Table of Contents

Isingeniso: Ukubuswa Kokuthutha Kwabantu Ngalé Kwezimiso Zezombangazwe

Izimiso zokuhlanganisa ziyisisekelo sobukhosi besizwe, zithonya ngokuqondile amandla ezomnotho, indwangu yezenhlalo, nokulondeka. Indlela ohulumeni abaklama futhi basebenzise ngayo lezi zimiso ihluka kakhulu kuye ngokwesimo sezombangazwe ezisebukhulwini. Izimiso zedemocratic, idemocratic, impatho, nenhlanganisela ngayinye ziletha amafilosofi ahlukene, amakhono okulawula, nokuvimbela etafuleni. Lokhu kuhlola okukhudlwana okukhudlwana kudlulela ngalé kokuhlola amandla angempela ezwe ngalinye ekulawuleni ukufuduka, ukuhlanganisa izithakazelo, nokuncintisana nezithakazelo zohlanga. Ngokuhlola izifundo zezendaba ezithile nemininingwane yamuva, singaqonda kangcono ukuthi kungani ukungenela okuthile okuphumelelayo noma okuhlulekayo emondweni ehlukile.

Ohulumeni Bentando Yeningi: Amalungelo, Ukukhululeka, Nokuthumba

Izifundazwe zedemokrasi zisekela imithetho yazo yokufuduka ngokulandela umthetho, isivikelo samalungelo abantu, nezinqubo zokuhlukanisa. Amazwe anjengeCanada, iJalimane, neSweden aye asungula izimiso ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlanganisa ukufuduka kwezomnotho okusekelwe emachaphazaneni, ukuhlanganiswa komkhaya, nezinqubo eziqinile zokukhosela. Lamazwe ahlela ukubonakala kahle futhi ahlanganisa umphakathi womphakathi ekuhleleni izimiso. Nakuba isimo esihlukene sedemokratial singaholela emiphumeleni engcono kakhulu, futhi siveza futhi izinselele ezinganciphisa ukwenza izinqumo zezombangazwe futhi sidale u-SAN.

Amandla Ezimiso Zokuthutha Ngentando Yeningi

Ukwenza u-Pygal

Kuyintando yeningi, izinguquko zokufuduka zidinga ukuphikisana kwemithetho, ukuxhumana komphakathi, nokubambisana. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu ezamabhizinisi namalungelo abantu ahlukene.

Izivikelo Eziqinile Ezingokomthetho

Abafuduki emazweni entando yeningi bayazuza enqubweni efanele, ukukwazi ukungena ezinkantolo, nemithetho emelene nokucwasa. Ngokwesibonelo, iJalimane inikeza abafuni besikhoselo ilungelo lokudlulisa izinqumo ezingezinhle, futhi isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo wayo siqinisekisa amalungelo ayisisekelo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ayini. Lezizivikela zinciphisa ingozi yokuvalelwa noma ukudingiswa ngenkani.

Ukugcizelela Ukuhlangana Nokubambisana Kwezenhlalo

Uhulumeni wedemokrasi uchitha imali eningi kakhulu ezimisweni zokuhlanganisa − ukuqeqesha, ukunikeza umsebenzi, nemfundo yomphakathi. Uhlelo lwaseSweden lokuqala ababaleki, nakuba lubiza kakhulu, lusize abasanda kufika ukuba bathole umsebenzi phakathi neminyaka emibili. Ukugxila ekuhlanganeni kwezenhlalo kunciphisa izingxabano zesikhathi eside futhi kuthuthukisa inzuzo engokomnotho.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezimiso Zentando Yeningi

Ukushiywa Kwemithetho Nokuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe

Ukungalingani kwentando yeningi kungaholela ekuvuselelweni. Ukuhluleka kwe-United States ukulungisa isimiso sayo se-vsase amashumi amaningi eminyaka kubonisa indlela ukungezwani okuhlukanisayo okulungisa ngayo izinto ezidingekile. Ngisho nasemazweni amaningi avumelanayo anjengeJalimane, ohulumeni abahlangene banganciphisa iziphakamiso noma bahlehlise isinyathelo esizinzileyo sokulungisa isikhoselo.

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nokukhululeka

Ngemva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula noma ukufuduka okungalawuleki, ohulumeni bentando yeningi babhekana nokucindezela kokuqinisa imingcele kuyilapho belondoloza inkululeko yomphakathi. Umzabalazo we - European Union wokusebenzisa i - Dublin Regamency, enikeza izwe lokuqala icala lokukhosela, ubonisa indlela ukukhathalela ukulondeka okungqubuzana ngayo nezibopho zokusiza abantu.

Ukwanda Kombono Womphakathi

Ukufuduka kuyimpikiswano enkulu engabangela ukhetho. ESweden, ukukhula kwamaDemocrates aseSweden kwaphoqelela uhulumeni emithethweni eqinile yokuhlanganisa umkhaya, ukuguqula izimiso zakuqala ezikhululekile. Lokhu kushintshashintsha kwenza kube nzima ukuhlela isikhathi eside kokubili abafuduki nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: ECanada NaseJalimane

ECanada: Impumelelo Esekelwe Kumaphuzu

Isimiso sokungena se-Express yaseCanada sikhetha abafuduki abanekhono ngenxa yobudala, imfundo, ikhono lolimi, kanye nolwazi lomsebenzi. Isimiso sisebenza ngokuhambelana nokwaziswa futhi silungiswa njalo ekusabeleni ezidingweni zemisebenzi. Ngo-2023, iCanada yamukela izakhamuzi ezihlala njalo ezingaphezu kuka-470.000, ukufeza izisulu zayo ngemiphumela yemisebenzi ephakeme. Inqubo yezempucuko yalelizwe kanye nokuhileleka okukhulu kwesifunda kufaka igalelo eliphakeme lokuhlanganisa abantu abasebenzayo. Nokho, izinselele ziyaqhubeka, njengokuswelakala kwezindlu emadolobheni amakhulu nakulandelelana kwezindawo zombaleki eziphambili.

IJalimane: I - astylum Iphenduka

IJalimane yamukela abafuni bezikhoselo abangaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa ngo-2016 ngaphansi kwe-Chancellar Angela Merkel “War schaffen das” (Singayilawula) indlela yokusebenza. Uhulumeni wasungula inqubo esheshayo, wasungula izinkulungwane zezifundo zokuhlanganisa, futhi wandisa ukutholakala kwemisebenzi yababaleki. Ngo-2022, cishe ingxenye yababaleki abaqashelwayo baqashwa isikhathi esigcwele ngo-2015. Noma kunjalo isimiso sabhekana nokugxekwa ngokuhanjiswa okungalinganiyo kwezindawo nakanzima yokuxoshwa. Isimiso sehlawulwa sehlawulwa sezisebenzi seze kuqiniselwe, kanye nezinqubo ezisheshayo zokuthutha abafuduki emazweni aphephile.

Ohulumeni Abanegunya: Ukulawula, Ukulondeka, Nokuneliseka Ngezindleko

Imibuso yombuso imisa kuqala ukulawula nokulondeka kwesizwe ngamalungelo abantu abalawulwa ukufuduka. Ukwenza izinqumo kubekwa esikhungweni, ngokuvamile kudlula impikiswano yomphakathi noma ukubukezwa kokwahlulela. Amazwe anjengeChina, i-North Korea, kanye nama-monarchy amaningi aseGulf abonisa ukufinyelela kwale ndlela ephezulu. Lezi zimiso zingamisa izinhlelo ngokushesha futhi ziphoqelele imingcele ngokuqinile, kodwa ngokulahlekelwa kwamalungelo abantu futhi ngokuvamile kube nemiphumela emibi yedumela lomhlaba wonke.

Amandla Ezimiso Zokufuduka Ezingomgunyathi

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Esisheshayo

Ngaphandle kwezithiyo zemithetho, ohulumeni abakhokhi bobushiqela bangayishintsha imithetho yokufuduka ngesikhashana. Ngo-2020, i-China yavala imingcele yayo cishe ngokuphelele kubantu bakwamanye amazwe ngenxa yokusabela kwe-COVID-19, kuyilapho idemokrasi eningi ilwa nokuvalwa okungaphelele nokungadingi ukubuthwa. Ngokufanayo, iSaudi Arabia yasungula intengo exhomeke ekuhlawuleni abantu ngo-2017 ngaphandle kwesaziso esiphawulekayo, ishintsha izindlela zokuzalana kwabantu.

Ukulawulwa Okuqinile Komngcele Nokulondeka

Izifundazwe ezinegunya zifaka imali eningi ekuhloleni izinto ze-electronic, imingcele engokomzimba, kanye nezindawo zamabutho amabutho alwayo. Imingcele yaseNyakatho Korea ivalwa ngokuphumelelayo, ivimbela kokubili ukuphuma nokungena. I-United Arabhu Emirates isebenzisa izimiso ze-biometric kanye nomqashi (]kafala)) ukuze ilandelele yonke indawo yesisebenzi sangaphandle, yenza ukuba kuxoshwe ngokushesha abaqali abaqali abaphezulu.

Ikhono Lokusabela Ekuboneni Izinsongo

Lapho umbuso uzizwa usongelwa ukufuduka (8) kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubangelwa ukungezwani kwezinhlanga, ukwesaba kwempi, noma izinkinga zezomnotho − ingaziqoqa ngokushesha izimali. Ngo - 2022, ngemva kokuqala kwempi yase-Ukraine, iBelarus yasusa amakamu abafuduki emngceleni wayo nePoland isebenzisa amabutho ombuso avikelayo, ibonisa amandla ombuso ombuso onamandla okusabela okukhungathekisa okungenakuqhathaniswa ezimisweni zentando yeningi.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezimiso Zobucukuthwane

Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamalungelo Abantu Nokugxekwa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Imibiko evela kuhulumeni we-Human Rights Watch imniningwane weSaudi Arabia yokuxoshwa kwabantu abaningi abathutheleka eTopiya ngo - 2021, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele. Lezenzo ziholela ekuvumeni, ekuzihlukaniseni kwezinhlangano, nasekuwohlokeni kwedumela okungavimbela ukuhwebelana nokutshala imali.

Iziteshi Ezingenamthetho Ezilinganiselwe

Izimiso zobukhomanisi zivame ukuvimbela ukuhlalisana okuhlala njalo nokuzenzakalelayo. EChina, ukuhlala ngokuhlala njalo akunakwenzeka kubantu baseChina abangewona amazwe. EGulf, i-kafala[ izibopho zezimiso zokuxhumana nabaqashi, ezibavimbela ekushintsheni imisebenzi noma ekutholeni indawo yokuhlala ngokuzimele. Lokhu kuntula kwezindlela kwenza ukuhlangana okuthatha isikhathi eside futhi kukhuthaze ukukhishwa kobuchopho kwabafuduki abanolwazi abafuna amalungelo aqinile kwezinye izindawo.

Ukungavumelani Nomphakathi Nemithetho Elinganiselwe

Izimiso eziqinile zingaba nemiphumela emibi ngokudala izinhlangano ezihambelanayo. Ukuphatha kwe-Iran ababaleki base-Afghan − ukubenzela umsebenzi nokubabekela isikhathi sokusebenza okungokwemvelo, okuye kwaholela ekubhikisheni nasekuhwebeni okungaphansi komhlaba.

Ukuhlola Izifo: INyakatho Korea NeChina

INyakatho Korea: Ukulawula Ingqikithi

I-North Korea ivumela ukufuduka cishe ngaphandle kwezivumelwano zezobuzwe. Uhulumeni usebenzisa izijeziso ezinzima − kuhlanganisa nokubulawa ($___kulabo abazama ukubaleka noma ukungena ngokungemthetho). Lendlela ivimbela noma yikuphi ukuhlukahluka kwenani labantu kodwa inengxenye ekuzihlukaniseni kakhulu kwezomnotho nasekuncipheni kwezisebenzi. Ukungangeni kokufuduka kusho ukuthi ngeke kukwazi ukufinyelela ikhono lembulunga yonke noma ukubulala.

EChina: Inkokhelo ekhethayo neyakhe i - Sveillance

I-China iye yavumela ukufuduka kwabantu abangochwepheshe abaphambili nabatshali bezimali, ikakhulukazi eBeijing naseShanghai, kodwa ilondoloza ukulawula okuqinile kwabafuduki abangabulawanga kakhulu. Uhulumeni usebenzisa i-Sup-Entry Administration Law ukubamba futhi uxoshe abantu abahlala ngaphandle, okuthi kuxoshwe abantu abangu-30 000 ngonyaka. Amaqembu amalungelo abantu aphawula ukuthi ababambelwe ukuvalelwa abameli abaningi abakwazi ukufinyelela emagxeni. Isimiso saseChina siphumelela kodwa siyahluleka ukudonsa amanani abalulekile ezisebenzi zakwamanye amazwe uma kuqhathaniswa nabancintisana nentando yeningi, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuswela amalungelo nezenhlalo.

Izimiso Ze - Hybrid: Ukulinganisela Ukulawulwa Kwe - Authoritarian Nama - Democratic Legastimacy

Imibuso elawulwa ngesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi nesobuphoqeli ihlanganisa izici zokubusa kwentando yeningi, ngokuvamile ilondoloza ukhetho, inkululeko elinganiselwe yomphakathi, kanye nemithombo yezindaba ezimele kwezinye izingxenye lapho igxilisa amandla okubusa futhi ivimbela ukuphikiswa. Amazwe anjengeRussia, iTurkey, neSingapore asebenzisa izimiso zokufuduka ezihlanganisa ukulawulwa okunamandla kwezwe nokungaguquguquki ekuthutheleni kwezomnotho. Lezi zimiso zingazivumelanisa nomthetho wempoqo kanye nokuzinyaniswa kwemithetho elawulayo ezomnotho.

Amandla Esimiso Sokufuduka Esiwuketshezi

Ukulungiswa Kwezimiso Ezivumelana Nezimo

Ohulumeni abanobuhlanya bangasebenzisa indlela ephakathi kokuhlola intando yeningi nomthetho olawulayo. ITurkey yashintsha isimiso sayo sokuthola imvume yama-visa kwabase-Siriya izikhathi eziningi phakathi nempi yombango: ivulekile ekuqaleni, bese ifuna imvume yokuhlala, futhi kamuva ingenisa imvume yomsebenzi ezingxenyeni ezithile. Lokhu kushintshashintsha kuvumela ukusabela okusheshayo ezimweni zezwe ngaphandle kokukhubazeka kwemithetho.

Ukulawula Ukugeleza Okukhuliswe Ngaso Lomngcele

I-Turkey ilondoloza umngcele oqinile ngasemngceleni we-Siriya, kuhlanganise nokwakhiwa kodonga nokugadwa kweziphuphutheki, kuyilapho futhi iphethe ababaleki base-Siriya abangaba yizigidi ezine. IRussia isebenzisa isimiso sokubhalisa kwesikhashana futhi isebenzise izimvume zokuqasha abafuduki base-Asia Ephakathi, inikeza iziphathimandla igunya eliqinile lokulawula ukuthi obani abahlalayo nokuthi isikhathi eside kangakanani. Lezi zinyathelo zidlula lokho idemokrasi eningi ekwazi ukuphoqelelwa ngokomthetho noma kwezombangazwe.

Okungabangela Ukwanda Kwezomnotho Ngokukhetha Ukufuduka

Isimiso se-produkthi exubile saseSingapore sazisiza kakhulu izinkantolo eziphakeme eziqeda izikhali nge-Prom Pass and Global Invector Programme, kuyilapho silinganisela izisebenzi ezibulawayo ngokukhokhwa nangezilinganiso eziphansi. Lendlela iye yasiza iSingapore ukuba ibe isikhungo sembulunga yonke sezimali, nesiphiwo sangaphandle esihlanganisa amaphesenti angaba ngu-40 asebenzayo. Uhulumeni ulawula ngokunamandla ukulinganisela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukufuduswa kwezenhlalo.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezimiso Zokuhlukumeza Umzimba

Ingozi Yokukhuphuka Kwabaphathi Bezikhungo

Isimiso sokufuduka saseRussia siye sakhula kakhulu kusukela ngo-2014. Imithetho emisha efuna abafuduki bafunde isiRashiya futhi badlulise umlando wokuhlola isetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukudingiswa kwabantu abangabhalwanga. Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ezizimele zibika ukuthi ukuhlola abafuduki kuye kwanyuka ngamaphesenti angu - 60 ngo-2023, kuhambisana nokuhlukunyezwa nokufumbathiswa.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemithetho

ETurkey, ukunqandwa kwesivumelwano sokuvala umthetho ne-EU ngo-2020 kwaholela ekuvulekeleni kwemithetho eqinile eGreece izinsuku ezimbalwa, kodwa kwamane kwabuyiselwa kungazelelwe. Ukubuya kwe-U kululaza ukubikezela okungokomthetho. Ngokufanayo, iNkonzo ye-Manyower yaseSingapore ngezikhathi ezithile ihluleka ukuphoqelela ukuba kubekwe imithetho encishisiwe izisebenzi zasekhaya, okuholela ekuxhaphazweni naphezu kwesivikelo sezisebenzi eziqinile.

Ukugxeka Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nezindaba Eziyimpikiswano

I - EU iye yagxeka iTurkey ngokusebenzisa amaqembu ababaleki njengethuluzi lokulawula izingxabano nezingxabano. Ukuphatha kweRussia izisebenzi ezifudukayo ezivela kumarepublic aseSoviet kuye kwaphazamisa ubuhlobo namazwe anjengeTajikistan ne - Uzbekistan. Imibuso yeHybrid kumelwe ibambe izinhloso zakwamanye amazwe ngokulawula amakhaya, ngokuvamile iveza izimpawu eziphikisanayo.

Ukuhlola Icala: IRussia NeTurkey

ERussia: Ukulawulwa Uhulumeni Phakathi KweDemographic

IRussia ibhekene nokuncipha kwenani labantu, ilahlekelwa abantu abangaba ngu-700,000 ngonyaka ngenxa yenani eliphansi lokuzalwa kanye nezisulu zempi. Uhulumeni uye wavumela abantu abavela eRussia naseRussia abakhuluma isiRashiya abavela emazweni angomakhelwane, ufaka imvume yokuba izakhamuzi e-Ukrainian nase-Belarusan. Nokho, kubantu abavela e-Slavic e-Central Asia, lesi simiso sivinjelwa futhi sikhutshaniswe. AbaMigrant kumelwe babhalisa izicathulo, futhi bafake izicelo zomsebenzi. Ngo-2023, abafuduki abangaphezu kwesigidi abavela e-Asiya eCentral Asia badingisiwe noma bashiywa ngokuzithandela ngemva kokuba imithetho yokufuduka ithathe impumelelo. Isimiso silondoloza ukuqina kodwa ngezindleko eziphakeme zabantu futhi sinciphe kakhulu.

ITurkey: Phakathi Kokukhululeka Komphakathi Nokucindezela Kwezombangazwe

I-Turkey yasebenzisa umthetho wendlu evulekile yama-Aramu ngo-2020, inikeza isivikelo sesikhashana nokuthola imvume yokunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, nemvume elinganiselwe yomsebenzi. Lokhu kulunga komphakathi kwazuza udumo lwezizwe zonke, kodwa njengoba inani lababaleki landa (manje elicishe libe yizigidi ezine), umbono womphakathi wadabuka. Ngo-2023, uMongameli Erdosian washintsha indlela yokukhuluma, ethembisa ukubuyisela isithakazelo sesigidi esisodwa sase-Siriya “ngesizathu esisodwa” nokwakhiwa kwezindongalo zomngcele. Isimiso se-projekthi savumela kokubili ukuba kube khona indawo evuleka kakhulu nentshontshwayo, kodwa i-Siriya eningi ishiye i-athomome engokomthetho futhi ikhiphe umuzwa wokulwa kwe-anti.

Ukuhlola Okuqhathanisayo: Ukulinganisa Ukuphumelela Kwezimiso

Ukunquma ukuthi isiphi isimiso sikahulumeni esiphumelela kakhulu kudinga uhlelo olucacile oludlulela ngalé kwemilinganiso ebanzi. Ukuphumelela kungacatshangelwa ngalé kwezilinganiso eziningi: umnikelo wezomnotho, ukuhlangana kwezenhlalo, imiphumela yokulondeka, ukuthotshelwa kwamalungelo abantu, nokusebenza kahle kokuqondisa. Ithebula elingezansi lifingqa ukusebenza okulinganiselwe (kusekelwe emininingwaneni ekhona evela ku-OECD, UNHCR, ne-Magnation Policy Institute imibiko).

Dimension Democratic Authoritarian Hybrid
Economic contribution of immigrants High (skilled, tax-paying) Moderate (often low-skilled, temporary) Moderate-High (selective)
Integration and social cohesion Strong (public investment, rights) Weak (limited mobility, rights) Variable (depends on inclusion)
Border control and security Moderate (due to legal constraints) High (strict, but may violate rights) High (with enforcement flexibility)
Human rights record Strong (due process, appeals) Poor (arbitrary detention, deportation) Mixed (some protections, some abuses)
Policy stability and predictability Moderate-Low (political cycles) High (centralized decisions) Moderate (frequent shifts)

Lokhu kuqhathanisa kwembula ukuhweba: Izimiso zentando yeningi zifinyelela ukuhlangana okungcono namalungelo kodwa zilwa ngokuvumelana nejubane. Izimiso zobucukubhede zingaphoqelela izinqubo ngokushesha kodwa ngokulahlekelwa isithunzi somuntu. Imibuso ye hybrid izama ukuthatha amaphutha angcono kakhulu kuwo womabili amazwe kodwa ngokuvamile igcina iphethe amaphutha enhlangano yentando yeningi, ikakhulukazi uma ukuhlolwa kwentando yeningi kubuthakathaka.

Izici Ezinquma Ukuphumelela Ngokuphelele Ngaphandle Kohlobo Lwesimiso

Nakuba isimiso sezombangazwe simisa isisekelo, eminye imiphumelelo eminingi inethonya elikhulu:

  • Izimo zezomnotho: Umnotho okhulayo onokuntuleka kwezisebenzi wenza noma isiphi isimiso sokufuduka siphumelele kakhulu, njengoba kubonakala emazingeni aphezulu emisebenzi eCanada kwabafuduki.
  • Izwe elinomlando nempucuko: amazwe anezinguquko zokufuduka (umz., United States) asungule izimiso zokuhlanganisa; lawo angena(umz., eJapane) alwayo kungakhathaliseki isimiso.
  • Ubuhlobo bezizwe ngezizwe: Ukubaluleka ngokuthumela amazwe, izivumelwano zokuqinisekisa, nokuzinza kwesifunda kuthinta ngokuqondile ikhono likahulumeni lokulawula ukugeleza.
  • Isimiso somthetho nobukhulu benhlangano: Ngisho nezimiso zentando yeningi ziyahluleka uma ukufezeka kwesimiso sokwamukela izakhamuzi (umz., isimiso somklami) we-Italy. Izimiso zobukhomanisi zingaba ezingasebenzi kahle uma i-computer yonakele.

Isiphetho: Akukho-bungako-bodwa-bonke

Ukuphumelela kwezimiso zikahulumeni ekuqondiseni izimiso zokufuduka akusiwo amaqhaza amabili phakathi kwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi ne-pholiast. Isimiso ngasinye sakha amandla angaphakathi nobuthakathaka obubonakala ngokungafani kuye ngomongo. Amazwe edemocratic anikeza ubulungisa, isivikelo esingokomthetho, nokuhlanganisa kodwa ngokuvamile angakwazi ukushesha nokumelana nokucindezela kokuphuma komthetho. Amazwe anegunya anikeza ukuphoqelela nokulondeka okusheshayo kodwa aphule amalungelo abantu futhi aphuce izinzuzo ezinde zokuhlangana kwabantu abafuduki. Izimiso ze-hybrid zinikeza ukuvumelana kodwa zingaveza ukungaqondakali nokungaguquguquki. U-mimenyo ezindaweni zomhlaba zonke zingafunda kulokhu kucindezela nokuveza i-democrefecration kanye namalungelo asekelwe ekusebenziseni izinhlelo eziphambili zezimiso zomphakathi eziphakathi, kuyilapho konke ukuphatha isithunzi kwabantu ezihamba phakathi.

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