Iyini Igesi Yesitsha Esijiyile?

Uvota olunechoice eliyi-rank-coiced (RCV), okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuvota okuncane, yindlela yokuvota lapho abavoti bekhetha khona ngokulandelana kokukhetha eyodwa kuphela. Uma kungekho mvoti obalwayo othola amavoti okuqala, ovota abambalwa kakhulu abavoti basuswa, futhi amavoti abo abavoti athunyelwa kwababesele abasekelwe ekukhetheni okulandelayo. Lenqubo iphinda ibuye ibe khona kuze kube yilapho omunye umvoti ephethe iningi. RCV isetshenziswa okhethweni abahlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke, kusukela emikhandlwini yendawo ukuya emincintiswaneni ye-palamendeni yesizwe.

Umlando Omfushane Wesitsha Esincane

Umqondo wabafundi abaphezulu waqala ngekhulu le-199. Isimiso sasungulwa ngokwaso uThomas Hare eNgilandi naseCarl Andræ eDenmark, kokubili esekela ukumelelwa ngokwesilinganiso. E-United States, i-RCV yaqala ukumukelwa ngokhetho lwezikhundla zomkhandlu ezindaweni ezinjenge-Ashtabula, i-Ohio, ngo1915. Yathola isithakazelo esisha kuma 2000 njengenguquko yokuya ezindaweni ezibandayo nasebuningini. Namuhla, i-RCV isetshenziswa ezikhundleni ezingaphezu kwezingu-50 e-U.S., kuhlanganise nokhetho lwezwe lonke eMaine ne-Alaska, kanye nokhetho lwamadolobha anjengeSan Francisco, Minneapolis, nase-New York City.

Izinzuzo Zokushiswa Kwezinga lokushiswa

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi i - RCV iletha izinzuzo eziningi zentando yeningi nezingokoqobo kunendlela yokuqala yokuvota (FPTP) engokwesiko.

1. Iqinisekisa ukusekela iQembu

Ku-FPTP, abanqobi bangakhethwa ngokukhetha okungaphansi kakhulu kwamaphesenti angu-50 uma abavoti abaningi behlukanisa i-votorta. i-RCV iqinisekisa ukuthi umnqobi ophumelele ekugcineni unomsekeli obanzi ngokufuna iningi leqiniso, ukunciphisa ingozi yokuba “abavoti” basekele ukukhetha kwabo kokuqala okuqotho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuchitha ibhola labo.

2. Ikhuthaza Umkhankaso Oqondile

Abathathi-nxaxheba kumelwe badlulise izisekelo zabo ukuze bathole amavoti wesibili nawasithathu. Lokhu kushukumisa ngokuvamile kuqeda ukuhlasela okuphambene ngoba ukuphambukisa abasekeli bomunye ocela ukubhapathizwa kungase kulahlekisele labo bavoti abalandelayo. Ukuhlola kokhetho lwe-RCV, njengalabo baseSan Francisco, kuye kwathola ukuthi umsindo womkhankaso uba ungcono kakhulu futhi ugxile kakhulu empikiswaneni.

3. Ukunciphisa Imisebenzi Yasendle Nemisebenzi Ehlelekile

Ngaphansi kwe-FPTP, abavoti ngokuvamile babhekene “nenkinga engekho yezinhlangothi ezimbili” futhi bavotele umuntu ophilayo kunokuba bakhethe omunye. RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bahleleke ngokwethembeka ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokuthi amavoti abo ayolahlwa uma intandabo ilahlekelwa, ngoba ivoti yabo iyoshintshelwa ekukhetheni kwabo okulandelayo.

4. Ukwandisa Ukuhlanganyela Nokumelela

Ukucwaninga kwe Iqembu Lokucwaninga Lokukhetha I-Voking kubonisa ukuthi i-RCV ingathuthukisa umvoti, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu abasebasha nabahlukene. Ngenxa yokuthi abavoti banomuzwa wokuthi amabhola abo athwala ubunzima obungaphezulu futhi bangasekela izilinganiso eziningi, ukuthembisana kuvame ukunyuka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-RCV ixhunyelelwe ekuhlukahlukeni okukhulu emahhovisi akhethiwe: abesifazane nabavoti bemibala baye benza kangcono ezimisweni ze-RCV, ngokunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi izimiso eziyinhloko zingenza kube nokuhlukahluka.

5. Ukuqeda Izinhlelo Ezibizayo Zokugijima

Izikhulu eziningi zinamavota ahlukene ayinhloko navamile abizayo kubaqashi bentela futhi zibone ukuncipha okungasheshi. I-RCV ifinyelela umphumela ofanayo wokukhetha okukodwa, ukunciphisa izindleko zokuphatha nokunciphisa ukukhathala kwabavoti. Ngokwesibonelo, iDolobha laseNew York, lasindisa izigidi ezilinganiselwa ku-2021 ngokusebenzisa i-RC ezingeni lokugcina i-primes esikhundleni sokubamba ama-bacter ahlukene.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Ukusakaza Izincwadi Ezinemisebe Eqinile

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, i - RCV ibhekana futhi nokukhathazeka okufanelekile okudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela.

1. Ukudideka Kwezimbali Nezintibane

Abavoti abajwayele ukukhetha omunye bangase bathole abavoti abaningi bedidekile. Kwezinye izilinganiso zokuqala, amaphutha kumabhola ayephakeme, abavoti bephunyuka emasimini noma beqisa. Nokho, okuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa ukuthi amazinga amaphutha ehla kakhulu ngemva kwemijikelezo yokuvota eyodwa noma emibili, ikakhulukazi ngemfundo eqinile. Fairvote yokucwaninga [ ibonisa ukuthi amanani ephutha emadolobheni anjengeMinneapolis ehla ngezansi kweyodwa noma yesithathu ngemva kokusebenzisa kokuqala.

2. Izindleko Eziphakeme Zokuphatha Nobunkimbinkimbi

Ukugcwalisa i-RCV kudinga imiklamo emisha yokuhlela, i-software yokulungisa i-computer, nokuqeqeshelwa izikhulu zokhetho. Ushintsho lokuqala lungabiza [1] Ezinye izifunda ezincane zombiko zezindleko zemishini emisha nezokungena komphakathi. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezindleko zingancitshiswa ngokususa ukhetho oluhlukene.

Imiphumela Elibalekile

Ngenxa yokuthi ukubala amavoti kuhilela imikhawulo eminingi ye-redis, imiphumela yokugcina ingathatha isikhathi eside ukumemezela, ikakhulukazi emagunyeni amakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu sesikhulu sedolobha saseNew York City sathatha isikhathi esingaphezu kwesonto ukuzuza umnqobi wokugcina. Nakuba kungesona isithiyo sokusisebenzisa, lokhu kulibaziseka kungabangela ukungathembani uma kungakhulunyelwa emphakathini.

Imishini Ehlelekile Isasekhona

Abanye abavoti bazama “umdlalo” ngokuphakamisa umvoti ongowokuqala ukuba athonye ukukhipha umthetho. Nakuba i-RCV inciphisa ukuvota okusemthethweni uma kuqhathaniswa ne-FPTP, ayikuqedi ngokuphelele. Imikhankaso ecushiwe ingakhuthaza abasekeli ukuba“bavote” (umvoti oyedwa kuphela) ukwenqaba ukusekela kwe-oceclet komncintiswano, nakuba lelisu lingavamile ukuphumelela kumavoti amakhulu.

5. Ukukhathala Kwezinsimbi Nokuzijezisa

Emijahweni enabathathi abaningi, cishe abayishumi nambili noma ngaphezulu, bangase bazizwe bekhungathekile. Izindawo eziningi zilinganisela inani lezikhulu umvoti angazenza zibe yisihlanu noma eziyisithupha, ezinciphisa ukucindezeleka kodwa ezingase zisuse abanye abavoti abazizwa bengakulungele. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-RCV ithwesa abavoti umthwalo ongafanele ngokufunda okuphansi noma isikhathi esincane sokucwaninga.

Indlela Ukushintshwa Kwezintambo: Isibonelo Ngenyathelo

Ukuze wenze le nqubo ikhonkthi, cabangela ukukhetha okucatshangelwayo kwabathathu abazobhapathizwa: uAdams, Brown, noChen. Kunabavoti abayikhulu.

  1. Kuqala indingilizi: u-Almons uthola amavoti angu-45 okuqala, uBrown uthola 35, Chen u-20: Akukho mvoti onevoti eziningi (51). U-Chen uyasuswa.
  2. [[NTL:0] I-eversed short: Amabhola angu-20 ana-Chen kuqala adluliselwa ekukhetheni kwawo kwesibili. Ake sithi amabhola angu-12 aleyo-colot enza iBrown njengendlela yesibili, kanti angu-8 anama-Adams. Manje u-Adams une-45+8=53, uBrown u-35+12=ivota. Adams u-am u-Brown u-off neningi.
  3. I-Conclion:[ qaphela ukuthi uBrown wavota kuqala kakhulu emzuzwaneni wesibili kodwa walahleka ngemva kokwabelana nge-redis, ngezinye izikhathi okumangaza abavoti abangajwayelene ne-RCV.

Lolu hlangothi oluhle lwemijaho enabantu abaningi abazofuna ukubhapathizwa kanye nezinhlangothi eziningi eziphelele.

Ukuqhathanisa i - RCV Nezinye Izimiso Zokusakaza Igesi

Ukuqonda ukuqhathanisa kusiza ekuhloleni amandla nobuthakathaka bayo.

RCV vs. Ukwehla kwemivuzo (Okuqala-Past-the Post)

I-FPTP ilula futhi ijwayelekile, kodwa ngokuvamile iveza imiphumela “ye-i-oyisilpoiner”, i-asty shoct, futhi ingakhetha abavoti abahlukene ngokwesilinganiso esiphansi. I-RCV ixazulula eziningi zalezizindaba ngezindleko zobunkimbinkimbi obungaphezulu. Ekuhloleni okungu 2020 kwamadolobha ase-U.S., i-Urban Institute [ ithole ukuthi amadolobha e-RCV ayenethuba eliphezulu futhi akhetha kakhulu kunokhetho oluncintisanayo kunamadolobha e-FPPP.

RCV vs. Phezulu-mbili

Ezimisweni ezimbili eziphezulu, bonke abazobhapathizwa bahamba ngebanga eliyinhloko elilodwa, futhi abaphezulu ababili baqhubekela phambili kukhetho oluvamile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiliphi iqembu. Lokhu kungaholela kwabazocela ukubhapathizwa ababili abavela eqenjini elifanayo ababhekene nalo, abasusa abasekeli beminye imiba engaphezulu. i-RCV igcina abacela ukubhapathizwa abaningi emjikelezweni wokugcina futhi ivumela abavoti ukuba baveze okuthandwayo okugcwele, kodwa abanakho okuyinhloko okuhlukile, kodwa ingasebenzisa i-RCV eyodwa ukunquma ngokuqondile.

Ukugunyazwa

Ukuvota kuvumela ukuba abavoti bakhethe abaningi ngendlela abathanda ngayo. Kulula kunesigaba futhi kusavumela ukusekela kwabafuna ukubhapathizwa abaningi. Nokho, akuthathi amandla okukhetha − umvoti “ofaka i-” wababili abaphatha ngokulinganayo, ngisho noma oyedwa ethandwa kakhulu. RCV inikeza imininingwane engcono kakhulu, engaveza imiphumela echaziwe kakhulu.

Izimiso Nezifundo Ezingokoqobo Ezifundiwe

Izibonelo eziningana eziphawulekayo zibonisa indlela i - RCV esebenza ngayo.

Imaine

Ngo-2018, iMaine yaba yisifundazwe sokuqala sase-U.S. ukuba sisebenzise i-RCV kukhetho lukahulumeni nohulumeni. Ngemva kokuncintisana no-2018 maphakathi, i-RCV yasetshenziswa kukhetho lomongameli wesifunda sesibili sikaMaine. AmaVoter avumelana ngokushesha, futhi amazinga amaphutha aye aphansi. Isimiso siye sabhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho, kodwa izinkantolo ziye zayisekela. Okuhlangenwe nakho kukaMaine kubonisa ukuthi iRCV ebanzi ifanelekile ngokuhlelwa okufanele kanye nemfundo yomvoti.

Alaska

I-Alaska eyamukelwa nge-RCV (eyahlanganiswa ne-ingu-4 evulekile phezulu) ngo-2020 ngokuthatha isinyathelo sokungena ebhodini. Emncintiswaneni wendlu yase-2022 e-U.S., lesimiso saveza umnqobi − uMary Peltola − owayengeyena wokuqala weningi enxanxandeni yokuqala kodwa wawina ngemva kokukhishwa kwemali. Ukhetho lwadonsela ukunakekela kwesizwe futhi lwabonisa ukuthi i-RCV ingakuvumela kanjani ukudlulisa isinxulumano sesiphambano, ngo-Riphabliki yamaRepublican u-votamss iphakamisa i-Democrat njengesinqumo sabo sesibili sokukhetha ukuvimbela umlandeli weRepublicracracy ongathi kakhulu.

IDolobha laseNew York

Isikhulu samashumi amabili nanye sabaphathi be-RCV eDolobheni laseNew York sasiwukhetho olukhulu kakhulu emlandweni wase-U. Kwafakwa ibhola elingaphezu kuka-900,000. Imiphumela yathatha amasonto amaningana ngenxa yemithetho ye-logism ne-Board of Evolutions. Naphezu kokulibala, ukuhlola kwabavoti abaningi bathola ukuthi babeqonda isimiso futhi bakuthola kulula ukusebenzisa. Idolobha selithathe i-RCV ngenxa yokhetho lwalo lwendawo unomphela.

Ezweni Lonke: I - Australia Ne - Ireland

I-Australia iye yasebenzisa i-RCV (eyaziwa lapho ngokuthi “ukuvota okungokobukhoma”) ngenxa yendlu yayo yabameleli kusukela ngo-1918. Imfundo yevoter yakhiwe ngokwesiko, futhi amazinga okungaqiniseki ephansi. I-Ireland isebenzisa i-RCV ngokhetho lwayo lwe-Dáil (pareliament), lapho i-intertituencesss zivumela khona imiphumela elinganiswayo. Imfundo yamazwe womabili ama-RCV angaba ingxenye eqinile neyamukelekayo yendawo ekhethiwe.

Ukusingatha Imibono Evamile Eyiphutha

Ukugxekwa okuningi kwe-RCV kubangelwa ukungaqondi kahle. Nazi ezinye izincazelo:

  • “RCV iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.” Ukuhlolwa kubonisa njalo ukuthi ngemva kokusebenzisa i-RCV eyodwa noma ezimbili, abavoti abaningi bathola i-RCV kulula ukuyisebenzisa. Ukucwaninga okuvela ku- Ubungane beCalifornia[ kwathola ukuthi i-80% yabavoti emadolobhaneni e-RCV akukhankanyi lutho.
  • “RCV ididafranchis abavoti abangahleli abanele.” AmaBallet anezikhundla ezingaphelele awazange aphinde ‘ akhutshazwe' kuze kuqedwe bonke abazokucela ukubhapathizwa. Ama Voter akhululekile ukubala njengabaningi noma abambalwa njengabo abathandayo; ibhola labo lisabalwa isikhathi eside njengesinye sezinqumo zabo.
  • “IRCV iholela ‘ ekubuseni okuncane kungenxa yokuthi umbhejeleli angawina ngaphandle kwamavoti okuqala.” Lokhu kuyiqiniso kodwa hhayi ngokumelene nedemokrasi", ekugcineni uthola amavoti amaningi uma kucatshangelwa okuthandayo kwesibili. Endaweni enkundleni egcwele, umvoti ovota kuqala kakhulu ngokuvamile untula ukusekela okukhulu, ngakho u-redis wabela kubonisa ukuthi uthanda kakhulu u-votiota.

Izinguquko Ezingase Zibe Khona Nokushintshashintsha

I - RCV ngokwayo inezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ezifanele ukuphawulwa:

  • Instant-runoff votation (IRV): isetshenziselwa imijaho yewinner eyodwa; inqubo echazwe ngenhla.
  • ivoti eyodwa edluliswayo (STV): i-RCV ezindaweni eziningi, ivumela ukumelelwa ngokwezilinganiso. Ama-voter athatha izigaba, futhi isilinganiso simisiwe; amavoti asele ayadluliselwa.
  • ivoti ebanzi: Umhumusho olula lapho kususwa khona konke ngaphandle kwababili abaphezulu abazobhapathizwa ngomjikelezo owodwa, futhi okuthandwayo kwesibili kulawo-colot kuyaphindaphindwa. Lokhu kushesha ukubala kodwa kulahlekelwe ulwazi oluthile.
  • I-ase-2-i-debut: Esikhundleni sokususa i-voti ephansi kakhulu yokuvota kokuqala, abavoti ababili abanamavoti ambalwa kakhulu bayaqhathaniswa, futhi lowo onezinto ezikhethwayo zomzuzwana ezimbalwa uyasuswa. Lokhu kungaba ngcono kodwa akuvamile ukusetshenziswa.

Ikusasa Lokushiswa Kwe - Choice

Kusukela ngo-2025, ama-RCV ase-U.S. asebenzisa amagunya angaphezu kuka-60 ngendlela ethile, futhi izikweleti zemithetho zokuwamukela ziye zaqala ezindaweni eziningi. Ukubhebhethwa kwe- Pew Research Center kubonisa ukuthi ukuqaphela nokwesekela komphakathi kuyakhula, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti abasebasha. Nokho, ukuphikisa kwezombangazwe kuhlala kuqinile kwezinye izindawo, ngokuvamile kubangelwa ukukhathalela komdlalizo we-RCV kungathinta kanjani imiphumela evolontiweyo. Impikiswano engaphezulu ye-RCV ekugcineni iyimpikiswano mayelana nokuthi hlobo luni lwentando yeningi esifuna ukuba i-democrive, noma isivinini esincane, noma okusekelayo okuthandwayo, iningi liyo, futhi linciphe.

Isiphetho

Ukuvota okunezeqile kunikeza okunye okunamandla kukhetho olungokwesiko. Ikhono lako lokuqinisekisa ukusekela abaningi, ukunciphisa umkhankaso ongakhi, nokunciphisa amavoti elahliwe kuye kwayivulela inani elandayo labatholi ababoleki kulo lonke elase-United States nasezweni lonke. Kodwa izinselele ezimayelana nemfundo yovoti, ubunkimbinki, nokubala kungokoqobo futhi kumelwe kuqondiswe ngokubona nokutshala imali. Njengoba ulwazi oluningi lunqwabelana lusuka ezindaweni ezisezingenisweni ezisungule i-RCV, abenzi bemithetho banesithombe esicacile esicacile sezohwebo olungekhoyo. Izindawo ezikhatheleyo zezindawo ezihlukanisayo nabazophangabazayo, i-RCV, i-RCV ingaba inyathelo lokubhekisa phambili ngokwengeziwe ekuboniseni kokukhanya nokuhlela izimali. Isihluthulelo sokuqhubeka ngokuhlela ngokucophelela, ukuncitshiswa komphakathi, ukuvumelana kwesimiso sokusebenza esingokwendawo.