ukuchaza incazelo yomthetho-mthetho, ne-social communement. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokuzifihla liye lakhula kakhulu ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa izivikelo zokungaqashelwa nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa okungadingekile. Ngokufanayo, ukuqaphela ukulingana komshado emazweni amaningi kubonisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo. Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqhubeka kwengxoxo yomphakathi nokuvumelana okungokomthetho.
Indima Yezakhamuzi Ekugunyazeni Amalungelo
Izakhamuzi azizuzisi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nje kuphela; zihlanganyela ngentshiseko ekubekeni umthetho. Ukubusa kwentando yeningi kuncike kubantu abathembiseneyo abawaqondayo amalungelo abo futhi abazimisele ukuwavikela. Ukuqinisekisa amalungelo ezisebenzi kunezici eziningi, kusukela ekuhlanganyeleni ngokukhetha kuya ekuhlaseleni izimpande zotshani.
Ukuhlanganyela Ngokuneqhaza
Ukuqamba kuyinqubo eyisisekelo yokugcinwa kwamalungelo. Ngokukhetha abameleli ababophela ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi, izakhamuzi zimisa amagatsha emithetho nezikhulu anquma izinto eziza kuqala. Umthetho unquma ukuthi inqubo ihamba phambili. Uvotet, ukuvota okunokwaziswa, nokulandisa ngezindlela zokukhumbula noma ngokhetho lwaphakathi nendawo konke kunengxenye ekuhlonishweni kwamalungelo abusayo.
Iqembu Eliyiqhawe Nesithakazelo
Izinhlangano ezihlelwe ukuba i-advocation zifaka amazwi afanayo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU), i-Human Rights Watch, kanye namaqembu alwela amalungelo omphakathi abheka izenzo zikahulumeni, amafayela, nokuqoqa umbono womphakathi. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela noma zisekele lezinhlangano, zihlanganyele emikhankasweni yezincwadi, futhi zihlanganyele ekuququlweni kwezindaba zomphakathi ukuze zithonye izingxoxo zezimiso.
Umhlangano Onokuthula Nenkulumo Exokozelayo
Ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula liyithuluzi elinamandla lokudonsela ukunakekela ekuphucweni kwamalungelo. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa ukumasha e-United States, umzabalazo omelene namalungelo abantu eNingizimu Afrika, nokubhikisha kwe-pro-democracy emhlabeni wonke. Ukubhikisha okunokuthula akubonisi nje kuphela ukungavumelani kodwa futhi kubangela ukucindezela kwezinguquko ezingokomthetho nezingokwezimiso. Ukuphumelela kokubhikisha kuxhomeke ekutholeni ikhono layo lokubonisa uzwela nokwandisa imithombo yezindaba.
Ukuphendula Komphakathi Nesivumelwano Sokuphatha
Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zicela ukukhulumela umphakathi ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo. Izakhamuzi zinganikeza izimpendulo, zifaka ubufakazi emakomitini okuqulwa kwecala, noma zihlanganyele emakomitini okuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bathembisene. Loluhlobo luvumela abantu ukuba bathonye ukumiswa kwemithetho ethinta amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, njengemithetho yokuvota, iziqondiso zokungena ngasese, noma inqubo yobulungisa bendawo ezungezile.
Ukuzifundisa Nokungenela Komphakathi
Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi lungaqaphela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo futhi zithathe isinyathelo. Amashabhu omphakathi, imithombo yezincwadi, izifundo ze-inthanethi, nezinhlelo zemfundo zomphakathi zihlomisela abantu ulwazi ngesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo wabo. Imfundo yontanga ukuya kwenye. Izinhlangano zomphakathi, nezinhlangano ezisekelwe kukholo zingasebenza njengezindawo zomnyango zokusakaza ukuqapha nokukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kweqembu.
Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Okwahlulela
Ijaji lisebenza njengomsizi oyinhloko wezimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngamandla okwahlulela, izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi imithetho, izenzo zokuphatha, noma izimiso zikahulumeni ziyavumelana yini nezindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Lo msebenzi ubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuphamba nokunikeza amakhambi ephulwa kwamalungelo.
Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo
Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zichithe imithetho encishisiwe ehlanganisa amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Icala elivelele Marbury v. Madison (103] [183] wamisa leligunya eUnited States, emisa isibonelo semithetho elawulwa ngemithetho esemthethweni. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza, kuhlanganise neyokuqala, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo, kanye nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ophilayo, ngalinye linezicipho ezihambelana nokugcinwa kwamalungelo. Emazweni anezinkantolo zemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho, njengase-Jalimane, eNingizimu Afrika, naseNdiya, izikhulu ezikhethekile zisingatha izindaba zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, ngokuvamile ngamandla okuhlola kokugcina.
Ukufinyelela Ubulungisa Nezinqumo Ezingokomthetho
Ukugcinwa kwamalungelo kudinga izinqubo ezisemthethweni ezifinyelelekayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukutholakala kosizo olungokomthetho, ikhono lokumangalela amafayela amacala angokomthetho, nokuba khona kwezindlela zokuzithethelela ezihloselwe ukwephulwa kwamalungelo okuphuthuma. Isithakazelo somphakathi, esivumela abantu ngabanye noma amaqembu ukuba banxusele izinkantolo zemiphakathi ethintekile, kuye kwaphumelela kakhulu eNdiya, eNingizimu Afrika naseBrazil. Amakhambi angokomthetho angahlanganisa imiyalo, ukulimala, izahlulelo zokukhipha isigwebo, neziqondiso zokulungisa imithetho.
Izenzakalo Eziwuphawu Nezici Eziphambili
Izinqumo zokwahlulela zihlela ukuthatha izivumelwano zamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. E-United States, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) yaqeda ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni, kuyilapho i-Roe v. [1977]] yaqaphela isivikelo somthetho-mthethwe-sisekelo sokukhipha isisu, kamuva ewehliwe ngo-20222, ebonisa i-62 yesibonelo sesimiso sokwahlulela. EYurophu, iNkantolo yamalungelo abantu ikhiphe izinqumo zomuntu ngasese, inkulumo ekhululekile, nengangeni-okanye-dimivwe-ovation ehlanganisa amalungu asho izimo. Lezi zibonisa ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kungaqhubekeka kanjani noma ezikhathini ezilinganisweni, ngokuncishiswa kwemibandela yokwahlulela, kuye ngokwesimo sokwahlulela nangokwesimo sezomthetho.
Ukulinganiselwa Kokuphoqelelwa Kokwahlulela
Izinkantolo zibhekene nemingcele ekubopheni amalungelo. Zincike emagatsheni abaphathi abaphetheyo nabezishayamthetho ukuze zisebenzise izinqumo zazo, futhi ukungahambisani nemithetho kuseyinselele engapheli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubekwa kwecala kungathatha ijubane futhi kubiza, futhi akuyona yonke imibuzo elungile. Imibuzo yezombangazwe, njengokuziphatha kwesimiso sangaphandle, ingase ibhekwe njengengakholeki, ishiyele amalungelo athile enqubweni yezombangazwe.
Izinyathelo Zokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Ezingokomthetho
Imithetho ifeza indima eqhubekayo ekuqikelweni kwamalungelo ngokumisa imithetho echaza, evikela, futhi yandise izivumelwano zomthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba imithetho - sisekelo inikeza uhlelo, umthetho ugcwele emininingwaneni futhi udala izimiso zokugcinwa kwamalungelo.
Imithetho Ephathelene Namalungelo Omphakathi
Imithetho elawula amalungelo abantu yenqabela ukucwaswa kwemithetho eyisisekelo enjengeyohlanga, ubulili, inkolo, ukukhubazeka, kanye nendlela engokobulili. UMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964, uMthetho we-United Kingdom wokulingana kwe-Magadenti ka-2010, kanye ne-Promotion of Exastifial and Devition of Unfair Discrimination Act izibonelo zezimiso zokusebenza ukulingana komthetho-mthetho-siseko. Lemithetho imisa izindinganiso zemisebenzi, izindlu, imfundo, nendawo yokuhlala yomphakathi, futhi yenza iziqu zokuphatha ukuze kugcinwe.
Ukugada Nokulandisa
Imithetho ingamisa izinhlangano ezizimele zokuqondisa ukuthotshelwa kwamalungelo abantu. Imishini yokugunyaza amalungelo abantu, amahhovisi ezokuvikela amahhovisi omphakathi, kanye neziphathimandla zezokuvikela ukwaziswa kuphenya izikhalo, ukuhlola inqubo, kanye nemibiko yokuthi ukucindezela ohulumeni ukuba bakhulume ngokuphulwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Eumeal Obroction Obportography Commission (EOC) imisa imithetho emelene nokungalawuleki kwamalungelo abantu emsebenzini, kuyilapho iHhovisi le Ombudman eSweden ihlola ukulawulwa kwezimiso zokuphatha okungalawuleki.
Ukuchitha Imali Nemithombo Yezinto
Ukulawula izimali zeziqu ezisemthethweni, kuzenze zibaluleke kakhulu ekubekeni izimali ezisemthethweni zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo. Ukusekela izimali ezimisweni zosizo olungokomthetho, abavikeli bomphakathi, imfundo yamalungelo omphakathi, kanye nezikhungo zokuxhumana umphakathi kuthuthukisa ukufinyelela kobulungisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunconywa kwalezi zinhlangano kunganikeza isivikelo esiyize. Ukwengamela kwezindleko zegatsha eliphethe umthetho kuqinisekisa futhi ukuthi izinhlangano zivumelana nemithetho.
Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Nokuvuselelwa Kwemithetho
Uma kuvela imingcele yezindinganiso zomphakathi ekuvikeleni, izishaya-mthetho zingaveza ukushintshwa noma ukuhlelwa komthetho-mthetho wemithetho. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uguqulwe izikhathi ezingu-7, kuhlanganise nezinguquko eziqeda ubugqila, eziqinisekisa amalungelo okuvota kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowesizwe noma ubufana, futhi zehlise inkathi yokuvota. Ngokufanayo, izishaya-mthetho zomthetho-mthetho zingaphinde zihlobise imithetho ephelelwe ngokomthetho ephazamisa amalungelo, njengemithetho yobudoma noma imithetho yokuvota evimbela ukuvota. Le mithetho yokuvota iyingxenye eyinhloko yokugcinwa kwamalungelo entando yeningi.
Ithonya Lobuchwepheshe Ekuphoqeleleni Amalungelo
Ubuchwepheshe buye baguqula isimo sokugcinwa kwamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, beletha kokubili amathuluzi anamandla okuvikela nezinsongo ezingavamile zokwethulwa komuntu, ukubonakaliswa kwenkululeko, nenqubo efanele. Ukuqonda lokhu kubambisana kubalulekile ekuthembiseni umphakathi wanamuhla.
Izinkinga Zomuntu Siqu
Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola obukahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuqashelwa kobuso, ukuqoqwa kwemiqulu ye-metain, nokugadwa kwe-drone, kuphakamisa izinkathazo eziphawulekayo zezomthetho-mzinzo. Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu Carpeenter v. United States [2018])) yakholelwa ukuthi ukutholakala kokugcinwa kwendawo yocingo kuphula iSimemezelo seSijikelezo seSine, okubonisa ukuvumelana noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe. Nokho, ukuqondisa kwemithetho kuvame ukuphelelwa kwekhono kwezobuchwepheshe, ukwenza izikhala zezokuvikela. Izakhamuzi namaqembu adla ngokubekwa kwe-advo kungayisunduza imibandela, izimfuneko, nokuncishwa kwemininingwane.
Izinqubo Zobuchwepheshe Nendlela Yokukhuluma Ekhululekile
Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana aseyizindawo zokubonisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, kodwa futhi aveza izinselele ezihlobene nokulinganisela, ukuhlanganisa i-algorithism, kanye nokucubungula. Ukucindezela phakathi kwesikhulumi esilawulayo nezimiso zokukhuluma ezikhululekile ngokomthetho kuyindaba yempikiswano eqhubekayo. Ingxenye engu- 230 yeNkathi Yokuxhumana e-Declect eU.S. inikeza isivikelo esisemgangathweni ngokuphathelene nezinto eziqukethwe yi-offrectory, kanti i-European Digitalog Serct inikeza isibopho esikhulu. Ukuqonda lezizimo ezingokomthetho kwenza izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukuhamba ngezithuba zezibalo kuyilapho kusekela imithetho evikela amalungelo abantu.
Ubuchwepheshe Njengethuluzi Lokuthungatha Izixuku
Ubuchwepheshe busiza abantu ukuba bathembisene izivumelwano zezomphakathi ngezinga elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili. Izicelo ze-Online, ukuminyana yezinselele zomthetho, ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo kwabashisekeli bezentengiselwano, nemikhankaso yezokuxhumana yezenhlalo kuvumela ukuhlanganiswa okusheshayo kwezindaba zamalungelo abantu. Izinhlelo ezifana noGuqulo.org, iTwittert, neSignali zisetshenziselwa ukuhlela ukubhikisha, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo ezincwadini, kanye nabalawuli bemithetho elawulayo. Nokho, ukuhlukaniswa kwezibalo nokungaqondisi okunganembile kusekhona. Ukufunda nokufinyelela ezisekelweni ezithembekile kuyi-Internetic projectivessssss ibalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni kwezibalo.
Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nobulungisa Bemithetho
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Al ekuhluleleni kobugebengu, ukuqasha, ukuboleka, nokukhokha izinkonzo zomphakathi kuletha izingozi zobandlululo lwe-algoriththic olungaphula isivikelo esilinganayo namalungelo afanelekile. Amaphutha okuqaphela i-austricial athinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi yemibala, kuyilapho amathuluzi angaphambili obupolish angaqinisa ubandlululo lwezimiso. Ukungagunyazi kokuveza izimfuneko zomthetho, ukuhlola izimfuneko, nokuqondisa komuntu kungumngcele okhuphukayo ekubekeni amalungelo. Izenzo zokuqaphela i-alkholimolitialphi Act e-U.S. Izenzo zokuqaphela i-act e-almoligialmental act e-U.
Imfundo Nokuqaphela
Ukugcinwa kwamalungelo kudinga isakhamuzi esifundile esiqonda izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo futhi esikwaziyo ukuzimisa. Imfundo nokuqaphela kusebenza ngamazinga amaningi, kusukela esikoleni kuya ekufundeni okusekelwe emphakathini.
Imfundo Yesibili Ezikoleni
Izindinganiso ze-Curricuum ezihlanganisa amalungelo omthetho-mthetho, izinqubo zentando yeningi, nomthetho zibeka isisekelo sokuhlanganyela komphakathi kukho konke ukuphila. Imfundo ephumelelayo yezakhamuzi ithatha ngekhanda izinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo; ihlanganisa ukuhlola ngendaba, ukuhlola kokuhleka, ukuphikisana, nemisebenzi yenkonzo yomphakathi. Izinhlelo ezifana neCentre for Civic Education’s We People's sigants eUnited States neNhlangano Yokufundisa iZwe eUnited Kingdom inikeza abafundisi nabafundi imithombo. Uma abafundi behileleke ngezindaba zomthetho, bathuthukisa amakhono kanye nezisusa ezidingekayo zesabelo sezwe esikhuthele.
Ukufunda Okungokomthetho Okusekelwe Emzaneni
Izikhungo zomsebenzi, izikhawu zamalungelo akho okwaziyo, nemithola-lwazi engokomthetho enikezwa yizinzuzo, izikole zomthetho, nezinhlangano zomphakathi kwenza ukuba ulwazi lomthetho-sisekelo lutholakale ezibukelweni ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zinhlelo zivame ukuhlasela abantu abasengozini abangawazi amalungelo abo noma izithiyo zokuthola usizo olungokomthetho. Izinto ezitholakala ngezilimi eziningi, amafomethi afinyelelwayo, kanye nezindawo ezingokwesiko ezihlobene nezimiso zokholo, imitapo ehlanganisa izikhungo zokholo, imitapo, nemiphakathi ingathinta impumelelo.
Imfundo Yezinombolo Nokufunda Ngemithombo Yezindaba
Kulenkathi yokweqisa kokwaziswa nokwaziswa okungahlangani, ukufunda ngemitapo kuyisici sokugcinwa kwamalungelo. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zikwazi ukubona imithombo ethembekile, ukuqonda izinqubo zomthetho, futhi zihlukanise phakathi kwezimiso zokuvikela amalungelo namalungelo. Izimiso ze-Online, i-webinar, namathuluzi akhokhelwayo angafundisa abantu ngezimiso zobumfihlo, izingozi zokuhlola, namalungelo obuchwepheshe. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Electronic Foundation Foundation ([[FLT: 0]]] I-EFFFF [FL:1])]
Ukufunda Ukuphila Konke Nemfundo Yabantu Abadala
Imfundo yamalungelo akufanele iphele ngokufunda esikoleni esisemthethweni. Izinhlelo zemfundo yabantu abadala, izinkulumo zomphakathi, uchungechunge lwezincwadi, nezindawo zomphakathi ezisebenza ngokusemthethweni zinikeza amathuba okufunda okuqhubekayo. Abaholi abathatha umhlalaphansi, ochwepheshe, nabaholi bomphakathi bangasebenza njengabaluleki nabasekeli bomphakathi, badlulisele ulwazi phakathi kwezizukulwane. Njengoba amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo eqalayo, imfundo eqhubekayo iqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zihlala zinolwazi ngesivikelo esisha, izinselele, kanye namasu okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo.
Indima Yezinhlangano Zomphakathi
Izinhlangano zomphakathi (CSOs) zisebenza njengezinxusi phakathi kwezakhamuzi nombuso, ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo, ukunikeza usizo olungokomthetho, nokukhuthaza umbono womphakathi.
Ukuhlola Nokubika
Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zibhala ukuphulwa kwemithetho, imibiko, futhi zikhiphe imibiko yezentengiselwano zezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kugada kubangela ukucindezela kohulumeni futhi kunikeza ubufakazi bezinselele ezingokomthetho. Izinhlangano ezinjengo-Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch zisebenza emhlabeni wonke, kuyilapho amaqembu endawo egxile ezindabeni ezithile ezinjengobupolisa, ukwahlulela okungokonakaliswa kwendawo, noma amalungelo abomdabu. Izakhamuzi zibika amapulatifomu, njengo-Ushahididi, yenza ukuba imithombo yezincwadi zokusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo abantu ikwazi ukugcinwa.
Usizo Olungokomthetho Nomthetho Ohlelekile
I-CSOS eningi inikeza izinkonzo zomthetho zamahhala noma eziphansi kubantu abangakwazi ukuveza. Izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho, amahhovisi omphakathi, nezinhlangano ze-provono ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukugcinwa kwamalungelo akulinganiselwe kulabo abanemithombo yezimali. I-arhente, lapho izinhlangano ezihlola amafayela ukuze zimise izikhambi ezingokomthetho, ziye zasetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa amalungelo ahlobene nezindawo zokuhlala, ukuvikela impilo, kanye nendawo ezungezile. Izibonelo zihlanganisa umsebenzi we-Legion Resources Center e-South Africa ne-Ovironmental Alliance Worldwind.
Ukuhlanganyela Ekuluthweni Nokusetshenziswa Kwesimiso
I-CSOS ihlanganyela ekusebenziseni izilinganiso zendawo, zesizwe, nezizwe zonke. Bafaka ama-acius amafushane ezinkantolo, bafaka ubufakazi phambi kwamakomiti omthetho, futhi bahlanganyela ekuhloleni intuthuko yezimiso. Lokhu kuqashwa kuvame ukugxila ekuvaleni izikhala ezivikelweni ezingokomthetho, ukwanda kwezimali ezixhasa izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho, kanye nokuqinisa izimiso zobungameli. Ama-CSOs angandisa ithonya, njengoba kuboniswa emikhankasweni yokulingana komshado, amalungelo okuvota, nokulunga kwesimo sezulu.
Isakhiwo Samandla Ezisebenzi Namandla Omphakathi
I-CSOs ephumelelayo itshala imali ekwakheni ikhono lemiphakathi lokuzimelela ngokwayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa ngokuqaphela amalungelo, ukukhuluma obala, ukuhlangana kwemithombo yezindaba, nokuphatha izinhlangano. Ngokunika abaholi bendawo namaqembu otshani amandla, i-CSOs yakha izinhlangano ezisekela ukugcinwa kwamalungelo aqhubekela phambili kwemikhankaso yomuntu ngamunye noma imijikelezo yenhlangano.
Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Namalungelo Abantu
Ukugcinwa kwamalungelo oMthetho - sisekelo kuhlangana ngokuqhubekayo nezilungiselelo zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke.
Izikhali Zamalungelo Abantu Zamazwe Ngamazwe
ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu (U.S.R) kanye nezivumelwano ezalandela, kuhlanganise neSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi nawawokulwela amalungelo ezombangazwe (ICCR) neSivumelwano sezizwe zonke eSocial, sobuHlomelo ne-Caltural (ICECR), simisa izimemezelo zembulunga yonke zesivikelo samalungelo abantu. Amazwe amaningi afaka lamathuluzi emthethweni wasekhaya, kungaba ngokuqondile noma ngokuwenza umthetho. Ihhovisi leKhomishane ePhakathile yamalungelo abantu [[ iqondisa ukumiswa kwezivumelwano futhi inikeza usizo lwezobuchwepheshe.
Izimiso Zamalungelo Abantu Zesifunda
Izakhiwo zezindawo ezihlanganisa amathuluzi omhlaba wonke asebenza ngendlela elungeleneyo. I-European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) neNkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLungelo Abantu inikeza abantu ilungelo lokunxusa inkantolo yomhlaba wonke ngemva kwemithi ekhathazayo. I-Inter-American Human Rights System System, kuhlanganise neNkantolo yaseMelika yamaLungelo oMphakathi, ikhuluma ngokuphulwa kwezembubhiso zamazwe aseMelika. I-Afrikan Chater on Human and Peoples’s Rights ne- African Commission on Human and People’s’s Rights ifeza umsebenzi ofanayo. Le mpikiswano yezifunda ifeza izibophonomo ezilawula ukuchazwa komthetho nemithetho yesizwe.
Ithonya Nezindlela Zokwelapha Ezihlanganisa Izizwe Zonke
Uma ukugcinwa kwemithetho yasekhaya kuhluleka, inqubo yomhlaba wonke inganikeza isiqinisekiso. Abantu bangase bafake izikhalo ezihlangene nezindikimba zeUN, iNkantolo yeZizwe Ezihlangene (ngezobugebengu obumelene nesintu nokuqothulwa kohlanga), noma izinkantolo zamalungelo abantu zesifunda. Nokho, lezi zinqubo ngokuvamile azisheshi futhi zidinga imithombo ephawulekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkathazo zobukhosi nokumelana kwezombangazwe kungalinganisela ukuthobela. Noma kunjalo, ukuba khona kobubonisi bomhlaba wonke kungabangela ukucindezela okuvamile futhi kungaletha izinguquko ezindlini, njengoba kuboniswa ezindabeni ezihilela abantu abanyamala, ukukhwaba ababoli, kanye namalungelo esizwe.
Ukufunda nokuqina kwesiphambano
Izilungiselelo zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke zivumela ukufunda imingcele enqamulene nobunye. Abaqondisi namajaji kwelinye izwe bangasebenzisa izenzakalo nemikhuba evela kwabanye. I-nethilikhi yemikhankaso yokuthola izikweletu, njengaleyo yezosizo lwezikweletu, isenzo sezulu, nokulingana kwamalungelo obulili, ukuxhumana kwezizwe ngezindlela ezihlangene ukuze kuqinise ukugcinwa kwamakhaya. Ingqungquthela, ukushintshisana, nokucwaninga okubambisanayo kungasekela ngokwengeziwe ukuhlanganiswa kwemikhuba engcono kakhulu emthetho-mthetho olawula amalungelo.
Ukuqinisa Isimiso Semvelo Esisebenza Ngokusebenza Kwamandla
Ukugcinwa kwamalungelo okuphumelelayo kudinga isimiso sezinto eziphilayo esihlanganisa ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi, ukuqondisa kokwahlulela, ukuthatha imithetho, ukujwayela ubuchwepheshe, imfundo, ukuqashwa kwesizwe nokubambisana kwezizwe zonke.
Ukwakha Ukuzibamba Ekuvimbeleni
Imibuso ibhekene nezingozi zokubuyiselwa umvandedwa kwamalungelo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi zokuwohloka kwezombangazwe, izinkinga zezomnotho, noma ukusongelwa kwokulondeka. Izimiso zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho zihlanganisa izigebengu ezizimele, umphakathi wesizwe oqinile, imithombo yezindaba ekhululekile, kanye nezivumelwano zezakhamuzi ezingahlongoza ukuvikela amalungelo. Izinqandelo zomthetho-mthetho, njengezimfuneko ezinkulu zokulungisa nokuzimela, zisebenza njengemingcele yokuwohloka kwencishiswa kwezwe. Ukuqapha nokuhlolwa komphakathi kubaluleke ngokufanayo ekuqapheleni nasekuvimbeleni amalungelo abantu futhi kusekwe inselele ekuwohlolweni kwamalungelo.
Ukulwela Umkhuba Wamalungelo Abantu
Ngaphandle kwezimiso ezingokomthetho, impucuko yokuhlonipha amalungelo nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Lempucuko ikhuliswa ngokukhuliswa komkhaya, imfundo, izindaba zezindaba, nezimiso zomphakathi. Uma amalungelo eqondwa kabanzi futhi eziswa, ukugcinwa kwamalungelo kuba ukulindelelana komphakathi kunokuncintisana ngokusemthethweni. Izifundo zokufundisa, imikhosi yomphakathi, nezenzakalo zesikhumbuzo, njengeSidlo Sosuku Somphakathi, kuqinisa lesi sisekelo somphakathi.
Ukuvumelana Nokulunga Okusongelayo
Ukuqiniswa kwamalungelo kumelwe kuxazulule ukungalingani okuthinta amaqembu ahluliwe. Ukucwaswa ngokomlando, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, nobandlululo lwezenhlalo kungadala izithiyo ekutholeni inqubo yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwenqubo. Izinyathelo eziqinisekisa ukuphumelela, njengokunikeza usizo olungokomthetho olufuna imiphakathi ehlawulwa kancane, ukufinyelela kwezizwe eziningi, nezinkonzo zomthetho ezisemthethweni ezinekhono, zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amalungelo avikelwe emhlabeni wonke ngempela. Ukungalingani okuqaphela ukubekwa kwe-mkhambiswano okungenayo nezimiso ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni.
Isiphetho
Ukuphoqelelwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kuwumthwalo wemfanelo onamandla nowokuhlanganyela ohlanganisa izakhamuzi, izishaya - mthetho, izishaya - mthetho, umphakathi womphakathi, othisha, nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke. Akudingeki nje kuphela izakhiwo ezingokomthetho kodwa futhi kudinga ukuthatha iqhaza lomphakathi, ukuvumelana nezobuchwepheshe, kanye nomphakathi ogxile kakhulu. Umdlali ngamunye kulendawo ezungezile ufeza indima ehlukile kodwa ehlangene, futhi ukuhluleka kwanoma yisiphi isitho kungasithena amandla sonke isimiso.
Kubafundisi nabaholi bomphakathi, umsebenzi ukuhlakulela ukuqaphela, amakhono, nokuzinikela phakathi kwezakhamuzi, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo awayona imicabango ecatshangelwayo kodwa aphila ngempela.
Kulenkathi yoshintsho olusheshayo, ukuphoqelelwa kwamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo kudinga ukufunda okuqhubekayo, ukujwayela, nokubambisana. Ngokuvumelana nalombono womphakathi, imiphakathi ingakha imibuso eqinile ehlonipha isithunzi somuntu, ivikele inkululeko, futhi iphishekele ubulungisa kubo bonke.