Liyini IRepublic?

IRepublic uhlobo lukahulumeni lapho uhulumeni ubhekwa khona njengo "indaba yomphakathi" — ithathwe egameni lesiLatini i-trasta, isho "indaba yasobala" noma "into yabantu". Ngokungafani nombusi oyedwa, lapho umbusi oyedwa ephethe igunya ngefa, ifautho lwe-republic yegunya kubantu. Labo bantu bafaka igunya lokukhetha abameleli ababuse ngokwesimiso somthetho-mthetho. Lesimiso silinganisela amandla kahulumeni futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zihlala zinecala ezakhamuzini. AmaRepublics akhelwe esimisweni sokuthi akukho muntu onegunya ngaphezu komthetho, ngisho nakulabo abawenzayo noma abawugcina.

Isibonelo serepublic siphambene nokuqondisa idemokrasi, lapho izakhamuzi zivota khona kuyo yonke indaba yesimiso ngokwazo. Kunalokho, amarepublic ancike ekumeleni izimpawu — ikhambi elisebenzayo lemiphakathi emikhulu, eyinkimbinkimbi lapho ukungenela ngokuqondile kwesakhamuzi ngasinye kuzo zonke izinqumo kungaba okungasebenziseki.

Izici Ezivelele ZeRepublic

Nakuba ama - republic ehluka kakhulu ezimisweni namasiko awo akhethekile, anezici eziningana eziwahlukanisayo kwezinye izinhlobo zikahulumeni.

  • I-RGUUMLET yoMthetho:[ e-riphabliki, imithetho isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu — izakhamuzi, izikhulu zikahulumeni, ngisho nabaholi abaphezulu. Akekho okhululekile ukuba angabi necala elingokomthetho. Lesi simiso sivimbela ukubusa komthetho ozimele futhi sidala indawo ebekelwe ikusasa nezomnotho.
  • Ukuhlukanisa ama-Powers: Amandla ahlukaniswa phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene — avamile aphethe, awemithetho, nahlulelo — ngalinye elinemisebenzi yalo siqu futhi lihlole eminye. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kuvimbela noma iyiphi into ekubekeni amandla adlulele futhi kunikeza amathuba amaningi okwengamela nokulandisa.
  • UHulumeni omelelayo: Izakhamuzi ezikhethelwa izikhulu ukuba zenze izinqumo kuzo. Lokhu kumelelwa kuyinjini esebenzayo yeriphabliki, ivumela ukubusa kube yisilinganiso lapho kugcinwa ubukhosi obuthandwayo. Imingcele, izinketho, kanye nokushintshashintsha njalo ehhovisi kuqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli bahlala besabela esabelweni somphakathi.
  • Imingcele esemthethweni: Umthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe uchaza amandla kahulumeni futhi ubala amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Lemingcele iklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho esimisweni esiyisisekelo sikahulumeni ludinga ukuvumelana okukhulu.
  • Isivikelo samalungelo amancane: amaRepublic axwaya "ukungavumelani kweningi" ngokuvikela ngokuphithizela amaqembu amancane kanye nemibono ephikisanayo. Lezisivikelo — njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, nenqubo efanele — ziqinisekisa ukuthi umzwelo othandwayo awunakuwalahla amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Lezizici zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe isimiso esisabelayo kubantu futhi esimelana nokugxila kwamandla.

Umlando: Umsuka Nokuziphendukela Kwezwe

Ukuqonda lomlando kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi kungani ama - republic ehlelwe ngendlela ahlelwe ngayo nokuthi kungani esebenza ngayo namuhla, kodwa indlela akhuluma ngayo namuhla iye yalotshwa amakhulu eminyaka okuhlola, impikiswano, nokulwa.

IRome Republic: Umzamo Wokuqala Omkhulu

IRome Republic (5092-27 BC) iyisibonelo esinethonya kakhulu sakuqala sokubusa kwerepublic. Ngemva kokugumbuqela umbuso wayo, iRoma yamisa isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuhlola nokulinganisela esasihlanganisa izigebengu ezisezikhundleni, izimantshisi ezikhethiwe (njengezinsweli, abahloli, nabacubunguli) nemihlangano ethandwayo lapho izakhamuzi zivota imithetho nezikhulu ezikhethiwe. IRoma yayingesona isimiso sombuso wentando yeningi ngezindinganiso zanamuhla — yayikhipha abesifazane, izigqila, nongezona izikhulu — kodwa yaveza umqondo wokuthi igunya elingokomthetho lithola kubantu (noma okungenani kuqule isiqu sesakhamuzi esicacisiwe) futhi amandla kumelwe asabe ezinhlanganweni eziningi ukuze kuvinjelwe ubushiqela.

IRome Republic yasungula futhi umqondo wobushiqela obuxubile, obahlanganisa i-monarchy, izakhi zezikhulu (iSigele), nentando yeningi (imihlangano). Lokhu kuxubana kwakuhloselwe ukulinganisela izithakazelo eziphikisanayo nokuvimbela noma yiliphi iqembu ekubuseni. Ukuzinza nokwanda kweRoma ngaphansi kwalesimiso kwenza ukuba iprofesbe yaba iqhaza likanolwazi nezikhulu kamuva.

Nokho, ekugcineni iRome Republic yanqotshwa ukonakala kwangaphakathi, ukungalingani kwezenhlalo, nokuphamba kwezempi, okwaphumela ekudlondlobala kuka - Augustus noMbuso. lokhu kuncipha kwaba isixwayiso kubantu bamuva ababephila ngeriphabliki, abahlola umlando wamaRoma ukuze baqonde ukuthi ama - republic angantenga kanjani nokuthi iziphi izivikelo ezidingekayo ukuze alondolozwe.

Abacabangi Abakhanyiselwe Nokuvuselelwa KweRepublicism

Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngemva kokuwa kweRoma, imibono yerepublic yanyamalala kakhulu kwezombangazwe ezisebenzayo, ihlala ngokuyinhloko emibhalweni yezazi nasemizini embalwa yase-Italy enjengeFlorence neVenice. Kwakusenjalo ngo-Republicanism ukuba ivuselelwe ngamandla. Izazi zefilosofi ezinjengo John Locke, , [FLT] [FONT] quieuteus[, kanye [[FLT:] ne-Jacques Roussiuss Rous, [[[FLT]] [[FLT]]]

Locke waphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho umi kumthetho [ ogunyaza nokuthi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla okungekho hulumeni ongayephula ngokomthetho. Imibono yakhe yesivumelwano sezenhlalo nohulumeni olinganiselwe yathonya ngokuqondile abaMelika abaQuquli. Montesquieus, emsebenzini wakhe owesikhashana [[FLT:] [[FLT]] uMoya woMthetho , uvikela amandla [[FLT:], nakuba ufaka isandla esiqondile] embululweni njengolwelwelwesi oluqinisekile ngokumelene nohulumeni wobushiqela. [umbuso], i-RGroulm, amagatsha, i-Rosmuspotory, i-Roggn, nakuba i-ocester, umbangawusekeli, umbangowomthetho omthetho wezombangazwe olusemthethweni, [Fogne]] [Fog.])] uhulumeni oluvamile, uveza izithame.[5]

Lezizimiso zokukhanyiselwa zashabalala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 leminyaka, ngokuphawulekayo kakhulu ezivukeleni zaseMelika naseFrance. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, owagunyazwa ngo-1788, waba isibonelo esichazayo serpablic kahulumeni wanamuhla, wahlanganisa uhulumeni omelelayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, kanye nencwadi ebhaliwe yamalungelo. INguquko yaseFrance, nakuba yayinezinxushunxushu, futhi izinkolelo zenkululeko, ukulingana, nezizwe — izinkolelo ezaziyosakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu nasezweni emakhulwini eminyaka alandelayo.

Izinhlobo Ezinkulu ZamaRepublic

AmaRepublic afika ngezindlela eziningana ezihlukene, ngalinye linezinhlelo zalo siqu zezezombangazwe. izigaba ezivamile zihlanganisa amarepublic kamongameli, amarepublic ephalamende, namarepublic ombuso.

AmaRepublic Obumongameli

ERepublic kamongameli, umongameli usebenza njengenhloko yombuso nenhloko kahulumeni , ekhethwe ngokwayo kumthetho. Umongameli uphethe izikhulu ezivelele, kuhlanganise nomyali wezempi, ikhono lokumisa umthetho, negunya lokumisa amalungu ekhathegithi namajaji (ihloniphekile ekuvumeni kwemithetho). IUnited States, Brazil, Mexico, ne-South Korea iyizibonelo ezivelele. amaRepublic awesterin acacile anikeza imigqa yokulandisa ngecala — u-Recondation ayazi ukuthi ubani onecala noma onecala — kodwa futhi angaholela ekubeni athathe i-grid uma i-Pucesterice kanye ne-seastruption ilawulwa yiqembu eliphikisayo.

IziRepublic ZasePhalamende

Epalamende yephalamende, uhulumeni uthathwa futhi ubekelwe icala ephalamendeni. Inhloko kahulumeni ivame ukuba ngumongameli wesiko onezigunya ezilinganiselwe, kuyilapho umphathi kahulumeni engundunankulu ohola iqembu elikhulu noma umfelandawonye epalamente. Undunankulu ne-metakha ihlala ehhovisi uma nje belondoloza ukuqiniseka kwendlu yomthetho. Uma belahlekelwa yivoti yokungathembi, ukhetho olusha noma uhulumeni omusha kumelwe wakhiwe. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iNdiya, iJalimane, ne-Singapore. Ama-parpartherian republiclate avame ukuvumelana futhi angadlulisa umthetho ngokushesha kunezimiso zobumongameli, kodwa bangantula izinga elifanayo lokuhlola nokulingana.

Federal Republics

Irepublic kahulumeni ihlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni ophakathi kwezwe kanye nohulumeni bezigodi abazimele kancane (izifundazwe, izifundazwe, noma ama-canton). Lesi sakhiwo sivumela izifunda ukuba zikwazi ukulawula izinto zendawo — imfundo, ezokuthutha, ezomphakathi, ukuphepha komphakathi — kuyilapho uhulumeni ophakathi uphatha ukuzivikela kwesizwe, isimiso sangaphandle, nemali. Amarepublic avamile emazweni amakhulu, ahlukene lapho isimiso sobunye singaba nesithinti. I-United States, i-Switzerland, ne-India, iyirevolustralism. i-Federalis yenezela ungqimba owengeziwe wezokuhlola nokwehlisa isilinganiso, njengoba ohulumeni bezifunda bengaba namandla okumelana negunya elikhulu.

Izigaba: Umehluko Obalulekile

Abantu abaningi basebenzisa amagama "republic" no"democracy" ngokungafani, kodwa awafani. udemocracy [ ugcizelela ukubusa okukhulu — umqondo wokuthi intando yeningi kufanele inqume inkambiso yomphakathi. uququzele umthetho-wonke[, ngokuphikisana, ugcizelela imingcele yemithetho-sisekelo kanye nesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye nakancane ngokukhohliswa okukhulu. IUnited States, ngokwesibonelo, ivame ukuchazwa njenge-"constianitional republiction" kunokuba "intando yentando yeningi" ukuqokomisa ukuthi amandla amaningi ancishiswayo kalula i-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. babeqapha lokho abakubiza ngokuthi "ukwehlisa amandla eningi" — ingozi yokuthi iningi elishisekayo lingase lisebenzise amandla alo ekucindezeleni amaqembu amancane, ukuqoqa impahla, noma ukuqeda inkululeko eyisisekelo. Ngakho baklama isimiso esithandwayo esizosetshenziswa ngezinhlangano zabameleli, ukhetho olushayekayo, i-bidaralism, kanye nolwezigebengu ezizimele. Le nqubo inganciphisa ijubane loshintsho lwezombangazwe futhi idingesivumelwano esikhulu semithetho enqubweni. Njengoba uJakobe Madison waveza ukuthi ku- Fideralist no-No.[10[FLT.FLT:1], ummeleli we-rigicism angaguqula futhi andise imibono ethandwayo ethandwayo" ngemibono ethandwayo.

Empeleni, ama - republic amaningi anamuhla ahlanganisa nezinqubo zentando yeningi — okhetho oluvamile, ukuhlobanisa abantu abakhuluma ngezombangazwe nezinhlangano.

Okwenza AmaRepublic Abe Nendaba Ezweni Lanamuhla

Enkathini yokubusa ngempoqo okukhulayo, ukuphelelwa kwethemba ezinhlanganweni, noshintsho olusheshayo lwezobuchwepheshe, izimiso zokubusa kweriphabliki zibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. AmaRepublic anikeza uhlelo oluqinile lokulinganisela inkululeko ngokuhleleka, enza ukuba kube nezenzo zobunye kuyilapho kuvikelwa amalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani amarepublic engasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibe abaphathi ababophezelwe ngokwengeziwe bokuzibusa kwazo.

Impi Emelene Nobudlova

Izici eziyinhloko zezindawo eziyinhloko zamarepublic — ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, ukubusa komthetho, izinkantolo ezizimele — zidala izithiyo eziningi ezimelene nokuhlanganiswa kwamandla ombuso ozimele. Abaholi abazama ukudlula igunya labo kumelwe balwe nendlu yomthetho engakwazi ukuxhasa ngemali, i-jaji elingabulala izenzo zabo, umbiko okhululekile ongadalula ukuxhashazwa kwezenzo, nezakhamuzi ezingavota ngaphandle kwesikhundla. Alikho inhlangano eyodwa engenakuvinjelwa ukuba ithathe noma ibhubhise, kodwa ukusebenzisa lezi zinqola-mali kukwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba umbusi onamandla athathe futhi aphathe. IRepubliclamu elondoloza izinhlangano eziqinile nezakhamuzi eziqaphile ngokuqaphayo imposa.

Ukuthuthukisa Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wobunye Nesivumelwano

AmaRepublic achuma lapho izakhamuzi zithatha imithwalo yazo yemfanelo ngokungathi sína. Ngokungafani nezimiso zempoqo ezifuna ukulalelwa ngaphandle kokuzithoba, amarepublic adinga ulwazi, ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo. Ukubhalisa kumane kuyindlela eyisisekelo yokuthembisana komphakathi. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale zinolwazi ngezindaba zomphakathi, zikhonze ezinkantolo, zihlanganyele ekubuseni kwendawo, futhi zigcine abameleli bazo becala phakathi kokhetho. Impilo ye-republic ixhomeke ekukhuleni kwempucuko yazo — izimiso, imikhuba, nezimfanelo ezisekela ukuzilawula komphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi ziphathisa bonke umthwalo wemfanelo kubamele abamele abameleli nabameleli bezwe, isimiso sokuziphatha okungenambutho, ukonakala, nokunganaki. Imfundo yezenhlalakahle yomphakathi — kuhlanganise nokuzibopha ukuzimisela, ukuhle, nokuzibopha kwezindawo ezivamile — kudingekile ekuphileni kwezinhlangano zezinhlangano ze-riphabliki zezwe elinde.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule

AmaRepublic namuhla abhekene nezingcindezi ezinkulu abasunguli bamarepublic angaphambili abangeke bazilindele. Missiconformation kanye nokwehla kwe-difficial zisakazeke ngokushesha kumaplatifomu ezibalo, zisusa isisekelo esihlangeneyo esidingekayo sokucabanga. [ ukunciphisa ukuma kwezindawo [[FLT:] ukulingana kwezombangazwe [[FLT:]] kwenza ukulingana nokuhlanganisa isakhiwo kube nzima kakhulu, kuholela ekuncipheni kwemithetho futhi kunciphe ukwe ukwethemba kuhulumeni. [[FT:4]] ukunciphisa ukungalingani okudingekayo phakathi komthetho nokuhlela okuthandwayo phakathi kwezindawo zomphakathi. [[FLT:]

Ukusingatha lezi zinselele kudinga kokubili ushintsho lwezakhiwo kanye nolwempucuko. Ukuqinisa imithombo yezindaba ezimele nokukhuthaza ukufunda imithombo yezindaba kungasiza ekulweni nokwaziswa okunganembile. Izinguquko ze-Electoral — njengokuvota okunezikhungo eziphezulu, izikhomishane ezizimele, nokuthola imvume ekhungweni lokufuna ukuvota — kungenza ukhetho lube oluncintisana kakhulu futhi lumele. Umkhankaso wezezimali wokuthola izimali kanye nezindlela zokusekela izimali zomphakathi unganciphisa ithonya labanikeli abacebile futhi ubuyisele ukuthemba ezinhlanganweni zabameleli. Ngalesosikhathi, ukuthuthukisa isiko lenkulumo yomphakathi, imfundo yezembutho, isikole, kanye nokubophana komphakathi kungavuselela inhloko yezenhlalakahle encikelwe yimali encikelwe yi-Riphabliki.

Ukuwohloka Kwembulunga Yonke Kwesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni

UbuRepublicaniism abulinganiselwe kunoma yiliphi izwe noma isifunda. I-republic iye yavunyelwa emongweni wezempucuko ehlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke, kusukela [i-indiya] (irepublic enkulu yomhlaba) ukuya e-Afrika yaseNingizimu[] [i-republic ye-ligin esemthethweni ezalwa ngokulwa nobandlululo] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT] [5] [i-pargument yombuso wezwe] eyakhiwe kabusha ngemva kwezenzo ezimbi ze-Nazi). Izinhlangano zalelizwe ngalinye ziye zabuswa izinhlangano zomlando, izimo zezenhlalo, namasiko ezombangazwe. Ukuvumelana kwemiphakathi ye-Riphablikizimu nezombangazwe

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezinjengeZizwe ezihlangene [ kanye ne-[FLT]International Institute for Democracy and Electoral help(IDEMON) zisebenza ukusekela ukubusa kwentando yeningi nerepublic emhlabeni wonke, zinikeza imithombo yezemiklamo esemthethweni, ukuqondisa uhulumeni, nemfundo yomphakathi. Ukusakazwa kwembulunga yonke kwemibono ye-riphabliki kubonisa ukunxusa kohulumeni okumelwe ulandiswe, okulinganiselwe, futhi kusabela kubantu abakhonzayo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kukahulumeni WaseRiphabliki

AmaRepublic awaphelele. Adinga umzamo oqhubekayo, ukuqapha, nokuhlehla kokubili ezakhamuzini nasebaholi. Angahluleka — njengoba iRiphabliki yamaRoma, iWeimar Republic, futhi amanye amaningi ebonisa. Kodwa amarepublic amelela futhi umzamo ophumelela kakhulu womphakathi wokuhlanganisa inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokubusa ngokubambisana, ukwakha izimiso ezinamandla neziboshiwe, zokwakha ohulumeni abakhonza abantu kunokuba bawabuse.

Umlando wobuRepublic uyindaba yokuhlola nokuvuselela. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe siphinde sithole futhi siqinisekise izimiso zokubusa kweriphabliki — umthetho wokwehlukana kwemibuso, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo, nokuhlanganyela okukhuthele kwezakhamuzi ezinolwazi. Lezizimiso azizibulali; zixhomeke ekubophekeni kwabantu abaqonda ukubaluleka kwabo futhi abazimisele ukuzivikela. Ezweni lapho ezinye izindlela zobushiqela ziqhubeka khona zidonsa ukusekela, umsebenzi wokulondoloza nokuqinisa izinhlangano ze-riphabliki uhlala uphuthuma njengoba benjalo.

Ngokuqonda ukuthi amarepublic asebenza kanjani, nokuthi kungani esebenza kanjani, izakhamuzi zingaba abahlanganyeli abaphumelelayo ekuzilawuleni kwazo siqu — futhi abavikeli abanekhono kakhulu besimiso esintekenteke, esiyigugu sokuzilawula ngokwaso leso sigaba sobuRepublic senza kube nokwenzeka. Ukuqhubeka nokufunda ngesakhelo sefilosofi sobuRepublic, Encyclopedia of Philosophy inikeza umlando obanzi we-prophedia, kuyilapho i-Enclopædia Britannica inikeza umlando kahulumeni we-Riphabliki.