I-Good Wearth Agreement, eyasayinwa ngo-April 10, 1998, ibhekwa kabanzi njengenye yezivumelwano zokuthula eziphumelela kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka. Yaphela emashumini amathathu obudlova bamahlelo ayaziwa ngokuthi iZinkathazo zaNyakatho Ireland, imisa uhlelo lokulawula amandla, amalungelo abantu, nokubekwa phansi kwezikhali. Isivumelwano esihlala njalo siye sashukumisa izazi, abaphathi besizwe, nesinqumo sempi emhlabeni wonke. Lesihloko siveza ukuqhathanisa okubanzi phakathi kwesivumelwano seSivumelwano saseNyakatho nesinye isifundazwe, kuhlanganise neSivumelwano soMvumelwano, i-Oslos Revitions, i-Daybons, i-Colombian Revention, ne-Advergations. Ngokuhlola lezi zivumelwano, singaveza izifundo ezizuzisayo mayelana nokuphumelela kakhulu kwezinhlangano zezinhlangano zenhlangano ze-Australia.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

I-Good Wentrever Agreement, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi i-Belfast Agreement, yayiwumphumela wezingxoxo eziningi ezihilela ohulumeni baseBrithani nabase-Irish, kanye namaqembu ayinhloko ezombangazwe eNyakatho Ireland. Isakhiwo sayo sasibanzi ngamabomu, sikhuluma hhayi nje ngokushintsha okusheshayo kobudlova kodwa futhi nangokuguqula inkathi ende kwezombangazwe nezenhlalo yale ndawo.

Izikhungo Zokuthuthukisa Amandla

Ingxenye enkulu yalesivumelwano yayiwukwakhiwa kwenhlangano yemithetho encishisiwe nesikhulu, kanye nokusekela amandla okubopha phakathi kweqembu elihlangene neqembu lesizwe. Lesimiso saqinisekisa ukuthi womabili imiphakathi yayinesigxobo sokubusa, kunciphe amathuba okuba uhlangothi olulodwa lubeke intando yalo kwenye. UNgqongqoshe wokuqala noSekela-Ngqongqo wokuqala bakhethwa ngokuhlangene, futhi izinqumo eziyinhloko zidinga ukusekelana kwesiphambano, kungaba ngemvume efanayo noma ngenani elikhulu lokuvota.

Ukushintshwa Kwemithetho Nobulungisa

Isivumelwano sagunyaza ukukhishwa okuphelele kweRoyal Ulster Conssabulary (RUC), okwabonwa abantu abaningi abashisekela ubuzwe njengebutho elilawulayo. Ukutusa kwePatten Commission kwaholela ekusungulweni kweNkonzo yamaphoyisa aseNyakatho Ireland (PSNI), ngokugcizelelwa okukhulu kwamalungelo abantu, ukugcinwa komphakathi, kanye nokumelelwa komphakathi. Ibhodi entsha ye-Policistism neHhovisi le-Polist Ombudman yamiswa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inecala.

Ukulahlekelwa Izikhali Zamaqembu Empi

Wonke amaqembu azinikele ekuncishisweni kwezikhali zezempi, inqubo eyayihamba kancane futhi igcwele ukungathembani kwezombangazwe. I - Independent International Commission on Decoming (ICD) yahlola ukuqedwa kwezikhali, nge-Irish Republican Army (IRA) iqede ukuncishiswa kwayo kwezikhali ngo-2005. Lesi sinyathelo sasibalulekile ukuze kwakhiwe ukuqiniseka ukuthi izindlela zezombangazwe zithathe indawo yempi.

Amalungelo Abantu Nokulingana

Isivumelwano sahlanganisa i - European Convention on Human Rights nomthetho wasekhaya, samisa iKhomishane yama - Conftware Amalungelo Abantu yaseNyakatho Ireland, futhi sasungula iKhomishane Yokulingana. I - Bill of Rights of Northern Ireland yahlongozwa, nakuba kusazokwenziwa ngokugcwele. Lesivumelwano sahlela kabusha nesimiso somthetho wobugebengu futhi sasungula izindlela ezintsha zezisulu nabasindile.

Ukuqhathanisa neSivumelwano Se - Oslo (1993-19995)

I-Oslo Sycroms, esayiniwe phakathi kwe-Israel ne-Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), imelela omunye umzamo ophezulu wokuxazulula impi eqhubekayo yesizwe. Njenge-Good Wear Frive Act, inqubo ye-Oslo ihilela ukuxoxa okuqondile phakathi kwalabo ababeyizitha futhi ehloselwe ukusungula ushintsho oluqinile oluphathelene nokuthula. Nokho, imiphumela yale zivumelwano zombili ihluke kakhulu.

Ukufana Ekwakhiweni Kwakhe

Zombili izivumelwano zakha amalungiselelo okuzilawula phakathi: iGunya lase-Palestina lamiswa eNtshonalanga Bank naseGaza, njenge-Northern Ireland Assembly. Zombili izisekelo zacabanga ngesimo sokuxoxisana sokugcina sokuxazulula izindaba eziyinhloko njengemingcele, iJerusalema, kanye nababaleki (e-Israel-Palesitinan momear) noma isimo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo sase-Northern Ireland (eSivumelwaneni Esihle SangoLwesihlanu). Bobabili bakhuluma nangenguquko yezezokuphepha kanye nokuncishiswa kwemidlalo engekho hulumeni.

Umehluko Oyinhloko

I-Oslo Accounts yahlushwa ukuntuleka kokungavumelani nobunye kuphela − amaqembu athembekile namabutho empi angawo womabili, amaHamas kanye namanye ama-Israel ahamba phambili, ayengahlanganyeli esivumelwaneni futhi ayenza inqubo. Ngokuphambene, i-Good Wear Account Actived yakhiwa ngemfantumbano ebanzi eyayingahlanganisi nje kuphela amaqembu esizwe namalungu ohlanga kodwa futhi yayingenawo nebutho elithembekile lempi lamabutho ezombangazwe phakathi kwamaphiko awo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-guaraverstorsss (* i-United States e-Northern Ireland, ne-Norway ne-United States e-Oslo·enowerceds. Inqubo ye-Oslo yayingenayo kuphela inqubo eqinile yenhlangano yamandla eqinile esebenzela ibutho elihlangene nezwezwezwe linye; esikhundleni sawo, yadala izinhlangano ezimbili ezihambisana nokuphikisanayo, futhi i-enyuka nempikiswa ngokudlomanana.

Imiphumela Nezifundo

I-Oslo Accountions ekugcineni yawela kwi-Econd Intifada, futhi izivumelwano ezalandela njenge-Graadmap for Peace ziye zahluleka ukuvuselela lenqubo. Isifundo esiyinhloko sokuqhathanisa i-Oslo ne-Good Frever Act, sibalulekile kakhulu , siqinisekisiwe ukuthi ukubekwa phansi kwezikhali [ kanye ne-'umthetho we-FLT] wempikiswano yokugcina [[FLT:] [[FLT]] ngaphambi kokuba ukuthemba kuphele. Inqubo ye-Oslo ishiye izimpikiswano ezinkulu eziphikisanayo zisengxenyeni yokugcina, ezingakaze zenzeke lapho i-Goond Revident Revelvelvelcement ixazulula umbango womthetho (Novelvelvelvelventine]]]]] [ukume lungahlalwe ngaphandle kwevo enkulu) futhi isakhiwo esiqinile.

Ukuqhathanisa NeSivumelwano Sosuku (1995)

I-Dayton Accordins yaqeda iMpi yase Bosnia, enye yezimpi ezibulala kakhulu eYurophu kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II. Isivumelwano saxoxwa ngaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu kwezizwe e-Wright-Patterson Air Force Base e-Ohio, e-USA. Njenge-Good Wesihlanu Accounting, yamisa ilungiselelo eliyinkimbinkimbi lokulawula amandla aklanyelwe ukuhlalisa amaqembu ezinhlanga amaningi.

Izakhiwo Ezisekela Amandla

IBosnia neHerzegovina zazihlukaniswe zaba yizinhlangano ezimbili: iFederation of Bosnia ne Herzegovina (kusukela ekuqaleni iBosnia neCroanat) neRepublika Srpska (kuyi-SerbiasiCrib), ehlanganiswe nohulumeni obuthakathaka. Umongameli uyilungu lesithathu elinombuso owodwa we Bosnia, i-Croatia, nenye i-Serbiab. Le sibonisi siyisibonelo esiqinile saseNyakatho ne-Ireland, kodwa sinomehluko onzima: amandla ka-Dayton-sharing asekelwe engxenyeni yomhlaba, kanti i-Revery Revent isebenza phakathi kwesifunda esisodwa, esixubene nesimiso esiguquguqu kakhulu (i-Croion, i-sounian, isizwe, noma esinye).

Ukusebenza Nokungaguquguquki

I-Dayton Sycross yaphumelela ekuqedeni ubudlova obukhulu obungalinganiyo, kodwa isimiso sezombangazwe siye sabonakala singenabungane obukhulu. Ukwehlukana kwezinhlanga kusekhona; umshini kahulumeni ugcwele, wonakele, futhi ngokuvamile uphakanyiswa yizifekethiso. Ukwenza izinqumo eBosnia kudinga ukuvumelana okubanzi kwesizwe, kodwa okuvamile, okuye kwantuleka. Isivumelwano asizange sihlanganise amalungiselelo aqinile okubekwa izikhali noma ubulungisa obushintshile, kanti umphakathi wezizwe zonke (*) ngeHhovisi loMmeleli-Ostrist Uppost [unyakazokuthi kubekwe imithetho ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuze kugcinwe isebenza isifundazwe.

Ngokuphambene, i-Good Wear Agreement ye-Good Wear Agreement iye yavumelana kakhulu nezimo. Nakuba iye yabhekana nezinhlekelele zezikhathi ezithile (ukuwa kweButho lika-2017-2020, ngokwesibonelo), izinhlangano ziye zazibonakalisa ziqinile, futhi amaqembu ezombangazwe ngokuvamile aye akwamukela ukuba semthethweni kwesakhiwo. Isifundo esiyinhloko kuDayton ukuthi isigaba sezenkolo esihlangene nezigaba eziqinile zohlanga [[ zingaqinisa izingxabano kunokuba zixazulule. Isibonelo se-commony commotion nophawu lokuzithandela lwe-ejovotion ne-yokuzithandela kunikeza ukuvumelana okukhulu kwemininingwane yezombangazwe.

Ukuqhathanisa Nesivumelwano Sokuthula SaseColombia (2016)

Isivumelwano sokuthula saseColombia phakathi kukahulumeni neRuevolution Armed Forcess yaseColombia (FARC) sinikeza isibonelo samuva senqubo yokuthula ebanzi. Sasayinwa ngo-2016, saphela iminyaka engaphezu kwengamashumi amahlanu yempi ehlomile. Njenge-Good Wear Agreement, sahlanganisa amalungiselelo okuqeda izikhali, ukuthatha igalelo lezombangazwe, nezisulu.

Ukulahlekelwa Izikhali Nobulungisa Bokuguqula

Zombili izivumelwano zamisa izikhali enkabeni yokusetshenziswa kwezikhali. EColombia, iFARC yanika izikhali iZizwe Ezihlangene, futhi i-octal ekhethekile yokuthula (JEP) yasungulwa ukuba izame ubugebengu obukhulu. I- Good Freenday Accomment yakha futhi inqubo yokuqeda inqubo yomhlaba wonke, nakuba amaqembu amasosha angaphandle kwenqubo yezombangazwe (umz., amaRepublic aphikisayo) aye ahlala ematasa. Nokho, inqubo yeColombia iye yaba nethonya elikhulu ekusingatheni izimbangela eziyisisekelo zenguquko, intuthuko yasemaphandleni, nesivuno esingekho emthethweni esibambenezelwe e-Proviation , lapho i-Provingswo Isivumelwano esihle sangoLwesihlanu sigxile kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

Isivumelwano saseColombia savumela iFARC ukuba ishintshele ekubeni iqembu lezombangazwe, ibanika izihlalo eziyishumi eSivumelwaneni ngaphandle kokukhetha amagama amabili. Lokhu kufana nendlela i-Good Frever Advrew enikeza ngayo indawo amaqembu ahlangene namaqembu amabutho (njengeSin Féin) ukuba ancintisane nokhetho. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, ukufakwa kwamasosha ezombangazwe zentando yeningi kuye kwaphikiswana kodwa ekugcineni kwaba nesandla ekuhlaseleni impoqo.

Izinselele Nokuhlala Uqinile

Inqubo yokuthula yaseColombia iye yabhekana nezinselele ezinkulu: ukubulawa kwababelwa izikhali, ukusheshiswa kwezwe, nokuvela kwamaqembu amasha ahlomile. Isivumelwano sika-2016 sanqotshwa ngokulambisa ekwakheni umphakathi, sabe sesilawulwa ngesiqalo somphakathi seSishaya-Process(a ezingxenyeni ezihlukene. Kodwa iye yasinda, ngokungafani nezinye izivumelwano eziningi. I-Good Wearth Communics ngokufanayo yamelana nokuwa koMhlanga futhi yaqhubeka inobudlova obuphansi. Isici esivamile sibonakala sisekela kakhulu kwezizwe zonke: i-European Union ne United States yadlala indima enkulu eNyakatho ne-Ireland, futhi i-UN neminikelo yezizwe yonke iye yadingeka eColombia.

Ukuqhathanisa nokuThintshwa Kwezigwegwe zaseNingizimu Afrika (1993 - 1994)

Ukushintsha kweNingizimu Afrika kusuka ohlwini lobandlululo kuya ekubuseni ngentando yeningi ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengenqubo yokuthula, nakuba kwakungeyona inqubo eyodwa yokuthula kunochungechunge lwezingxoxo ezafinyelela umvuthwandaba eMpathweni Ka - 1993 naseNhlanganweni - sisekelo kakhetho ka - 1994.

Ukuhlangana Nezindawo Zokungcebeleka

Zombili izinqubo zahlanganisa izingxoxo eziningi ezazihlanganisa abadlali abanezigigaba zobudlova. Inqubo ye-South African National Congress (ANC) nohulumeni wobandlululo bahlanganyela ezinkulumweni ngemva kweminyaka yempi nokucindezelwa. E-Northern Ireland, wonke amaqembu amakhulu amabutho alwayo abizwa ngokuthi ama - khawuntication, futhi abameleli bawo bezombangazwe bahlanganyela ezinkulumo. Inqubo yaseNingizimu Afrika yaveza uHulumeni weSizwe soBunye iminyaka emihlanu, ifana nesivumelwano esingokomthetho eNyakatho ye-Ireland.

Ubulungisa Obuhlukile Nokubuyisana

I-Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) yaseNingizimu Afrika yathembisa ukuxolelwa ngenxa yeqiniso eligcwele ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. I-Northern Ireland iye yabuzwa imibuzo eminingi kodwa ayizange ikho ikhonselele iqiniso elibanzi. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi i-Good Wear Adment yayiyozuza enquboni engokomthetho yokulandisa iqiniso, kuyilapho abanye baphawula ukuthi iTRC yaseNingizimu Afrika yakwazi kuphela ngenxa yokuthi ukulinganisela kwamandla kwavumela ukuxolelwa kwebutho lokulondeka nabaholi abashokobeli ngokufanayo. Ukuqhathaniswa kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuguqula ubulungisa bamazwe.

Ukuhluka Kwezomnotho Nezenhlalo

Ushintsho lwaseNingizimu Afrika lwahlanganiswa nezinguquko ezinkulu zezenhlalo nezomnotho , [1] i-Reconstructionon and Development Programme, inguquko yomhlaba, kanye nokuqina kwezomnotho ezimnyama. Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu sahlanganisa ukulingana namalungelo abantu kodwa asizange sibhekane ngokuqondile nokuwohloka okujulile kwezomnotho eNyakatho Ireland. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuthula okuhlukene kuye kwaba okubalulekile, kanye nokutshala imali nokuvakasha okukhulisiwe. Isifundo siwukuthi izivumelwano zokuthula kumelwe zihlanganiswe namasu anweba kakhulu ukuze kusekelwe ekusebenziseni kwezomnotho.

Izifundo Ezitholakala Ezivumelwaneni Zokuthula Kwembulunga Yonke

Ngokuhlola iSivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu eceleni kwenqubo yase - Oslo, eDayton, eColombia, neseNingizimu Afrika, kuba nezimiso eziningana zendawo yonke:

  • Izingxoxo ezihlanganisayo kusukela ekuqaleni: Ukucima abadlali abayinhloko − njengoba kwenzeka nge Oslo/amatilosi kubaphangi. I-Good Wesihlanu Agreement yahlanganisa wonke amaqembu alahla ubudlova, emisa umnyango ocacile.
  • Umklamo ocacile wokuhlela ngokuvumelana: I-Daytton eqinile yohlanga iye yaveza i-flock efile, kuyilapho isimiso se-Good Wear Actrict sivumela ukuthatha indawo. Izihlalo ezikhethekile zaseColombia zabashokobezi zangaphambili ziye zaphikiswana kodwa zahlanganisa iFARC.
  • Inguquko eqinisekisiwe yokubekwa kwezikhali nezindawo zokuphepha: Zonke izinqubo eziphumelelayo ziqinisekisa ukuthi amasosha anikezela izikhali nokuthi amaphoyisa nezempi aguqulwa ukuba ahlukane futhi alandise. I-Good Wear Agreement ye-od yeSivumelwano se-Explone esheshayo kodwa eqinile yakha ukuthembana.
  • Amalungelo abantu nokubuyisana: i-TRC ne-JEP yaseColombia kubonisa ukubaluleka kokusingatha izenzo zonya zesikhathi esidlule. Ukuntuleka kwenqubo yeqiniso elibanzi eNyakatho Ireland kuhlala kuseyigebe elithinta ubudlelwane bomphakathi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isivumelwano sokuthula esiphumelelayo sezizwe zonke: Zonke izivumelwano zokuthula eziphumelelayo zazinabanikeli bangaphandle noma abanikeli abahlala behilelekile iminyaka eminingi. I-EU ne-US bezilokhu zigxeka kakhulu eNyakatho Ireland; i-UN ne-Norway eColombia; i-US ngenqubo yeDayton.
  • Izimbangela ze-'FLT': Ezomnotho, izwe, kanye nomphakathi ukungalingani kumelwe kusingathwe ngokuhambisana nezinguquko zezombangazwe. Isivumelwano sasemaphandleni sokuthuthukisa, nakuba sasingasetshenziswanga kahle, sasiyingxenye edingekayo.

Isiphetho: Ukuhlengwa Okuhlala Njalo Kwesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

I-Good Wear Agreement isalokhu iyisisekelo sokulungisa ukuthula ngoba ihlanganisa uhlelo oluqinile lwenhlangano nentando yezombangazwe ukuba luyekethiswe. Ayizange iqede ngokuphelele amahlelo noma ubudlova − ukulawulwa kwezombangazwe kwe-Northern Ireland Protocol kubonakalisa ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayo, kodwa yanikeza isitsha esiqinile sokusingatha izingxabano. Ngokuyiqhathanisa nezinye izivumelwano, sibona ukuthi akukho sibonelo esisodwa esingasuswa kuyo yonke indawo. Nokho izithako eziyinhloko ``````ingccungccuthe], ukunciphisa amandla, ukuqeda izikhali, amalungelo abantu, nokusekela amazwe amaningi ngokuqhubekayo ezindlinibeni eziqinile. Njengoba izingxabano ezintsha nezindala zikhona, izifundo zika-1998 eBelfast zise zisekhona, kodwa izici ezibaluleke kakhulu kubantu abakha ukuthula kuyo yonke indawo.