Ukuqonda Imithetho Yokungabi Nanzuzo: Indlela Uhulumeni Owathinta Ngayo Amaphuzu Akho Anyanga Zonke

Ugesi, amanzi, kanye nezindleko zakho zanyanga zonke zegesi zemvelo zilolongwe yisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuqondisa uhulumeni obizwa ngokuthi umthetho we-irticulture. Lezimiso zimisa imithetho izinkampani zezemisebenzi ezisebenza ngayo, ithonya izakhiwo zezezimboni, futhi ivikele abathengi. Ukuqonda indlela lesimiso esisebenza ngayo kungakusiza ukuba ulindele izinguquko ezikwelenzweni zakho, phawula amathuba okulondoloza imali, futhi usekele ngokuphumelelayo ukwelashwa okulungile. Lesi sihloko sihlola izici eziyinhloko zesimiso somthetho, izindima zezinhlangano zikahulumeni nezombuso, kanye nezindlela eziqondile ezithinta izindleko zakho zasekhaya.

Iyini Imithetho Yokungabi Nanjongo?

Izimiso zokuzisebenzela ziyimithetho, imithetho, nezindinganiso eziphoqelelwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zengamele ukusebenza kwezinkampani ezinikeza izinkonzo ezibalulekile ezinjengogesi, igesi engokwemvelo, amanzi, kanye nokuxhumana ngemishini. Lezimiso ziklanyelwe ukufeza izinjongo eziningi: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abathengi bayakwazi ukufinyelela inkonzo enokwethenjelwa ngentengo elinganiselwe, ukulondoloza ukusebenziseka okungokwezimali kwezinkampani ezisizayo, nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha komphakathi kanye nokuphatha indawo ezungezile.

Isimiso somthetho sanamuhla e-United States esasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 njengendlela yokusabela ekunyukeni kwezindawo ezingokwemvelo. Izakhiwo ze-Utity shopul `Izindawo zamandla'. Izindawo zemvelo `izindawo zokusebenza', imigqa edluliswayo, amapayipi amanzi(imbanda eqokobhe kakhulu) ukuze kwakhiwe futhi kuphinde kubhalwe futhi kuphinde kubhalwe ukuthi. Ngaphandle komthetho, umnikezi oyedwa endaweni ethile ongalawula amanani amanani ahlukene noma izinga lenkonzo. Ukuvimbela lokhu, kwakha izinkonzo zomphakathi (PUC) zokumisa amanani, ukuqondisa, nokuvumela ukuvotelelwa kwemali egciniwe yezentengo. Namuhla, umthetho wezentengo ewusizo uyingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yezentengo yezentengo, yezobuchwepheshe, nezindlela zokuvikela abathengi.

Indima Kahulumeni Ekubusweni Kwezezinzuzo

Ukuhileleka kukahulumeni ekuqondiseni inzuzo kwenzeka kokubili emazingeni kahulumeni nakahulumeni. AmaPUC alawula kakhulu amazinga kanye nezinga lenkonzo labebezo (IOUS) kanye nezinye izinto ezisebenza kuwo wonke umphakathi. I-Federal Energy Relyapitation Commission ([[FL:1]]FERC[FLT]][FLT]][FLT]][FLT]] [3]])) iqondisa ukudluliswa kukagesi, izimakethengiso ezinkulu zikagesi, kanye namapayipiti emvelo. I-FOLT ([FLT:][FLT][FLT][FLT][5][FLT]] [5]] [5]) i-endla izindinganiso zendawo ezisebenza kahle nezokuthengwayo ekugcineni. Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi i-accustomstiki (ieat) i-se-sethiognsial artive, inguqult,

Ukumisa Izinga Nezakhiwo Ezikhiqizayo

Amazinga okuzinza awahlelwa ngokusemthethweni; anqunywa ngenqubo engokomthetho ebizwa ngokuthi isilinganiso semali. Inkampani yezemali ifaka isicelo nge-PUC ukuze ilungise amazinga ayo ngokusekelwe ezindlekweni ezihleliwe. I-PUC khona - ke yenza ukubukeza okuqinile okuhilela ukuhlaziywa kwezindleko, ukuzwa komphakathi, nobufakazi obuvela kubagcini beminyango. Izinga lokugcina imvume yokukhokha izindleko zokusebenza kumelwe ivumele isebenzise izindleko zayo, ithole ukubuya ngokufaneleyo ngenkathi yokutshala imali, futhi ilondoloze ukuqina kwemali okusekelwe ezindlekweni. Lokhu kuvame ukuthatha izindleko ezithatha izinyanga ezingu-18. Izingalo ezigunyaziwe zihlanganisa izikhangiso ezingaguquki (imali ezishintshashintshayo (amazinga angashintsha isikhathi sosuku noma inkathi) kanye nezindleko zokukhokha izindleko zokukhokha izindleko.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukubuyela Enkonzweni Nobuhle

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo ziyala ukuba kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zenkonzo ezifanele zihlangane. Lezizindinganiso zihlanganisa izikhathi zokusabela, ukuqina kwe-voltage, umfutho wamanzi, nenkonzo yamakhasi. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-PUC amaningi adinga amathuluzi okubuyisela amandla phakathi kwamahora athile ngemva kwesiphepho futhi abika ngesilinganiso esingaphezu kwesilinganiso se-Drama ye-Drama e-Divementation Indevation Index (SAID) kunye ne-Avhareji ye-Digreeter ephindaphindayo Index (SAFI). I-UCIM ehlulekayo ukuhlangabezana nalebula lala makhadi angabhekana nenkokhi noma kudingeke ukuba afake imali ekhuphukayo ekhuphuzweni lokukhuliswa kwezenyuswa kwezente. Ama-hele angakhononda ngombuso we-PUCC uma ebona inkonzo eqhubekayo.

Ukuhlaziya Ukunamathela Emithethweni Yendawo Ezungezile

Izinkampani zezezemvelo zingaphansi kwemithetho ebanzi yendawo ezungezile ewumbuso, ezweni, nasezindaweni ezihlala kuzo. Lezi zihlanganisa imingcele yokukhishwa kwezindawo ze-octive (umz., i-Cec Air Act, i-Mercury ne-Air Toxides Sound Sounds Foundations), ukukhishwa kwamanzi kuvumela ngaphansi kwe-Depule Water Act, kanye nokulawulwa kwemfucumfuko yemfucumfucu. Izindinganiso zikahulumeni zokuvuselela isilinganiso setheku (RPS) zidinga amanani aphezulu kagesi akhulayo emithonjeni evusemoyeni enjenge-moyeni. Lemidalo ingandisa izindleko zenzuzo engcono ngenkathi emfishayo.[3] I-GEPAFLD [FFFOT][3] futhi inikeza ezinye izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe eziphansi ze-octivemotencesting [[3]

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Abathengisi

Izimiso zokuvikela zentengiselwano ziqinisekisa ukuba sobala, ngokulunga, nenqubo efanele ebuhlotsheni be-iternet-customner. Lemithetho idinga amathuluzi okusiza ukunikeza izitatimende ezicacile, ukudalula izinguquko zezinga ezikhona kusengaphambili, futhi inikeze izinhlelo zosizo kumakhasi athola imali ephansi. Izimiso ezigunyaziwe zihlanganisa ukucwasana ngemibandela yenkonzo, ukungagunyazi okungagunyaziwe phakathi kwesimo sezulu esibucayi, nokungagunyaziswanga kahle kokulondoloza amandla. Amazwe amaningi anehhovisi lommeli (ngokuvamile ingxenye yehhovisi lommeli noma inxusa elihlukene le-osigeqeqeqe kubathengi elinjenge-'FLT:0]] Inhlangano yesizwe yezwe ye-UTRIMOS[FLTMMETSICES:2]) emelela abathengisimali abahlala ezimweni nasezimweni zokukhononda. Ukuqonda lalezi zimo zemali. Ukuqonda lamalungelo ozibo.

Izinhlobo Zemithetho Yezezinga

Nakuba imigomo yemithetho ingena, iwusizo ukuyenza ihlelwe ngokwezici eziyinhloko. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko yiziyalezo zesilinganiso, i-oil-secondal, i-opera yezinga, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nomthetho wokuvikela abathengi. Uhlobo ngalunye lunezinqubo ezihlukile nezithinta izindleko zakho ngokuqondile.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwesilinganiso

Umthetho wenani ulawula ukuthi ingakhokha kangakanani i-athomu ngezinkonzo zayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuvunyelwa kwamazinga ayisisekelo (isibonelo, inani ngehora le-kilowatt, i-rm, noma ilitha), ifuna izindleko kubathengi abakhulu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemishini emisha efana nesikhathi esingu-62 of gradiuses. Imishini yokuqondisa ivumela futhi amasuntraka asetshenziswayo asetshenziselwa inzuzo (ngoba isibonelo, ukwakha isitshalo segesi esisha esingokwemvelo noma ukufaka amamitha ahlakaniphile) futhi inqume ukuthi lezo zingukuhlakanipha futhi zingatholakala ngenani elingakanani. Uma inzuzo engaphezulu i-athonsi iprojectives, ukukhokha izindleko ezingakhokhiswanga okungadingekile.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwezinga Lenkonzo

Umthetho wezinga lokusebenza wenkonzo uhlela amafaksidi emisebenzi esemthethweni e-actromatic. Ama-metric avamile ahlanganisa izikhathi zokulinda ngocingo, isilinganiso sobude besikhathi, izikhathi zokusabela okuphuthumayo kokuvuza igesi, nezindawo zokulinganisela amazinga amanzi. Kudingeka imibiko yaminyaka yonke nge-PUC echaza imisebenzi yayo. Eminye imikhankaso ihlanganisa izijeziso zemali noma imivuzo yokuhlangabezana nalemifabhedensi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma i-opentroli ehluleka ukubuyisela amandla phakathi kwamahora angama-90% eziphepho ezinkulu, kungaphoqelelwa ukuba ikhiphe ingxenye ethile yemali yekhasi. Lo mthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi uthola lokho okukhokhela nge-Stock_crea, inzuzo ephephile, inkonzo ephephile.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Umthetho wendawo ezungezile ubeka imingcele ekwakhekeni kwezindawo ezizungezile lapho kusetshenziswa imishini ye-octration. Izindawo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukukhishwa komoya (umoya owenziwe ngesikhutha, i-nitrogen oxide, i-carbon dioxide), ukusetshenziswa nokukhishwa kwamanzi, ukusetshenziswa kwemigqa yokudluliswa kwezindawo, nokulahlwa kwezinto eziyingozi. Izifunda eziningi ziye zahlanganisa izimfuneko zokuhlela izinto ezicindezelayo eziphoqelela ukubheka izindleko zokuhlela izindleko zendawo ezungezile lapho zikhetha imithombo entsha. Inani eyandayo lamazwe liye lasebenzisa izisulu zokunciphiswa kwegesi eshisayo edinga ukunciphiswayo ukuze ilahleke futhi ifake inzuzo emisha. Izimiso zokusebenza kwendawo ezungezile zingabona umphumela wezinto eziphawulwe “ezingantengo ze-" ezisemuva kwezingamandla okungasetshenziswayo noma ezinhlawulweni ezikhona.

Ukuvikela Abathengi

Imithetho yokuvikela ihlanganisa izindawo ezinjengokukhipha inzuzo, izivikelo zokuvimbela, ukuphikisana, nezindlela zokuthengisa. Ngokwesibonelo, okhiyetine kumelwe banikeze abathengi izixwayiso eziningana ngaphambi kokuvala inkonzo yokungakhokhelwa, futhi amazwe amaningi anqabela ukuvalwa kwezinkonzo ngezinsuku zokushisa okungathi sína. Imishini yokukhipha amandla amandla (ezimakethe ezilawulayo) kumelwe ilandele imithetho yeqiniso ēnbanganderivaversis ukuze uvimbele ukunyuselwa kokukhohlisa. Uma unempikiswano esemthethweni, isifundazwe sakho iPUC ngokwesiko sinikeza inqubo engokomthetho yokukhononda engaholela ekuthotyelweni, ekuzweni, ekuzweni, noma esibopheleleni. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi uphathwa kahle futhi unendlela ecacile yokuxazulula izinkinga ngaphandle kokuya enkantolo.

Indlela Imithetho Yokungazali Ewathinta Ngayo Amabhola Akho Anyanga Zonke

Ukuqonda lezi zici kungakusiza ukuba ulindele izinguquko futhi ulawule indlela osebenzisa ngayo imali yakho ngendlela ephumelelayo.

Izinguquko Ezisekelwe Ezinqumweni Zokuqondisa

Imiphumela esobala kakhulu ingushintsho lwezinga elivunyelwe. Uma i-pane i-opera yezinga, icela ukwanda kokuhlanganisa izindleko zikaphethiloli, izakhiwo ezikhuphukayo, noma ukwehla kwamandla emali. Ukuzwa nokuhlolwa komphakathi kunikeza abathengi ithuba lokuhlanganyela, kodwa ekugcineni i-PUC inquma ukuthi ukwanda kuyalunga yini. Uma ivunyelwe, amazinga amasha amasha aboniswa ngesibalo sakho. Ngokuhlukile, uma ikhomishana inciphisa izindleko eziceliwe, ungabona ukwanda okuncane noma ngisho nokwehla. Ukuhlala ubaziwa ngezinga lokusebenza endaweni yakho kungakusiza ukuba ulindele izinguquko zemali esikhathini esizayo.

Izindlela Zokusiza Ngamandla

Abalawuli bavame ukukhuthaza amathuluzi athuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla ngokususa inqubo yokulungisa nokulahla i-projective. Ngokwesiko, inzuzo ye-octrobitor yayihlangene nobukhulu bamandla eyayiwathengisa − isisusa esiphambene sokudambisa ukulondolozwa kwemvelo. Umthetho wezinga lokulinganisela usungule ukunqanda ukuthengiswa kwemali egciniwe, uvumele izinto ezisetshenziswayo ukuba ziphinde zibuye zibuye zibuye ngisho nalapho amakhasi esebenzise amandla amancane. Lokhu kwakha igumbi lokunikeza ama-otertablet ukuze anikezele imishini esebenzayo, imishini ekhokhela amandla akhululekile, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha ezifuna i-[62]. Ukusebenzisa lezi zingcingo zomthetho kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwakho kanye nomthetho wanyanga.

Ithonya Lezimiso Zokuziphatha Zendawo Ezungezile Ekuthengeni

Izimiso zendawo ezungezile zinganezela izindleko ezidluliselwa kubathengi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvumelana nemithetho ye-EPA yokulahlwa komlotha wamalahle noma ukukhishwa kwe-mercury kungadinga izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ekutshalweni kwemali, okungalulama ngesilinganiso sokulungisa isilinganiso sokuhamba kwe-osethi. Ngokufanayo, izinga lokuhamba kwezwe elivuselelwe lingadinga amathuluzi okuthenga izikweleti ezivuselelwe noma amapulazi amashazi amashazi amashazi amasha, akhuphuzisa izizukulwane. Nokho, lemiyamende efanayo inganciphisa izindleko ze-365 01 ngokunciphisa intengosi encindukile futhi ibangele ukuvuselelwa kwamandla. Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, izindleko ezinciphilekile ze-othermagement ziye zancipha ngokuphawulekayo, zenza izindleko ezintsha ngemfucucucucu esendaweni.

Izinhlelo Zezinqumo Zezohwebo Nezinqumo Eziphikisanayo

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho ngaphansi kwemithetho yokuvikela kungakusiza ukuba ugweme ukuthengwa ngokweqile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uthola isikweletu esibonakala siphakeme ngendlela engajwayelekile, ungacela uphenyo kumaphutha angenzeka noma amaphutha. Izifundazwe eziningi futhi zinemithetho elinganisela ukuthi ingaba ingakanani i-active ekhokhwayo ekhokhwayo (ngokuvamile unyaka owodwa). Uma ukhononda, ukuvala i-PUC kungayiholela ekuxazululeni okungokomthetho. Kwezinye izimo, ungaba nelungelo lokukhokha i-frending noma icebo lokukhokha. Ukwazi lamalungelo kungakusindisa imali ngesikhashana futhi uthola isiqinisekiso esifanelekile.

Ukuthambekela Kwamanje Ekuvuselelweni Kwenzalo

Ukulawula kushintsha ngokushesha ngenxa yokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, imigomo yesimo sezulu, kanye namathemba abathengi. Izimiso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukukhula kwemithombo yamandla esakazwayo (ama-DER) enjengendawo yokugcina ibhetri nophahla, ukwanda kwezindawo zokuthengisa ugesi ezilawulwa ngokugcwele, nokuvela komthetho osekelwe ekusebenzeni okunika inzuzo emshinini esikhundleni sokutshala izimali eziyinhloko. Izimiso ze-Frevel ngaphansi komthetho we-Reduction Act ne-Infracrective Instreal Investicement kunye no-Jobs Act zinikeza izimali ezingakaze zikhona ukuze kuhlaziywe i-od project, amandla ahlanzekile, kanye namandla. Lemicimbiso iqhubekela indlela inzuzo esetshenziswa ngayo inzuzo yakho ihlelwe futhi ikhona.

Ukulinganisela Nesilinganiso Senethi

Izimiso zokufaka i-nethi meter zivumela amakhasimende anezintambo ze-wet ukuba athole ikweleta ugesi owengeziwe awuthumelayo. Izinga lokunxeba eliseduze kwesilinganiso sikagesi odayiswayo. "Ngokuvamile] kungundaba wempikiswano eshubile. Izizwe eziningi ziyimithetho yokubuyisela amamitha anethiwekhi ukuze zibonise inani lenani lokunemba ngokunembile ngokwengeziwe, kuhlanganise nokugwema izindleko zokudluliswa kanye nezinzuzo ze-grid. Ukuqonda isimiso senethi ye-nethi yombuso wakho kungakusiza ukuba unqume ukuthi ukutshala nge-injini kagesi kuveza umqondo wemali emndenini wakho.

Isikhathi (sonyaka owenziwe ngo - 62) Sisebenzisa Izilinganiso Nezimfuneko

Abalawuli bawavumela kakhulu amazinga esikhathi esine-

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinga Lanamuhla Nesilinganiso Esihlakaniphile

Kudingeka ukuvunyelwa komthetho ukuze kufakwe izintambo ezisebenzayo ezimamitha ahlakaniphile, imishini yokuxhumana ethuthukile, kanye nokulawula kwe-autodro. Lokhu buchwepheshe kwenza imininingwane yangempela yokusebenzisa amandla e-(66), ukuthungatha ijubane, nokuthola ukuthi i-packe, nokunembe kakhulu. Abaqondisi abaningi baye badinga izinto ezisebenza ngokusebenza okuzilawulayo ukuze bavule amamitha ahlakaniphile njengengxenye yamapulani okulungisa i-minerty, axhaswe ngesilinganiso sesilinganiso sesilinganiso. Nakuba izindleko zangaphambili zingavela ezikwelebhukwini, amamitha ahlakaniphile angasiza abathengi ukuba bahlole ukusetshenziswa futhi bagweme izikweleti eziphakeme ngokulungisa ukuziphatha.

Ukulwela Izinga Elifanele Lokuzala

Ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo kungaholela emazingeni nasezinkonzo ezilinganayo ezibonisa kangcono izinto eziza kuqala emphakathini.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekuqulweni Kwabantu

Uma amafayeti e-paredi enani le-opera, ama-PUC kahulumeni kudingeka ukuba agcine izimemezelo zomphakathi lapho amakhasimende engafaka khona ubufakazi. Lokhu kulalela kuvame ukuhlelwa ngezikhathi ezifanele nangezindawo, futhi namazwi abhaliwe ayamukeleka. Ngisho nenkulumo emfushane ingaqokomisa ukukhathazeka okukhethekile − njengomphumela wokwanda kwenani emikhayeni ethola imali ehleliwe. Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi kwenezela umongo ogxekayo wendawo ongathonya izinqumo zekhomishane.

Hlanganyela Namaqembu Ezokuphatha Asendaweni

I-Consumer advocations nezinhlangano zendawo ezungezile ziqondisa ngokuzikhandla imithetho yezenzuzo. Ukuhlangana kwamaqembu afana nesahluko sendawo se- ne-National Association of State Utility Conficity Confitections[ noma ukubambisana komphakathi okusekelwe kungathiwa yi-social solition kungakhulisa izwi lakho. Lamaqembu ngokuvamile anezobuchwepheshe ezingokomthetho kanye namahele angenelo ezimweni ezizinga. Umsebenzi wawo ungaholela ekuzuziseni bonke abakhokhi bomkhayo, njengokwanda okunamandla, ukuvikelwa, nokukhuliswa okukhuliswa kakhulu kwezinhlelo zamandla avuselelwe.

Hlala Unolwazi Ngokushintsha Okuqhubekayo

I-PUCs yezwe inyathelisa izimiso zokuqhubekela phambili kowebhusayithi zabo. Zisayine izixwayiso ze-imeyili ezivela ku-PUC yombuso wakho nakuzo izinhlangano zabathengi. Ukulandela izincwadi zezohwebo ezinjenge Ubala olungenamsebenzi [ kungakugcina futhi uqaphele izimo zezwe ezingase zithinte umbuso wakho. Ukwazi kukuvumela ukuba uphendule ngokushesha uma kumenyezelwa indaba yezinga noma ushintsho lwenqubo.

Xhumana Nabameleli Bakho Abaluziwe

Abashaya imithetho kahulumeni namakhomishane ezezeteshi zomphakathi ngokuvamile bayamiswa noma bakhethwe. Ukuxhumana nabo ngezindaba ze-ithilithithi kungathonya izinto eziza kuqala kubo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ukhathazekile ngamazinga aphakeme, ungacela umphathi wombuso wakho ukuba asekele umthetho oqinisa ukuma kwabathengi ezimweni zezinga eliphezulu. Uma ufuna amandla engeziwe avuselelwayo, ungakhuthaza ummeleli wakho ukuba avote indinganiso engcono kakhulu. Izikhulu eziqaqeshiwe ziyakwazi ukuthatha i-active redition, ikakhulukazi uma i-projective i-divolution i-disocity, ikakhulukazi uma i-sception i-procedmieding.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zokuzisiza azizona izinqubo ezingabonakali ze-bureaucratic . zithinta ngokuqondile ugesi wakho wanyanga zonke, amanzi, nezindleko zegesi. Kusukela ekuhleleni nasekusebenziseni izinga lezinga elilingana nemithetho yendawo ezungezile nesivikelo sabathengi, zonke izinga likahulumeni zifeza indima ekulolongeni izindleko nokwethembeka kwezinkonzo ezibalulekile. Ngokuqonda izinqubo ezikhona ezikweletwayo, ukuhlala wazisiwe ngenqubo eqhubekayo yokulawula inqubo, futhi uhlanganyele ekusebenziseni isilinganiso sezinga elinamandla lokuthenga ongalawuli izindleko kuphela kodwa futhi usiza ekulolongeni izindleko eziwusizo eziwusizo eziwusizo ezisebenzayo.