Uhulumeni wase-United States usebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso esiklanywe ngokucophelela se-checks kanye nokulinganisela okuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekulawuleni elinye. Idalwe nguMthetho-sisekelo, lesakhiwo sihlukanisa amandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo: iSikhundla (umkhandlu), i-Legislative (umkhapheli), kanye ne-Justicial (Conors), nokuhlangana kwabo (izintambo), ngokuvamile okuphikisanayo, okunengxabano, zenza isisekelo esinamandla sokubusa kwaseMelika. Ukuqonda lokhu kudingekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi imithetho yenziwe kanjani, iphoqelelwe, futhi ichazwe kanjani, nokuthi igatsha ngalinye linikeza kanjani amandla futhi libamba kanjani abanye.

Isikhulu: Amandla Nemingcele KaMongameli

UMongameli usebenza njengenhloko kahulumeni, inhloko kahulumeni, nomphathi wamabutho ahlomile. ISiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo sifaka “amandla okubusa” kuMongameli, kodwa lawo mandla alawulwa ngamabomu yiSishaya-Mkhandlu nezinkantolo. Amandla kaMongameli angokomthetho ahlanganisa:

  • Amandla [ - UMongameli angase enqabe noma isiphi isikwele esidluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu, nakuba uMkhandlu ungadlula i-veto ngenani eliphindwe kabili nantathu emagumbini womabili.
  • Igunya lokumisa – uMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, onobhala bamaKhabhinethi, amanxusa, nezinye izikhulu eziphakamisayo, zonke zingaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSigebengu.
  • uMyalo omkhulu [ - UMongameli uqondisa ibutho lezempi kodwa akakwazi ukumemezela impi; lowo mbuso ungoweSishayamthetho.
  • Iziqondiso neziqondiso[ - Lezi ziphethe amandla omthetho ngaphandle kokuba zishaywe izinkantolo noma zigumbuqelwe umthetho olandelayo. Izinga labo lilinganiselwe yizimiso ezikhona noMthetho-sisekelo.
  • Umholi wenkambiso ye-Curbes - Umongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano (uthola imvume yesigele esinesithathu sobufundisi) futhi angangena ezivumelwaneni zezikhulu ngaphandle kwemvume yeSigele.
  • [ Amandla e-pardon – uMongameli anganikeza iziphakamiso futhi axolele amacala kahulumeni ngaphandle kwecala lokungagunyazi.

Naphezu kwalezi ziphathimandla ezibanzi, uMongameli akanakukwazi ukunikeza imali efanelekile, ukwakha amahhovisi amasha kahulumeni, noma ukungawunaki umthetho omisiwe.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ingqungquthela Njengomahluleli Womthetho Nomzimba Ophethe

Congress, isishaya-mthetho se-bidamaral esenziwe yiNdlu yabameleli (amalungu angu-435) neSigele (amalungu ayikhulu), ngokuyinhloko banomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho. ISiphakamiso Ngibala amandla aso adwetshiwe, kuhlanganise nentela, ukuboleka, ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano zamazwe, nokumemezela impi. Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, ukuqhuba imisebenzi ebucayi:

  • I-bodript kanye ne-approprict - izikhokhisi zilawula yonke imali kahulumeni echithwayo ezikweletini ze-appropria zaminyaka yonke. UMongameli ufaka isicelo semali yokuhlelwa kwemali, kodwa uKhongolo akaboshiwe yiyo.
  • Ukuqapha nokuhlola [ - Amakomiti kuwo womabili amagumbi ahlola izenzo zobuphathi, ukuvala amacala, imibhalo ye-passena, nokubiza ofakazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi unecala.
  • Amandla okuhlela - Indlu inegunya eliphelele lokukhipha (imvume) umongameli, umahluleli, noma esinye isikhulu sikahulumeni se-“mcabango, ukufumbathisa, noma obunye ubugebengu obukhulu kanye nama-demorior.” Khona - ke iSigele siqunga icala futhi, ngevoti eyisithathu, singasusa isikhulu.
  • I-advice nemvume [ - ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli futhi sigunyaza izivumelwano. Lokhu kunikeza ithonya elikhulu kakhulu egunjini eliphezulu phezu kwezisebenzi zokwahlulela nezikhulu.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Inqubo yokuveza [ - Amabhuleki kumele adlulise womabili amagumbi ngendlela efanayo futhi asayiniswe nguMongameli (noma udluliswe kuveto) ukuze abe ngumthetho. Lokhu kukhuhlana okukhishwe ngaphakathi kuqinisekisa ukuvumelana okubanzi.

UKhongolose futhi unamandla okumisa inani lamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, akha noma aqede izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi, futhi (ezinezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zazo zombili izindlu) aveza izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezingagumbuqela imithetho yokwahlulela. Lemibuso yenza iKhongolo ibe igatsha elinomthwalo wemfanelo kubantu ngokuqondile, nokho ukuphumelela kwayo kuxhomeke ekubambisanani noMongameli nasenhloniphoni ngokubukezwa kokwahlulela.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Izinkantolo Njengezilandeli Nabaqondisi

Ijaji likahulumeni, eliholwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States, lichaza imithetho noMthetho-sisekelo. ISiphakamiso III simisa iNkantolo eyodwa ePhakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi njengeSishaya-mthetho zingakha (manje izinkantolo zesigodi ezingu-94 nezinkantolo ezingu-13 zokudlulisa amacala). Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukubukeza kwe-judicial – okokuqala kuqinisekisiwe Marbury v. Madison (103]), lomandla avumela izinkantolo ukuba zishaye imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu eziphula umthetho-sisekelo. Yinhloloko eyinhloko yejaji kwamanye amagatsha.
  • Isikhathi sokuphila [ - amajaji eFederal akhonza “ekuziphatheni okuhle,” okusho ukuthi bangasuswa kuphela ngokufundisa. Lokhu kubavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi kuvumele inkululeko yesikhathi eside.
  • [ Ukufakwa kwemithetho [ - Uma imithetho idida, izinkantolo zinquma inhloso yoMkhandlu futhi zisebenzise umthetho emacaleni athile. Imithetho yazo ingayilawula ngokuphumelelayo indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo.
  • Igunya eliphethe – iNkantolo Ephakeme ilalela izikhalo ezicathulweni zikahulumeni eziphansi nezinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni ezimayelana nezimpikiswano zomthetho kahulumeni. Izinqumo zayo ziba yisikhombi esilandelanayo ezweni lonke.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye [ – iBill of Rights neSichibiyelo se 145 kuqinisekisa inkululeko ethile; izinkantolo zimisa lemingcele ngokumelene nomphambano kahulumeni.

Ijaji alikwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo noma ukuphoqelela imithetho yalo; lincike egatsheni eliphethe ukuba lifeze iziyalezo zenkantolo. Lokhu kuncika kubonakalisa ukuthi kungani ukuhloniphana emagatsheni kubalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSishaya - mthetho singalinganisela ukubusa kwemithetho, simise ubukhulu beNkantolo Ephakeme (nakuba ingashintshanga kusukela ngo-1869), futhi sihlongoze ukulungisa ukuthatha izincazelo ezisekelwe emthethweni.

Ukungenela Okubalulekile: Indlela Amagatsha Ahlola Futhi Abe Nethonya Ngalinye

Umongameli Nohulumeni: Ukulinganisela Kwamandla Nsuku Zonke

Ubuhlobo phakathi kweWhite House neCapitol Hill bubonakala kakhulu futhi buvame ukuphikisana kakhulu. Umthetho kaMongameli umnika i-cheke eqondile eKhongomeni, kodwa usongo lokulawula lukhuthaza ukuxoxisana. Ngokuhlukile, ulawulo lweKhongolo-khampathi lungaphaka imali yokusekela noma ukuhlanganisa izimo. Imfuneko yokuqinisekisa izikhulu zezikhulu eziphezulu iqinisekisa ukuba amaPresidenti athintane nabaqondisi ezimisiwe, ngezinye izikhathi kuholele ekuhwebeni izinhlelo ze-Prentellingsss shop.

UKhomishane futhi uqondisa ngokuqulwa kwecala nangokuhlola. Omongameli bangase bacele ilungelo lokugodla ukwaziswa, kodwa izinkantolo zifuna isidingo esiqondile sokunqoba lelolungelo, njengoba kuboniswa ku- United States v. UNixon ukwahlulela okwaphoqelela uMongameli Nixon ukuba akhiphe izitepi eziqoshiwe. Emacaleni adlulele, iNdlu ifuna ukuba kungene amongameli abathathu (Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, uDonald Trump kabili), nakuba uJohnson noTrump belingelwa yiSigean kuphela futhi kungekho namunye owalahlwa icala.

Abaholi futhi bathonya i-Congress ngekheli le-State of the Union, ukunxusa, nokuhola kweqembu. Omongameli banamuhla bavame ukusebenzisa iziyalezo zokuqondisa ukuze benze into engalindelekile lapho uKhongolo luvalwa, kodwa iziyalezo ezinjalo zingashintshwa ukuphatha okulandelayo noma zihlatshwe izinkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, uhambo lwa 2017, ukuvinjelwa, lwabhekana nezinselele eziningi ezingokomthetho ngaphambi kokuba inguqulo ebukeziwe isekelwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme Trump v. Hawaii

IziKhongozelo Nezinkantolo: Ukulahla I - Judiciary Ne - Juristion Yayo

ISishaya-mthetho sisebenzisa ithonya laso elibaluleke kakhulu enkantolo ngenqubo yokuqinisekisa. Inkantolo ngayinye ePhakeme iye yaba isenzakalo esikhulu sezombangazwe, neseluleko nemvume yeSigele ngokuvamile iguqula izimpi ezihlukene. ISigele singalahla izimpondo ezithathelwanayo, ukuphuza ukuzwa (njengoba kunjalo kuMerrick Garland ngo 2016), noma ukushintsha umnyango wokuqinisekisa (ukususa i-banbuster eNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2017). Ngalé kwemithetho, i-Congress Congress ingaball:

  • hlela isakhiwo sezinkantolo zikahulumeni – Fakela noma susa amajaji, ukushintsha imingcele yesifunda, noma ngisho nokuqeda inkantolo (njengoba yenza ngeKhonsathi yezohwebo ngo1913).
  • Limitate quare trand - I-Action III inikeza igunya lombuso weSishaya-mthetho ukubeka i-applette yeNkantolo Ephakeme, nakuba lombuso ungasetshenziswa kakhulu futhi imingcele yawo idingidwa.
  • O incazelo yokwahlulela [ – Lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ichaza umthetho kahulumeni ngendlela iSishaya-mthetho esingawuthandi, ingawuguqula umthetho ukuze ucacise injongo yawo. Ukushintsha incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kudinga ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo, isithiyo esiphezulu kakhulu.
  • Control Control - Izishaya-mthetho zifanele imali yejaji, kuhlanganise namaholo, izakhiwo, nobuchwepheshe, inike amandla aphambili ekusebenzeni kwasenkantolo.

Izinkantolo, nazo zibukeza ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho wemithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Marbury v. Madison isibonelo esisho ukuthi ngokushesha nje lapho umthetho ushaywa, uMkhandlu kumelwe uvume ukubusa, udlulise umthetho omusha ohlangabezana nezindinganiso zomthetho-mthetho, noma uhlonze ukulungisa. Izinqumo ezinjenge Brown v. Board of Education[ (11954]) kanye [FL:] no [FLT:] Obergefell. Hodge [[FLD:5] .[20] umthetho nenkambiso yezenhlalo (20:5]

UMongameli Nezinkantolo: Ukumiswa, Izinselele, Nokuphoqelelwa

Amandla kaMongameli okumisa amajaji kahulumeni − kanye nokuphila kwe-tenaure-linye lezindlela ezihlala njalo kakhulu umphathi omkhulu angabumba ngazo umthetho waseMelika. Umongameli oyedwa angasusa ukulinganisela kwemibono yezinkantolo amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Umongameli uTrump umise amajaji amathathu eNkantolo Ephakeme (Neril Gormoth, Brett Kavavaugh, noAmmy Coney Barrett) namajaji esifunda angu-5, kuyilapho uMongameli uBiden emise uKetanji Brown Jackson kanye nabahluleli abaningi abangaphansi kwenkantolo. Izimpi zokuQumla iQueqe ziye zaba yizincukume, kanye namafilosofi okwahlulela namajaji angaphambili.

Abameli babuye basebenzelane nezinkantolo lapho izenzo zabo zokuphatha ziphikiswa. UMnyango woMahlulelo uvikela izenzo zomongameli enkantolo, kodwa uMongameli udingeka ngokomthetho-mthetho ukuba “aqaphele ukuba iMithetho igcwaliswe ngokwethembeka,” okusho ukuvumelana nemithetho yenkantolo iboshelwe. [e-ntsha] Commenttactown Comment Comment=Tube Co. v. Saayter [1952], iNkantolo Ephakeme yavala ukuthumba umongameli uTruman izinsimbi phakathi kweMpi yaseKorea, iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nemibuso yempi inemingcele engokomthetho. Ngokufanayo, uMongameli Nixon wayalelwa ukuba aphendule amakhase, futhi izinkantolo eziphansi zivale iziyalezo eziningi zokufuduka, indawo ezungezile, i-octive produration, i-gementals.

Izinkantolo zesizwe ziye zenqaba ukubukeza izizathu eziyisisekelo zokuxolelwa, ngaphandle kwalapho kungavamile ukuthi zingaphazamisa khona amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo (isib., ukuthethelelwa kwamalungelo eSichibiyelo Sesihlanu). Nokho, ukuxolelwa akunakuvimbela ukungezwa noma imiphumela yako.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo: Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Nezanamuhla

Ukukwazi ukumelana nalesi simiso kuqondwa kangcono kakhulu ngezenzakalo zikakhonkolo:

  • Marbury v. Madison (103) – iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa ukubukeza kokwahlulela, isho amandla okumemezela isenzo sombuso weSishaya-mthetho. Lesisinqumo sahlola kokubili uKhongolo noMongameli, simisa isibonelo esisalokhu sikhona namuhla.
  • Inkathi entsha – uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt izinhlelo zezomnotho zabhekana nokuphikiswa kweNkantolo Ephakeme. Ekuphenduleni, wasikisela “ukupakisha inkantolo” (ukuhlanganisa amajaji ayisithupha), leyo inqaba. INkantolo yagcina yashintsha indlela yayo yokukhuluma, isekela umthetho wesihluthulelo we-New Deal.
  • Watergate (1974) - Izishaya-mthetho zahlola uMongameli uNixon, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha imvume ngazwi linye yokukhipha amakhasethi, futhi iKomiti ye House Judiary yavotela izihloko zokungagunyazi. UNixon wasula phambi kwevoti egcwele yeNdlu, ebonisa ukuthi amagatsha amathathu angahlangana kanjani enkathazweni yomthetho-mthetho.
  • Act ye-Affordble Care (202) - [Ingqungquthela] yadlula i-ACA, uMongameli i-Obama wayisayina, futhi izifundazwe eziningi zayibekela inselele enkantolo. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela igunya lomuntu ngamunye njengentela kodwa yabulala ingxenye yokwanda kweMedicaid. Kamuva, iSishaya-mthetho sazama ukuphinde sifakwe, futhi iNkanto ebekwe ngokwesilinganiso esiqhubekayo, ibonisa ukufakwa kwemithetho eqhubekayo.
  • ITrump Trave Trive Ban (2017) - uMongameli Trump wakhipha iziyalo zokuqondisa ezivimbela ukuhamba emazweni amaningana amaSulumane. Izinkantolo eziphansi zavala iziyalezo; iNkantolo Ephakeme ekugcineni yasekela inguquko ebukeziwe ngemva kokuthola iziqondiso ezithile. Ingqungquthela ayizange ithathe isinyathelo, ishiye izinkantolo njengendlela eyinhloko yokuhlola.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi amagatsha awathathi hlangothi. Ngokuvamile, asabelana ngokunyakazisana, enze iphana eliyinkimbinkimbi elithatha indawo ephenduka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Isiphetho: Isidingo Esihlala Njalo Sokubusa Okulinganiselayo

Ukusebenzelana phakathi kukaMongameli, uKhongolo, neNkantolo akuzibophi futhi akusebenzi ngemishini. Igatsha ngalinye lisebenza neziphathimandla ezihlukile zomthetho-sisekelo kodwa lihlala lincike kwezinye ngenxa yobugunya, ukusekela ngokwezimali, ukugcinwa kwemithetho, nokuchazwa. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi singenamsocoko, siye sabonakala siqinile kakhulu emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Liye laphoqelela ukuyekethisa, ligadelela ekubuseni, futhi livikela amalungelo amancane (asho ukuthi isilinganiso esithandwayo noma ukuvelela okubusa kukhetha ukuthatha ijubane.)

Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlangana akuyona nje indlela yokufunda. Kuyikhanyisa indlela izimiso ezibunjwa ngayo, indlela ezivikelwa ngayo, nendlela ezixazululwa ngayo izingxabano zezombangazwe. Kubafundi bakahulumeni, kugcizelela ubuciko bomklami: amandla kumelwe ahlakaniswe futhi axhunyiwe, igatsha ngalinye liphethe isihluthulelo sokuphumelela kwabanye. Njengoba i-United States ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha − kusukela ekushintsheni kwezesayensi kuya ekuntengantengantengeni kwembulunga yonke [1] ikhono lalalamagatsha amathathu lokubambisana (ukuhlola elinye) liyohlala libalulekile empilweni yeRiphabliki.

[[Umthetho:0] Imithombo yemfundo ephinda ifundwa:[[Umthetho:1]