Isingeniso: Izinsika Zomphakathi

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo budala isisekelo sanoma yimuphi umphakathi osebenzayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usanda kuqala ukufunda ngemisebenzi yomphakathi, ukusebenza, noma ukuthatha izinombolo, ukuqonda lemiqondo kuyabaluleke. Amalungelo anika abantu amandla okuphila ngokukhululeka nangesizo, kuyilapho imithwalo yemfanelo iqinisekisa ukuthi le nkululeko ayitholanga ngokulahlekelwa kwabanye. Lesi siqondiso sizochaza kokubili imiqondo, ukuhlola imvelaphi yabo, ukuhlola izinhlelo zangempela zezwe, futhi sinikeze iseluleko esisebenzayo sokuzilinganisela ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Ayini Amalungelo?

Amalungelo anikezwa abantu, avikelwe yizimiso zomthetho, imithetho-mthetho, noma izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke. Zimelela ukuthi umuntu oyedwa angamelana nabanye noma amelane nombuso, aqinisekise ukuthi uthola inkululeko eyisisekelo, imithombo, nesivikelo. Umqondo welungelo usho ukuthi umuntu unesibopho sokuhlonipha noma ukusekela lokho.

Izinhlobo Zamalungelo

Amalungelo angahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana, ngasinye sinezici zaso siqu nezimiso zokugcinwa:

  • Amalungelo enkolo – Kaningi asuka emasikweni efilosofi (umzk., John Locke, inkululeko, nempahla). Lokhu kubhekwa njengokuzuzwa ngefa kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi baqashelwa nguhulumeni.
  • Amalungelo - Amalungelo anikezwa ngokucacile yisimiso somthetho, njengelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga noma ilungelo lokusayina isivumelwano. Ayahluka-hluka ngokobukhosha.
  • Amalungelo abantu - amalungelo omhlaba wonke aqashelwa yizinhlangano zomhlaba wonke (isib., uBufakazi Bomhlaba Wonke Bamalungelo Abantu). Ahlanganisa ilungelo lokuphila, inkululeko ekuhlukunyezweni, nenkululeko yokucabanga.
  • ICivil kanye namalungelo ezombangazwe – Amalungelo avikela inkululeko yabantu ekuphazanyisweni ohulumeni futhi avumela ukuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi (umz., ukuvota, umhlangano, inkulumo).
  • Inzuzo, i-social and Cultural Rights - Amalungelo ahlobene nenhlalakahle, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nesilinganiso esanele sokuphila.

Okwenza Amalungelo Abaluleke

Amalungelo afeza injongo ehlukene. Anika abantu amandla okuphishekela izithakazelo zabo siqu, izinkolelo, kanye nemigomo ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa okungalungile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akha imingcele evimbela abadlali abanamandla (‘ohulumeni, izinkampani, noma abanye abantu) ekusebenziseni kabi igunya labo. Uma amalungelo ehlonishwa, imiphakathi ijabulela ukuqina okukhulu, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, nokungalingani.

Iyini Imithwalo Yemfanelo?

Imithwalo yemfanelo ixhomeke kubantu ngabanye ababopha bona, abanye, kanye nomphakathi obanzi. Nakuba ilungelo liyinto onelungelo lokuyamukela, umthwalo wemfanelo uyinto okulindeleke ukuba uyinikeze noma uyenze. Imithwalo yemfanelo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa amalungelo akuyilethi isiyaluyalu noma ingozi.

Izinhlobo Zemithwalo Yemfanelo

  • [[[QURT:0] Imithwalo yemfanelo [[[QL:1] – izibopho ezihlangene emthethweni, njengokukhokha izintela, ukulalela imithetho yomgwaqo, noma ukufeza izivumelwano. Ukwehluleka ukuhlangabezana nalezi zijeziso kungaphumela ezijezisweni.
  • [[[QURT:0] Imithwalo yemfanelo [ – imisebenzi enzima ayiphoqelelwanga umthetho kodwa ilindelwe umphakathi, njengokukhuluma iqiniso, ukusiza othile ocindezelekile, noma ukubonisa ukwazisa.
  • Imithwalo yemfanelo ye-pic - Imisebenzi ehlobene nesabelo sobuzwe, njengokuvota, ukukhonza ejajini, ukuhlala waziswe ngezindaba zomphakathi, kanye nokuhlonipha impahla yomphakathi.
  • [ Imithwalo yemfanelo yakho siqu - Isibopho sakho siqu, kuhlanganise nokunakekela impilo, ukuphishekela imfundo, nokuphatha imali. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyizidingo zokufeza eminye imisebenzi.
  • [ Imithwalo yemfanelo yomsebenzi [ - Imisebenzi emongweni womsebenzi, njengokugcina isikhathi somhlangano, ukugcina imfihlo, nokuphatha kahle osebenza nabo.

Okwenza Kudingeke Ukuba Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Ngaphandle kwemithwalo yemfanelo, amalungelo aba angenamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokukhuluma lilahlekelwa incazelo uma kungekho muntu othatha umthwalo wemfanelo wokulalela noma wokugwema ukukhuthaza ubudlova. Imithwalo yemfanelo idala izimo lapho amalungelo engasetshenziswa khona ngokuphephile nangokulinganayo. Ithuthukisa futhi umuzwa womphakathi: ngokufeza imithwalo yemfanelo, abantu banikela ekulondolozeni okuhle futhi basize ekulondolozeni ukwethenjwa komphakathi.

Ukulinganisela Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Isici esinzima kakhulu salendaba ukuqonda ukuthi amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo ikhona kanjani. Ilungelo ngalinye linomthwalo ofanayo nelokuvikela lelolungelo, futhi ngokuvamile linesibopho esikwelenye noma esimisweni esivikela ilungelo. Ukulinganisela akuyona into esobala ngaso sonke isikhathi, ikakhulukazi uma kungqubuzana ngamalungelo.

Imvelo Elinganiselwe

Isazi sefilosofi uWesley Hohfeld sathi amalungelo nemisebenzi kulinganiselwe: uma u-A enelungelo lokulwa no-B, khona - ke u-B unesibopho ku-A. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lakho lempahla liphoqelela abanye ukuba bangakwebi. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo lakho lokuqulwa icala libeka icala elifanele kubahluleli nabashushisi ukuba balandele inqubo efanele.

Ukucindezeleka Okuvamile

Izingxabano zivame ukuvela lapho amalungelo amabili engqubuzana. Cabangela ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nelungelo lokuthola isikhathi sokuba wedwa. Ukusakaza imininingwane yomuntu siqu yezokwelapha kungase kube ukukhuluma, kodwa kuphula ilungelo lomuntu lokuba wedwa. Ukuxazulula izingxabano ezinjalo kudinga ukwahlulela okucophelelayo, ngokuvamile okuqondiswa izimiso zomthetho ezinjengokulingana nesimiso esilimazayo. Amahlelo ayahluka endleleni alinganisela ngayo lemizwa; ngokwesibonelo, izizwe zaseYurophu zibeka imingcele eqinile ekuvikeleni imfihlo, kuyilapho i-United States inikeza amandla amakhulu okuveza inkululeko.

Enye ingxabano ihilela ilungelo lenkululeko engokwenkolo kanye nelungelo lokulingana.

Amacebiso Awusizo Okulinganisela

  • Yazi umthetho [ - Ukuqonda amalungelo akho angokomthetho nezibopho zakho egunyeni lakho. Ukungazi okungokomthetho akusona izaba ezifanele.
  • Qaphela imingcele yabanye [ - Ngaphambi kokuba usebenzise ilungelo, cabangela ukuthi libathinta kanjani abanye. Zibuze ukuthi isenzo sakho singawaphazamisa yini amalungelo omunye umuntu.
  • Ukuxoxa [ - Uma kuphikisana ngamalungelo, ukukhulumisana okukhululekile kungaholela ekhambini elihloniphekile.
  • [ Ifeza imisebenzi yakho kuqala[ – imithwalo yemfanelo efana nokukhokha izintela, ukusebenza emajajini, nokulalela imithetho kukha uhlelo oluvikela amalungelo akho.
  • Zimisele ukuhlehla [ - Emphakathini ohlukene, akukho lungelo eliphelele. Ukuhlehla phakathi kwamalungelo ancintisanayo kubalulekile ukuze kuhlalisane ngokuthula.

Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko Efezwayo

Ukuqonda izinto ezingaqondakali kuhlukile, kodwa ukusebenzisa lokho kuhlukile.

Ilungelo Lemfundo Nomthwalo Wemfanelo Wokufunda

Ilungelo lemfundo, elihlanganiswe eSiphakameni 26 se Isimemezelo esingavumelaniyo samalungelo abantu [, liqinisekisa imfundo eyisisekelo nemfundo ephakeme esekelwe ngokufanele. Nokho, lelilungelo lihambisana nemithwalo yemfanelo: abafundi kumelwe baye esikoleni njalo, bahlanganyele ngenkuthalo, futhi bahloniphe othisha kanye nofunda nabo ekilasini. Abazali futhi banomthwalo wokusekela imfundo yabantwana babo, futhi ohulumeni kumelwe bafake izimali zezikole ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Uma lemithwalo yemfanelo inganakiwe, ilungelo lemfundo lilahlekelwa inani layo.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nesibopho Sokukhulumisana Ngenhlonipho

Inkululeko yokukhuluma iyisisekelo semiphakathi yentando yeningi. Ivumela abantu ukuba bahlanganyele imibono, bagxeke iziphathimandla, futhi bahlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi. Nokho lelilungelo alilinganiselwe. Izimiso eziningi zomthetho zivimbela inkulumo ewukuhlambalaza, ukukhuthaza ubudlova, inkulumo yenzondo, noma ukukhangisa okungamanga. Ngokwezinga lomuntu siqu, umthwalo wemfanelo wokuxoxa ngenhlonipho usho ukugwema ukuqanjwa amanga ngamabomu, ukulalela imibono ephikisayo, nokukhuluma ngaphandle kokufuna ukulimaza. Amapulatifomu ezenhlalo awenziwa inkundla yokulinganisela amalungelo okukhuluma ngezonothono nomthwalo wokuvimbela ukuxhaphaza i - Internet.

Ilungelo Lokwenza Imisebenzi Nesibopho Sokuhlanganyela

Ilungelo lokuvota livumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe abaholi bazo nesimiso sokuthonya. Nakuba ukuvota kuyilungelo, kubhekwa kabanzi futhi njengomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi. Umvoti ophansi unciphisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi futhi angaholela kohulumeni abangameleli abantu. Amanye amazwe, njenge-Australia ne Belgium, enza ukuvota kube yisibopho, ukukubheka kokubili njengelungelo nesibopho esingokomthetho. Ngisho nalapho ukuvota kuthathwa ngokuzithandela, ukuthatha iqhaza okuqondiswe ngekhono lobukhoma mbuso futhi kuphakamisa impikiswano.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa Nomthwalo Wemfanelo Wokuhlonipha Isikhathi Sabanye Sokuba Bodwa

Amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu avikela abantu ekuphazanyisweni okungadingekile ekuphileni kwabo. Kusukela enkathini yonyaka, lokhu kuhlanganisa ukulawula imininingwane yomuntu siqu nenkululeko ekuqapheni. Nokho, ilungelo lokungafihliwe libeka nemithwalo yemfanelo: Kumelwe uhloniphe imfihlo yabanye, ugweme ukuxoxa ngokwaziswa okuyimfihlo ngaphandle kwemvume, futhi ugweme ukusebenzisa imishini yokuhlola ngokungekho emthethweni. Amakhampani aqoqa ukwaziswa komsebenzisi anomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela leyo mininingwane futhi abe sobala ngezenzo zawo. [ I-JJ] Jener Data Protection Reglation (GDPR)[FLD:1] ingumthetho ohlanganisa lemithwalo yemfanelo.

Ilungelo Lokusebenza Nenkonzo Yokuyenza Ngenkuthalo

Izisebenzi zinamalungelo anjengeholo elifanele, izimo ezilondekile, nenkululeko yokujoyina izinyunyana. Ngokushintshana, izisebenzi zinemithwalo yemfanelo: ukuphuma ngesikhathi, ukuqeda imisebenzi ezabelwe yona, ukubambisana nosebenza nabo, nokulandela imithetho yomsebenzi. Abaqashi futhi banezibopho, njengokunikeza ukuqeqesha nokuhlonipha imithetho engalulazi. Umsebenzi onempilo uyachuma uma kokubili amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo ihlonishwa.

Umlando: Indlela Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Eyancipha Ngayo

Izimiso zasendulo ezinjengemithetho kaHammurabi nomthetho wamaRoma zasungula imiqondo yangaphambili yamalungelo angokomthetho nemisebenzi. IMagna Carta (1215) yagomela ukuthi ngisho nenkosi yayingaphansi komthetho, itshala imbewu yokubusa umthetho nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Ukukhanyiselwa kwekhulu le-17 nele-18 kwaveza izingqondo ezinjengoJohn Locke, owaphikisa ngokuthi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, enkululeko, nasempahlani. Lefilosofi yathonya ngokuqondile U.S. Bill of Rights (1791) kanye neSimemezelo saseFrance samalungelo abantu nesabantu (ngonyaka ka-18789). Le zincwadi zabala amalungelo futhi zasikisela imisebenzi efanayo kuhulumeni.

Ekhulwini lama - 20, izimpi ezimbili ezisabekayo zezwe zakhuthaza ukusungulwa kwe - Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), ngokokuqala ngqá eyaveza indinganiso yembulunga yonke yamalungelo izizwe okufanele ziyisekele.

Namuhla, le nkulumo iyaqhubeka yanda yaba yizici ezintsha: amalungelo ezimiso zezokuxhumana, amalungelo endawo, namalungelo ezizukulwane ezizayo.

Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Enkathini Yezinombolo

I - Internet iye yashintsha kakhulu indlela amalungelo asetshenziswa ngayo futhi ifeza nemithwalo yemfanelo. Izakhamuzi ezisebenzisa imishini zijabulela ukuthola ukwaziswa, ukuxhumana nokuhlanganyela okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili.

Amalungelo Ezezinombolo

Amalungelo abalulekile ahlanganisa ilungelo lokungena kuyi - Internet, ilungelo lokusebenzisa i - Internet, inkululeko yokuveza imizwa ngaphandle kokuhlaziya izinto, nelungelo lokukhohlwa (ikhono lokususa imininingwane yomuntu siqu).

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yezinombolo

Abasebenzisi be-inthanethi banemithwalo yemfanelo yokugwema ukuhlasela nge-inthanethi, ukuhlonipha ukopishe, ukungahluli, nokuqinisekisa ukwaziswa ngaphambi kokuhlanganyela. Izinkampani zezobuchwepheshe zithwala imithwalo yemfanelo yokuvikela ukwaziswa, okuyingozi, kanye nokuklama okungagunyazi ukwaziswa okunganembile. Ohulumeni kumelwe balinganisele ukuqapha ukulondeka ngamalungelo ezakhamuzi. i-Eupanean’s Digital Rights and Principles [ ifaka isiqinisekiso somzamo wokuhlanganisa lezi zibopho zanamuhla.

Izinkinga Ezivamile Zezinombolo

Enye inkinga ukungezwani phakathi kokungaqondani nokwenakwa nokuziphendulela. Ukungaboni lutho kungavikela abaphikisi kanye nabafutha ikhwelo, kodwa futhi kwenza ukuhlukunyezwa nokungatholi ukwaziswa. Enye inselele ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa: izinkampani zifuna ilungelo lokuhlaziya ukwaziswa komsebenzisi ukuze zithole inzuzo, kuyilapho abasebenzisi befuna ukulawulwa okukhulu. Ukuzimisa kudinga ukugxila okuvuselelwe ekulinganiseni kwamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo kokubili umuntu ngamunye nakwezingalo ezilinganisweni zesimiso.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke: Indlela Izinhlangano Ezihlukahlukene Ezifinyelela Ngayo Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Akuwona wonke amasiko alinganisela amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo ngendlela efanayo. Idemokrasi ekhululekile yaseNtshonalanga ivame ukubeka kuqala amalungelo omuntu ngamunye, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindleko zemisebenzi yomphakathi. Imiphakathi eminingi yaseMpumalanga Asia, ithonywe yifilosofi yobuConfucian, igcizelela imithwalo yemfanelo emkhayeni, emphakathini, nakuhulumeni, ibheka amalungelo abantu njengengxenye yokuzwana okukhulu kwezenhlalo.

Amasiko angokomthetho amaSulumane ahlanganisa futhi amalungelo nemisebenzi. Abantu ngabanye banamalungelo empahla, ubulungisa, nemfundo, kodwa agxile ekwakheni imithwalo yemfanelo kuNkulunkulu, emkhayeni, nasemphakathini. Emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika, inkolelo ka-Ubuntu/"I ngoba siphakathi kwamashumi amahlanu ukuthi amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo ahambisana: inhlalakahle yomuntu iboshelwe enhlalakahleni yabanye.

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile ezweni elihlangene. Umthetho wezizwe zonke wamalungelo abantu uzama ukumisa indawo yonke, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi kumelwe kuvumelane nezindinganiso zendawo.

Ukufundisa Ngamalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo: Imfundo Nesivumelwano

Ukwakha umphakathi lapho amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo kuqondwa futhi kuhlonishwa khona, imfundo ibalulekile. Amakilasi ezikole akufanele afundise nje kuphela umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo nezincwadi zamalungelo abantu kodwa futhi nomqondo obangela ukulinganisela izimpikiswano ezincintisanayo. Abafundi bangafunda ngokuvivinya imidlalo, izimpikiswano, nemisebenzi yomphakathi elingisa izinkinga zangempela zezwe.

Abazali nabanakekeli nabo bafeza indima ebalulekile ngokulingisa ukuziphatha okunengqondo: ukubonisa inhlonipho ngabanye, ukuchaza ukuthi kungani kunemithetho, nokukhuthaza izingane ukuba zikhulume lapho zibona ukungalungi. Izinhlangano ezingazuzisi, njenge-Amnesty International Education Program, inikeza amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo esemhlabeni wonke.

Isivumelwano somphakathi somphakathi somphakathi sokuphila konke siqinisa futhi ukulinganisela. Abantu abadala bangahlanganyela emahholo asemadolobheni, bajoyine amaqembu okuphatha izikhundla, bavolontiya futhi bafune isikhundla sendawo.

Isiphetho: Ukuphila Ngokulinganisela

Ilungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo akuyona imibuso ephikisanayo; zingama - digital amabili ohlahlo lwabiwo olufanayo. Ilungelo ngaphandle komthwalo wemfanelo ongaholela ebugovwini naselunzimeni, kuyilapho imithwalo yemfanelo engenamalungelo ingaholela ekucindezelweni nasekuxhashazweni. Imiphakathi enempilo engcono kakhulu yileyo efuna amalungelo ayo ngobuqotho futhi ifeze imisebenzi yayo ngokuzithandela.

Njengoba uqhubeka nokuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usebenza emsebenzini, esikoleni, kuyi - Internet, noma endaweni yakini(a) khumbula ukuthi izenzo zakho zinemiphumela eguquguqukayo. Ngokuqonda ukuthi yini onelungelo lokuyakhela yona kanye nalokho okukweleta abanye, usiza ekwakheni izwe elikhululekile, elingcono, neliqinile, futhi eliqinile. Qala ngezinyathelo ezincane: lalela ngokucophelela, khetha ekukhetheni kwendawo, hlonipha imfihlo yomngane wakho, noma ukuzithandela ukufundisa umntwana ukufunda. Lezi yizitini zomphakathi ezakhelwe esisekelweni esiqinile samalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo.