Indlu yabameleli, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "Indlu Yabantu," iyindikimba eklanyelwe ukuthatha isinyathelo. Ngamalungu ovoti kanye nezinkulungwane zemali ehhlawulo eqala wonke amaKhomishane aneminyaka emibili, impikiswano ephelele ephansi kuyo yonke impikiswano ingaba ngenakwenzeka. Ukulawula lomsebenzi futhi ithuthukise ulwazi olujulile, i House incike esimisweni esinamandla nesiyinkimbinkimbi samakomiti akhethekile. La makomiti awayikho nje kuphela amaqembu asebenza ngokusemthethweni; ayisimiso esiyinhloko semizwa segatsha lemithetho yezemithetho. Asebenza njengabagcini besango lomthetho, izinjini eziyinhloko zendalo, nezinja ezibucayi zegatsha elikhulu. Ukuqonda indlela la makomiti asebenza ngayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni izibalo zangempela zokulungisa umthetho namandla ezombangazwe eWashington, DC. Isimiso esikhulu semithetho yezezenkampatho. [iindlela]

Abagcini Bemithetho: Indima Yekhorathithi LamaKomiti

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wekomiti yendlu uwukunikeza inkundla ekhethekile yokuhlola umthetho ohlongozwayo. Uma isikweleti siqalwa yilungu leNdlu, isikhulu esiphethe (uSpeaker) sibhekisela ekomitini enegunya lendaba yayo. Le-astaral ingumthetho wokuqala ogcwele imiphumela. Uma sesamukelwe, isihlalo sekomiti sinamandla amakhulu kakhulu phezu kwesiphetho sendaba yemali. Isihlalo singahlela ukuzwa, imibiko yesicelo, noma simane sivumele ukuba lo mthetho uhlale ngokungenasiphelo, noma sivele sihlale ngokungenasihloko saziswe ngokuthi "pigeonling"."" Isimemezelo esingashukunyiswa yikomiti yayo sifile ngenxa yesiphetho salowo hulumeni.

Lendima yokugcina isango iyisikhali esinamandla kakhulu sekomiti. Ivumela amakomiti ukuba asebenze njengesisefo, avimbele ukuhlelwa kabi, ukunqanda, noma izikweletu ezingathandwa kwezombangazwe ekudleni isikhathi sendlu. Nokho, lo mbuso futhi usho ukuthi isihlalo esinqunyiweyo sengxenye enkulu yendlu singavimbela umthetho owenziwe obala noma ngisho nebhipartisan isekela. Amalungu afuna ukuvuselela isimemezelo esibhaliswe kahle kumelwe asebenzise amandla anzima, njengokufaka isicelo , esiwuvimbelayo , okudinga ukusayina kweningi yendlu egcwele.

Ngaphandle nje kokubulala izikweleti, amakomiti azihlela ngokuzikhandla. Ngaphambi kokuba isikweleti esikhulu sifike endluni ukuze kuxoxwe, kumelwe sibhekane nokuhlolisiswa okukhulu kwekomiti ebhalisayo. Kukulezi zikhathi lapho kucatshangelwa khona izinguquko, kushaywa izikhokhelo, futhi kuhlelwa ulimi lokugcina lomthetho. Ukuhunyushwa kwesivumelwano esivela ekomitini ngokuvamile kuhluke kakhulu kuleso esaqala, kuveza ukuhlehla nokucindezela kwezombangazwe okuchaza inqubo yomthetho.

Ukugxila Ngokujuleyo Emikhankasweni YamaKomiti Endlu

Amakomiti endlu enza imisebenzi emithathu ehlukene kodwa ehamba-hambayo: ukwenza imithetho (imithetho), ukwengamela (uhulumeni olawulayo), nophenya (izindaba ezinzima). Umsebenzi ngamunye ufeza injongo ebalulekile ekulinganiseni amandla phakathi kwamagatsha omthetho nomphathi.

Ukuvaleka Kwezindlebe: Ukuqoqa Amaqiniso Nobufakazi

Ukuqulwa kwamacala kungumsebenzi obonakala kakhulu womsebenzi wekomiti. Kusebenza njengomphakathi wokuqoqa ukwaziswa nokwakha irekhodi lezenzo zomthetho. Ikomiti ingaqungamela izizathu eziningana: ukuhlola isidingo somthetho omusha, ukuhlola ukumiswa kwemithetho ekhona, noma ukubukeza iziphakamiso zemali zikaMongameli. OFakazi bayingxubevange yezikhulu zezenhlangano yezemfundo, izazi zezemfundo, izazi, abameleli, nezakhamuzi ezithintelwe yilena.

Amandla okuphoqelela ubufakazi ayithuluzi eligxekayo. AmaKomiti angaphoqa ofakazi abaphansi ukuba bavele futhi baveze izincwadi. Ukwenqaba ukufakwa kwekhomishane yenhlangano kungaholela ekudeleleni ukufakwa kwemikhankaso ye-Congress, ephethe imiphumela emikhulu engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe. Emlandweni wamuva, ukuzwa okuphezulu ezindabeni ezifana nomthetho wezezenhlalo, inhlekelele yezenhlalakahle, nokusongela kwesizwe kuye kwabonisa amandla ekomiti okuthonya umbono womphakathi nezimiso zesizwe. Ikhono lokubuza ofakazi abafunzwe ngemishovu, linikeza ipulatifomu elikhethekile lobungameli nemfundo yomphakathi eledlula umthetho ovamile.

Inkathi Yokucwebezela: Ukuphanga Imali Yokugcina

"iphawup" yigumbi lenjini lokwenza umthetho. Ngemva kokulalela, ikomiti ihlangana ukuze icabangele ukubuyiselwa kwemali enqubweni yenqubo eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi "ukuphawula" umbhalo. Yilapho ukuphambuka kwezombangazwe kusuka kubufakazi bomphakathi kuya ngokuningiliziwe. Amalungu eKomiti, ngokuvamile ngosizo lwezisebenzi zawo zobuchwepheshe, impikiswano kanye nokuvota kuchungechunge lwenguquko ezihlongozwayo. Isihlalo siqondisa inqubo, ukulawula uhlelo lapho iziphendulo zithathwa khona futhi ngokuvamile kuhlanganiswa "i-aimpemper's" noma "i-amperement" inqwaba yezisebenzi zayo ezilungisa izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene.

Isimiso sokunyusa singathatha amahora noma ngisho nezinsuku, kuye ngezizathu eziyinkimbinkimbi zemali nempikiswano. Ivoti yokugcina iwu "umbiko" umthetho oya endlu egcwele. Ikomiti ingabika incwadi elungile, engathandeki, noma ngaphandle kokutusa. Uma ibika kahle, inikeza umbiko ongokomthetho ochaza injongo yomthetho, ithonya lawo ekwahluleleni umthetho okhona, nezimpikiswano ze-memospita. Lo mbiko wekomiti ungumcebo obalulekile wamalungu, iphephandaba, kanye nomphakathi ofuna ukuqonda injongo nomphumela womthetho. Isimemezelo esihlulekayo ukusinda ngokuphumelela, siqokomisa igunya elikhulu eligcwele kulamaqembu amancane endlu.

Ukuqondisa Nokuhlola: Ukuhlola Igatsha Eliphethe

Ukwengamela kwe-Congress ingumthetho-mthetho oshiwo ovumela amakomiti ukuba aqaphele, abukeze, futhi ahlole i-compative central negatsha eliphethe. Lo msebenzi wenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ikhishwa ngokwethembeka, izinhlelo zisebenza ngezindleko, futhi abakhokhi bentela abakhokhi abakhokhi abakhokhi. Ukuzwa kwezindlebe kungahlola umehluko omkhulu wezihloko, kusukela ekungaqondiseni kwezivumelwano zikahulumeni kuya ekuqhutshweni kwemithetho emikhulu enjenge-Affordal Care Act noma i-Inflation Reduction Act.

Ukuhlola kuyindlela engokomthetho nenamandla kakhulu yokuqondisa. Kuvame ukuqaliswa ngenxa yokumangalelwa kokungalungi kahle, ukwehluleka okukhulu kwezimiso, noma izinsongo ezingase zihlasele umphakathi. Uphenyo lwekomiti lungahilela amalungu amaningi ezisebenzi, izinkulungwane zezincwadi, nezingxoxo eziningi zobufakazi. Amandla okuhlola asebenza njengendlela ebalulekile yokuhlola amandla kaMongameli nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Uphenyo oluphezulu lwendawo, njengalawo aseWatergate - in, inhlekelele yezimali ka-2009, nokuhlasela kweCapitol, kubonisa amandla amakhulu ekomitini okuveza amaqiniso nezithombe ezinamandla. Imibiko nobufakazi obuveza imiphumela. Imibiko evezayo, izinhlelo ezintsha, izinguquko zegatsha, nezingadina, imicimbi, imicimbi engathi izindleko zemali ka-2008.

Ukwakheka Kwesimiso Sekomiti

Indlu yabameleli njengamanje isebenza namakomiti angaphezu kwama - 20, kanye namakomiti amaningana akhethiwe, ahlangene, nahlangene.

Ukuma, Ukukhetha, Ukuhlangana, Nezingqungquthela

  • [[FLT: 0] AmaKomiti asebenzayo: Lawa amabhodi ahlala njalo amiswe yi House Relations. Ayizintambo ezisebenzayo zenqubo yomthetho. Ikomiti ngayinye emile inegunya endaweni ethile yenqubo, njenge-Agriculture, Adminimation Services, Ezentergy and Communication, Service, Finance Services, ne-Judiaciary. Amakomiti anamandla kakhulu avame ukubizwa ngokuthi "A" amakomiti: [[FLT:] ama-ways kanye ne-AFOK [[FL:] [FLT] [FL: 3] [3] (amathektroct, intection, Comgatection) , [FLT], [FLM] intercersts proces processs]
  • Khetha amaKomiti: Lawa amaphakamiso esikhashana akhiwe yisinqumo seNdlu sesinqumo sokuhlola okuthile noma injongo. Ngokungafani namakomiti amile, khetha amakomiti angenawo amandla okubika umthetho eNdlu egcwele. Kunalokho, asebenza ngokuhlola impikiswano ethile nokuveza umbiko wokugcina ngokutusa. Izibonelo zamuva zihlanganisa iKomiti Yokukhetha UkuHlasela Ukuhlasela kwe-Capitol eUnited States neKomiti Yokukhetha i-Prosethi ye-Prosethisting Commentase Acted Commentsss Paricesss Partyss Priticess Pritivement of the United States ne-Chineticism Party.
  • AmaKomiti ahlotshisiwe:[ Lamakomiti akhiwa amalungu avela kokubili endlu naseSikhungweni Sezigelekeqe. Avame ukuba izindikimba eziqondisayo noma eziqondisayo, njengeKomiti ehlangene ekunyatheliseni noma e-Joint Economic Committee. Awanamandla okubika umthetho.
  • I-Conference Committee: Leli ikomiti eliyingqayizivele nelinamandla eliklanyelwe ukuxazulula ukungaboni hlangothi phakathi kwendlu neSigele zomthetho ofanayo. Ngoba womabili amagumbi kumelwe adlulise isibhamu esifanayo ukuze abe umthetho, ukungezwani kuyafakwa ekomitini yengqungquthela. Amalungu `avame ukubekwa izihlalo namalungu aphezulu amakomiti azimele azimeleyo", nenguquko eyaziwa ngokuthi "umbiko wesivumelwano." Lombiko kumelwe uvunyelwe ngawo womabili amakamu angalungiswanga. Ikomiti yengqungquthela ichazwa ka-"ndlu yesithathu" yengqungquthela" ngenxa yethonya layo elingaphandle kwesimo sokugcina umthetho omkhulu.

Amandla Omnikelo: Izihlalo Zamakomiti Namalungu Aneminyango

Isihlalo sekomiti singumuntu onamandla kakhulu ekomitini. Izihlalo zingamalungu eqembu elikhulu futhi zikhethwa ngokwesiko, nakuba ukuhola kweqembu nemithetho ye-caucus kufeza indima enkulu manje. Isihlalo sihlela uhlelo lwekomiti, sinquma ukuthi kuzoba nini ukuzwa nokucwinwa, siqasha izisebenzi zekomiti, futhi sikhonza njengomkhulumeli omkhulu emsebenzini wekomiti. Isihlalo esinekhono singasunduza ngesimiso sokulawula ikomiti noma sisebenzise isihlalo esinikezwayo ukuba sibambe iziphakamiso ezivimbelayo.

Ilungu eliyinhloko liyilungu eliphethe kakhulu leqembu elincane ekomitini. Nakuba lingabambi amandla afanayo okuguqula indikimba, ilungu eliphezulu lidlala indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umsebenzi wekomiti. Lisebenza njengomkhulumeli oyinhloko wemibono yeqembu elincane, liphatha isigaba seqembu elincane, futhi ngokuvamile lizama ukuxoxa nge-bipartisan ehlehliweyo noma, ngokuphikisanayo, ukusebenzisa amasu e-procratedism ukuze linciphise izinqumo zeningi. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwesihlalo nelungu eliphezulu lingachaza ubuntu bekomiti, kungaba ukubambisana noma ukubambisana noma ukuphatha kahle noma ukuhlanganisa ne-dverse.

Izivumelwano Ezingaphansi: Ukuqeda Umsebenzi Onzima

Amakomiti amaningi amile ahlukaniswa aba amakomiti amancane, agxile endaweni elinganiselwe phakathi kwesikhundla sekomiti. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti yokuphothula ye House inezibopho eziyishumi nambili, ngalinye elinomthwalo wokuxhasa ingxenye ethile kahulumeni kahulumeni (umz., iDefense, Homeland Security, i-Arbor-HS-Education). Ikomiti engaphansi ivumela ngisho nolwazi olukhethekile nokuhlolwa. Imali ingathunyelwa kuqala eqeshini elingaphansi kwekomitini eliphansi ukuze kuzwe futhi iphawulwe ngemuva ngaphambi kokuba ihlelwe yikomiti egcwele. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela iNdlundlo ukuba inqubo enkulu yomthetho nokuphathwa kwezokuziphatha okuphelele.

Ukunamandla Nethonya Ezombangazwe EmaKomitini

Isimiso sekomiti asiwona umshini ongathathi hlangothi, wezombangazwe. sigxile kakhulu kwezombangazwe ezihlukanisayo nakumandla endlu.

Izabelo ZeKomiti Nokwethembeka Kweqembu

Ukuthola isihlalo ekomitini enamandla kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kulungu ngalinye lendlu. Izabelo zenziwa yikomiti yokuqondisa yangaphakathi ngayinye. Amalungu ngokuvamile kufanele alwele isihlalo, akhulume ngolwazi, isizinda, nekhono lokuphakamisa imali yeqembu. Izabelo kumakomiti aphezulu aphezulu njenge Games ne-Tresh noma Approgrictions zigcinelwa amalungu akhulile noma lawo aye abonisa ukwethembeka okuqinile eqenjini. Ikhono lelungu lokuthonya imithetho lihlangene ngokuqondile nezabelo zekomiti. Ukukhonza ekomitini elihlobene nesifunda (umz., i-Agrimmation yezomphakathi wolimi) kubhekwa njengokubalulekile ukuze kuphinde kuhlolwe.

Indima Yabathandi Bokufunda Ifa Neqembu Elinesithakazelo

AmaKomiti ayisisulu esiyinhloko semboni ekhuthaza iWashington. I-Lobbys ifuna ukuthonya amalungu amakomiti nezisebenzi zawo kuzo zonke izigaba zenqubo: ukusiza ekufakeni izikweletu, ukunikeza ubufakazi obungochwepheshe ekulaleleni, nokuzama ukuguqula amavoti phakathi nokuchoma. Ukuthenga kuyicebo elivamile, lapho amaqembu anesithakazelo ezama ukuthola isikhwama esibhekiswe ekomitini akholelwa ukuthi sinobungane embangweni wabo. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamakomiti namaqembu enzalo buwumthombo wempikiswano enkulu, nabagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kungaholela ekuthumbeni ukuthungatha abantu abaphethe impatho kanye nezimiso ezikhethekile ezithandwayo emphakathini.

Ukuhlangana Nokuhamba Ngemoto EmaKomitini Anamuhla

Inqubo evamile yokusebenza kwekomiti njenge-bipartisan, inqubo yokuzimela iye yaphela kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. Namuhla, ukuqulwa kwamacala ekomiti kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengezindawo zokuthumela imiyalezo ngokulandelana kunokuba kuthathwe iqiniso. Iqembu elikhulu lingase libambe icala lokuphoxa ukuqondisa noma ukuqokomisa impikiswano evumayo esisekelweni salo, kuyilapho abambalwa besebenzisa isikhathi sabo ukuhlasela iziteshi zeningi. Naphezu kwalezi zimo, lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuncipheni kokuhleleka okuvamile, lapho amakomiti ephucwa, futhi izindleko zisetshenziswa khona ngemihlangano yeqembu evalile. Ukusetshenziswa okukhethekile kwemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho, evimbela amandla aphansi, aqhubekela amandla amakomiti namalungu. Naphezu kwalokhu, isimiso sekomiti siyaqhubeka sikhona isikhungo esiyinhloko sezenziwa ngokubusa.

Izenzakalo Ezingokomlando Nokuziphendukela Kwamandla Amakomiti

Umlando wendlu, ngezindlela eziningi, umlando wamakomiti ayo. Amandla amakomiti aye asetshenziswa ngezikhathi zenhlekelele nempikiswano, elololonga indlela yesizwe.

  • Indlu Engangeni-Americanametics Committee Komiti (HUAC): Yadalwa ngo 1938, iHUAC yahlola imisebenzi yokungathembeki nokwehlubuka ecatshangelwayo abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano ezisolwa ukuba namakhomanisi. Ukuzwa kwayo okusakazwa kakhulu kwabethwa abalobi be Hollywood, abaqondisi, nabadlali, kwabangela ithonya elihlasimulisayo ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile nasekuchazeni inkathi yokuqala yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi.
  • IKomiti yendlu yoMdindo ne-Implucation: IKomiti yeNdlu Ye-Judiary ibilokhu iphakathi kwemithetho yonke kamongameli emlandweni waseMelika. amavoti ayo ezihloko zokungagunyazi koMongameli Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon, Bill Clinton, noDonald Trump ayeyizikhathi ezibalulekile. Uphenyo lwekomiti ehlazweni leWatergate, kuhlanganise nesinqumo sayo sokuthatha amakhasethi eMongameli we-Oval Oxon's, iyisibonelo sekhono lokuhlola i-Ovalgatem.
  • I-Financial Inquickry Commission (FCIC): Nakuba i-arhente ehlangene, umsebenzi wayo wafanekisela ikomiti yophengululo yanamuhla. Ukuzwa kwayo kwahlola izimbangela zenkinga yezezimali ka-2008, ifaka izikhulu zeWall Street izifungo futhi iveze umlando obanzi, uma kuphikiswana, umlando ongokomthetho wokuwa.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa amandla amakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile aphikiswayo, amakomiti okuqondisa inkulumo yeningi nokubeka izinhlangano ezinamandla ezaba nesibopho sokulandisa.

Okwenza Ukuqonda Amakomiti Kubaluleke Kubantu Abahlala Ezakhamuzini

Umsebenzi wamakomiti endlu ungabonakala njengomsebenzi wobuchwepheshe obungaphakathi, kodwa unethonya elikhulu neliqondile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ukushintshela ekhokheni yentela eqanjwe ngezindlela nangoMathere iKomiti ithinta isheke lamali yonke. Umthetho omusha weKomiti yamandla neyohwebo uthinta izindleko zemithi yomthetho kanye nokuhlanzeka komoya namanzi. Ukulalela kweKomiti yombuso kungadalula ukulahlwa nokukhwabanisa kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni.

Kumuntu othembisene, umsebenzi wekomiti uyingxenye ebalulekile yokuthembisana komphakathi. Cishe wonke amacala ekomiti ahlala ehleli engosini yekomiti. Umphakathi ungafaka ubufakazi obubhaliwe, ubone imibhalo edluliselwe, futhi ulandele isimo somthetho .Gov. Ukuqonda isimiso sekomiti kunikeza iphuzu elibalulekile ukuze ubone ukuthi kwenzekani isenzo sangempela. Kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibone abadlali abayinhloko, ziqonde izimpikiswano zenqubo, futhi zibambe abameleli babo abakhethiwe ukuba balandise amavoti abo, hhayi nje phansi.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwesimiso Sekomiti

Isimiso sekomiti yendlu siyinto eyinkimbinkimbi, ethatha kancane, futhi ekhungathekisayo. Ilula ukuba ikwazi ukwenza umthetho, ukuhlukanisa, nethonya lezithakazelo ezikhethekile. Nokho, iyingxenye ebalulekile yesimiso sikahulumeni ongummeleli waseMelika. Ivumela ukuhlelwa, inikeza icebo elibalulekile egatsheni eliphethe, futhi ihlala iyinkundla eyinhloko yomsebenzi ogcwele, wokuwehlisa umthetho. Nakuba inguquko ingadingeka ukuze ikwazi ukuwenza uphumelele futhi isebenze kakhulu enkathini yesigaba esiphezulu sikahulumeni, isakhiwo sekomiti sihlala siphumelela kakhulu ukuze kusebenze umsebenzi wayo omkhulu. Njengoba i House iqhubeka isebenza, amakomiti ayo aqhubekela ezindaweni lapho imithetho yesizwe inquma ngempela khona.