Izimiso ze-Electoral ziyimithetho eyisisekelo elawula indlela umphakathi oguqula ngayo amavoti awodwa abe yizikhundla zezombangazwe ezihlangene. Ukukhetha uhlelo oluthile lwe-— i-Forst-past- Post, isimiso se-Round Majoritarianism, noma uhlobo lwe-Propotionational Imastition ‐ ithonya inqubo yeqembu, ithonya ukuziphatha kovota, futhi inqume ukuthi yimaphi amazwi akhuliswe emahlwini anamandla. Ukuhlelwa kwesimiso sobuchwepheshe esinezelwe, umklamo wesimiso sokhetho kuyimiphumela ephakeme kakhulu yezombangazwe nezimiso zezentando yeningi, ukumiswa kwezimiso zezenhlalakahle, ukuhleleka kwezenhlalo, nokulawula kwezenhlalo, kanye nokulawula. Ukuqonda amanani nohwebo olungokwemvelo ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ezisemfaniswayo kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlola isimiso sokubusa.

Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokungagwegwesi

Ngaphambi kokuqhathanisa izimiso, kudingekile ukumisa izimpawu u-"fusion" ahlulelwa ngazo. Ubulungisa abuyona i-monolithic; buhlanganisa izindinganiso eziningana ezihlukene, futhi ngokuvamile ezincintisanayo. Isimiso esibhekwa njengesilungile kakhulu emongweni othile singase sibe nobuthakathaka obukhulu kwesinye kuye ngokuthi izimiso zihlelwe kanjani.

Ukumelela

Isimiso esilungile kufanele siguqulele izintando zokhetho esivumelwaneni esibonisa izinhlobonhlobo zombono womphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kokubili ukuma kwezindawo ngezindawo kwemiphakathi ehlukene kanye nokumelelwa kwemibono ehlukene yezombangazwe. Inxusa eliphakeme liqinisekisa ukuthi isishaya-mthetho siyinto engabonakali yesizwe.

Ukulandisa Nokuzikhethela

Amavoter kumelwe akwazi ukubona ngokucacile ukuthi iliphi iqembu noma umbhalisa onecala ngezenzo zikahulumeni futhi akwazi ukuwakhipha ehhovisi ngenqubo yokukhetha. Izimiso ezisekela ohulumeni abanamandla, abanesigaba esisodwa ngokuvamile zithola umthwalo ophezulu ekuzilandiseni ngokuqondile, ngoba iqembu elibusayo alinakudlulisela kalula icala kubantu abahlangene.

Ukwaneliseka Nokungaguquguquki Okungagudluzeki

Isimiso kumelwe sikwazi ukuveza uhulumeni ongabusa ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuhlukana okukhulu kwesishaya-mthetho noma izisusa eziphambene zokufuna ukufakwa kwe-reactroad kungalulaza ukufaneleka kwayo yonke inqubo yentando yeningi. Isimiso esimelela kakhulu kodwa esiholela ekuweni okuqhubekayo kukahulumeni ekugcineni sihluleka ukukhokha umphakathi ohloselwe ukuwukhonza.

Ukuzihlanganisa Nokusebenzisa Ikhono Lokuziphilisa

Isimiso sokukhetha sikhuthaza ukuba nengxenye ebanzi futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izingxenye zomphakathi ezibalulekile zinomuzwa wokuthi zisengozini enqubweni yezombangazwe. Izimiso ezikhipha ngokulandelana imibono emincane noma "ukungakhathaleli" izinombolo ezinkulu zamavoti ngokwenza zingadibene nomphumela zingaqeda ukwethemba komphakathi futhi zisuse ukucindezeleka.

Lezizimiso zihlala zicindezelekile. Ukungameleli ngokuvamile kuholela ekunciphiseni ukulandisa nokulawula ukusebenza kahle, futhi ngokuphambene. Isimiso "se-fureest" sezwe elinikeziwe sixhomeke kumuphi walezindinganiso obeka phambili kakhulu, ukukhetha okumelwe kwenziwe ngenqubo engokomthetho yentando yeningi.

Isayensi Yemvelo Nezimiso Zama - masterdale

Lo mkhaya wezimiso ubonakala ngezigodi ezinezingxenye eyodwa kanye nokuqonda okungathathi hlangothi. Inhloso iwukwenza umnqobi ocacile nonamandla, ohlobene ngqo phakathi kwe-consitation ethile ne-menu yayo. Nakuba ziqonde, lezi zimiso zithwala izimpahla ezibhalwe kahle.

Isiqalo-Past-the Post (FPTP)

I-FPTP iyisimiso sokhetho olulula kakhulu: umvoti onezigqizo eziningi eziphumelelayo esifundeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufinyelela yini inani elikhulu. Izinzuzo zakhe eziyinhloko zilula, ijubane lemiphumela, kanye nokuhlangana okunamandla okulenzayo. Futhi uthanda ukuveza ohulumeni abahlukene ababodwa, abanobulungu abanecala elikhulu kakhulu ekukhetheni futhi abanekhono lokuthatha isinyathelo esiphelele. Nokho, i-FTPP igxekwa njalo ngenxa yokungalingani kwayo okuhle. Iqembu lingathola izihlalo eziningi ngevoti encane yesizwe, imboni evame ukubonakala [[FLT] . . Ikhuthaza ukuvota okufanelekile, lapho likhetha khona "ekhohlayo" esikhundleni sokukhetha okubi, iqembu elithandwayo, futhi lisekela imfucumfucumfula yeqembu elincane lalabo abasekela isigaba somthetho wezwe kahulumeni.

Isimiso Sezintambo Ezimbili (TRS)

Kuhlelo lweRound ezimbili, ezisetshenziselwa ukhetho lukamongameli eFrance nase-Brazil, umbhexeshi kumelwe awine inani eliphelele (abangaphezu kuka-50%) ukuze aphumelele emzuzwaneni wokuqala. Uma kungekho mzungezo wesibili owenzelwa phakathi kwababezobili abaphezulu. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi umnqobi ophumelele ekugcineni usekelwa kakhulu. Nokho, kungaba okubizayo ukunikeza ukhetho olubili, futhi izingxoxo eziphakathi ngokuvamile zihilela ukulwa kwegumbi okunganciphisa ukuvota kwababulali. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi inxathela yesibili ayikhi kakhulu njengoba ingenzanga ukuvumelana okuphindwayo okungabonisi ukuthi ukhetho olukhethiwe luyo.

Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV) / Runoff Voting (IRV)

RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bahlele abavoti ngokukhetha. Uma kungekho mvoti othola ingxenye enkulu yamavoti okuqala athandwayo, othatha indawo yokugcina uqedwe, futhi amavoti abo adluliselwa ngokukhetha okulandelayo okuboniswe ku-bhola ngalinye. Lenqubo iphinda ibuye ivele. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi iqeda "umphumela wokwakha i-steacer," ikhuthaza imikhankaso ekhuthaza ukuvuleka kwesivumelwano, futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi umnqobi unesicelo esikhulu. uFairvote unikeza ukuhlaziywa okukhulu kweRV ethatha amasuntswotshini anqamleza iUnited States. Nokho, abagxeki, bakhomba ubunkimbi bezibalo lapho umsekeli we-propence elahlekelwa khona ukuvota okukhulu, ukuphakama kwemibuzo ehlukene.

Izimiso Zokumelela

Izimiso zePropogational amemodeliation (PR) ziklanyelwe ngokucacile ukulingana namaphesenti amavoti amukelwa yiqembu kanye namaphesenti ezihlalo eziwinayo kumphathi wesishaya-mthetho. Ziyizimiso ezibusayo ezisetshenziswa embusweni wentando yeningi wanamuhla, ikakhulukazi kulo lonke elaseYurophu nase-Latin America, futhi ngokuvamile zithandwa kakhulu ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokumelela kwazo.

Umboniso wohlu

Kuluhlu lwePR, abavoti ngokuvamile bavota ohlwini lweqembu. Ama-Sett anikezwa amaqembu asekelwe engxenyeni yawo yevoti, futhi abavoti bakhethwa ohlwini lweqembu. Ukuba khona koluhlu lwePR kuxhomeke kakhulu endleleni eqondile esetshenziswayo (umz., D’Hondt, Sante-Laguë) nobukhulu besifunda (inani lezihlalo esifundeni ngasinye). Izifunda ezinkulu zithambekele ekuvezeni imiphumela elinganisayo. Ukuba khona komnyango ongokomthetho, njengomnyango owesihlanu eJalimane, kungumklamo wamabo wokuzithandela ukuvimbela ukwanda kwabancane, amaqembu amahlongamele nokuthuthukisa amandla okubusa. Nakuba i-PR idlula kakhulu ekumeleni nasekulahleni, inganciphisa ukuhlangana phakathi kwemimeleli ewumeleni yayo, ikakhulukazi ewuhluzo oluvalelweyo, ikakhulukazi kungenakho ukulawulwa yi-uthobo. [Ulwazi oluneyo olubanzi] [U.]

I - Vote eyodwa (STV) Edluliswayo

I-STV iyisimiso esithandwayo esisetshenziswa ezifundeni eziningi, njengaseRepublic of Ireland naseMalta. Amavoters aneziqu zabantu ngabanye, futhi "unyaka we-Droopgiratio" ulinganiswa ukuba athole umnyango wokuwina isihlalo. Amavoti asuka kubaqhubi abaphumeleleyo nakuvoti abasusiwe ahlukaniswe ngokwezintando ezilandelayo. Ihlanganisa ukuqondisisa okuphakathi kwe-PR kanye nokuqondisisa kwezifunda ezisesigabeni esisodwa. Ifinyelela ukumelela okuhle kakhulu futhi inikeza u-voti ye-vote ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhetheni. Izinsobo eziyinhloko zayo zingamankimbini okukhetha nokukwazi kwezinhlangano zendawo ukubusa ukukhetha, ukucukulisa ezinye zezinzuzo zesimiso.

Izimiso Zokuxutshwa Kwemisebe

Izimiso ezixubile zizama ukuhlanganisa ukumelela iPR kanye nokulandisa okuvumelanayo kwezimiso zobuningi. Ziyisinqumo esithandwa kakhulu emazweni aklama isimiso esisha sokukhetha noma afune ukuhlehla phakathi kwenguquko enkulu nokugcina isiko.

I - member Proportigal (MMP) exutshiwe

E-MMP, njengoba isetshenziswa eJalimane nase-New Zealand, abavoti bavotela amavoti amabili: omunye wabameleli bendawo (ngokuvamile onqunywe yi-FPTP) futhi omunye ubelwa uhlu lweqembu. Izihlalo-zihlalo zeqembu zabelwa kakhulu ngekhono lazo lokuveza imiphumela elinganayo kuyilapho zilondoloza ukumelelwa kwendawo. i-New Zealand’s ElCal Commission [[FLL:3] inikeza incazelo ecacile yendlela i-MMP esebenzayo. I-MMP ihlanganisa kakhulu izinselele "izihlalo zobuko zobugqi" lapho iqembu lezindawo lithola izihlalo ezingaphezulu. [[FLD:2] I-Newccome] I-ELDALD [FLD] Inikeza incazelo ecacileyo yendlela esebenzayo ye-MMP. Inkinga enkulu ye-"iphini eliphakathi kwezindawo ezikhona.[FFFFFFoctivesssss)

Ixutshwe-Member Majoritarian (MMM) / Ukusakaza okuvumelanayo

Ngokungafani ne-MMP, isimiso esihambisanayo asilibali isilinganiso sokungalingani kwezihlalo zendawo. Izihlalo nezihlalo zomncimbi zilinganiselwa futhi zabelwa ngokwehlukana. Lokhu kusho umcimbi othola ingxenye enkulu yezihlalo zendawo ebambene. Izinhlelo ezifana nalena zisetshenziswa eJapane, eMexico, nase-South Korea. Nakuba zilula ukuqonda kune-MMP, i-MMMM sy system ngokuvamile ayilingani kakhulu kune-PR noma MMP, futhi ingadala izisusa eziphambeneyo zeqembu ukuze ilawule isifunda noma uhlelo ngaphandle kohlelo oluchaza i-MMP.

Ukuhlola Izifo Ekushintsheni Kwesimiso

Ukuhlola izinguquko ezingokoqobo zezwe phakathi kwezimiso zokuvota kunikeza ukuqonda okucacile ngemiphumela yazo esebenzayo nethonya lezombangazwe elibusa izinguquko ezinjalo eziyisisekelo.

New Zealand (FP ku MMP):[FFTP ku- Ngo-1993, iNew Zealand yashiya isimiso sayo se-FPTPPP esidala silandela ama-metapendium amabili aqhutshwa umphakathi ukunganeliseki "uhulumeni owenempawu eyodwa" wohulumeni abaningi. Ukushintshwa kwaguqula isimiso seqembu ngokuphawulekayo, kwaholela ezinkathini ezinde zombuso we-mfantu nohulumeni abambalwa. Nakuba abanye begxeka ukuntengantengantenga okucatshangelwayo, abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi i-mMP iphoqesha ukuvumelanisa okukhulu kwemvume, yenza isimiso sikahulumeni sibonise ngokwengeziwe ububanzi bomphakathi, futhi sandisa ukumele.

's Expination's Italy: I-Italy ivule phakathi kwezimiso ze-PR ezicwengile nezixubene (Porcellum ne-Rsatellim). Uhambo lwayo luqokomisa indlela uhlobo olufana ngayo lwesimiso sokhetho olungasebenza ngokuhluka kakhulu kuye ngesigaba seqembu elikhona nangempucuko yezombangazwe. Ukushintsha ukusuka ku-PR ehlanzekile kuya ku-PR enkulu yesimiso sobupolatimenment ko-1990 kwakuhloselwe ukudala isimiso seqembu le-bipolatemplate futhi kunciphiswe izigaba, kodwa imiphumela yayo ingabalelwa kakhulu yizintwe yeqembu elikhona namalungu ezwe.

I-Department eUnited Kingdom nase Canada: Womabili amazwe aye abona izinhlangano eziqinile eziye zasekela ukuthutha kuFPTP. I-UK yaba ne-endrendum yesizwe kuyi-Alternative Vote ngo-20, eyalahlwa. i-Liberal Party yaseMelika ethembise ukwenza ukhetho lukazwelonke luka-2015 ngaphansi kwe-FPTPP kodwa ekugcineni yashiya inyathelo lokuthatha isinyathelo, iveza ukuntu ukuntu ukungazifaki mvume, ukulahla izingozi zomphakathi, nokungahoxi kwe "iqhawe" ngokuvamile kuvimbela ushintsho olukhulu lwesimiso sezemali, ngisho nalapho isimiso esikhona siqalwa kakhulu ukuba sibe nokungavumelani okukhulu.

Ukuqeda Ubuhle: Ukudayisa Nokuphuma Kwezohwebo

Ukukhetha okulungile kudinga ukudlulela ngalé kokubikelwa okulula nokusebenzisa isilinganiso esiqinile. Lamathuluzi avumela ukuqhathaniswa okuhleliwe kwezimiso ezihlukene nezimiso eziyisisekelo ezichazwe ngaphambili.

I - Gallagher Index (Ukwenaba)

Isilinganiso semfundo ethandwa kakhulu sokususa izikhundla zesonto elihlukile yiGallaghher Index, eyaziwa futhi ngokuthi "isikhombo se-athom." Ibala ukungalingani okugcwele phakathi kwengxenye yevoti nesilinganiso sayo sezihlalo. Isilinganiso esiphansi seGalaghher sibonisa ukuguqulwa kwemivoti ezihlalweni. Izimiso ze-propotical njengalezo zase-Netherlands naseNingizimu Afrika zifinyelela amanani aphansi kakhulu (ngaphansi 2), kuyilapho izimiso ze-FPTP zivame ukuveza i-spectal ephakathi kwe 10 ne-20. [FLT:] i-procestions ezilandelanayo njenge-data ye-Flacturmes [FFFF]]

Inani Eliphumelelayo Lamadili (ENP)

Lo mzila, wakhiwa yi-Laakso ne Taagepera, inqubo yokuhlukanisa amaqoqo. Izimiso ze-Electoral zihlela i-ENP. I-Pverger's Law posit ukuthi i-ENP ithanda ukuveza isimiso esinengxenye ezimbili (ENP ~2), kuyilapho izimiso zePR zithambekele ekuvumeleni izimiso zesigaba eziningi (ENP >3. 5). Akukho "Fair" ENER" HENP; kunalokho, ubulungisa bubonakala ngokunembile ukuthi i-ENNOP ibonisa izinhlobonhlobo engabonakali ngaphansi kokwenza i-projectorotations. Isimiso esicindezela i-ENP kungenzeka icindezele i-cepywoqobo yezombangazwe.

Intengiselwano Engenakugwenywa

Ukwengamela okuyinhloko okungaphandle kwesimiso sokukhetha kuphakathi kokulinganisa kanye no-[FLT]] ukulandisa. Ukumelelwa okukhulu (isikhombisi esiphansi seGalaghher) ngokuvamile kusikisela ohulumeni abahlangene, lapho abavoti bengase bangazi ukuthi yimuphi umfelandawo ozokwakhiwa nokuthi yimuphi umthetho ozokwephulwa. Ukulandisa okukhulu (ohulumeni abahlukene abahlukene) ngokuvamile kuvela ngezindleko eziphakeme zokususa izikhundla, lapho iningi lamavoti angabekwa"kuhliswa" kwizinhlangano ezilahlekelwayo noma amaqembu. Isimiso sobulungisa ngempela singeso esiqaphela obala ukuthi le bhizinisi lezentengo engaphandle nenqubo yentando yentando yezwe, ukukhetha okukhulu (ingxenye yokuqala yenani ephakathi) engokomlando nengokwenhlalo.

Isiphetho

Akukho "isimiso sokhetho" esikhona emhlabeni wonke. Impikiswano ngokuguqulwa kwenguquko ye-ethomonal iyimpikiswano eyisisekelo yokuthi yiziphi izindinganiso zomphakathi ezithandwa kakhulu. Isimiso esiveza izindinganiso zentando yeningi. Isimiso esiveza isilinganiso esiqinile, ohulumeni abalandisayo silungile ngomqondo owodwa, kuyilapho isimiso esiqinisekisa ukuthi idlanzana elikhulu lithola izwi kwenye iphalame. I-grametry ilungile kwenye indlela. Isimiso somklamo we-Eleordal asiyona nje indlela yobuchwepheshe; iyisibonakaliso esiyisisekelo sezindinganiso zezombangazwe zomphakathi. Isinqumo phakathi kwesimiso esiveza ukulingana kwenani futhi esiveza ukulandisa okukhona phakathi kohulumeni futhi esiveza ukulandisa phakathi nohulumeni. Izimiso zezombangazwe ezikhona zisebenza ngendlela engcono kakhulu, kodwa isimiso esingcono kakhulu esibonakala kahle kakhulu. Izimiso zezombangazwe ezikhona phakathi nezimiso zezokuxhumana ezingcono kakhulu, kodwa isebenza nanoma inzuzo enkulu kakhulu yezimiso zezokuxhumana, kodwa inzuzo esisebenza kakhulu kwezimiso zezimiso ezingcono kakhulu, kodwa kusebenza nakuyo yonke inzuzo engcono kakhulu, kunomaphi nakuhle kakhulu, kunomayo yonke i