Ukuqonda Indima Yeminyango KaHulumeni Ezokuthuthukisa Ukukhulisa Izingane Nesivikelo

Inhlalakahle yabantwana nesivikelo kwakha indawo ebanzi yomphakathi onozwela nozinzile. Unyaka ngamunye, izigidi zezingane eUnited States zihlangana nezimiso zenhlalakahle yabantwana zikahulumeni, ezinezingane ezingaphezu kuka-60 000 eziqinisekiswe njengezisulu zokuxhashazwa noma zokunganakwa ngo-2022 kuphela, ngokwemininingwane evela ku- i-Bureau of Children . Iminyango kahulumeni enikezelwe ukuvikela izingane yizinhlangano eziyinhloko zikahulumeni ezisebenzela ukusingatha ukuphatha kabi, ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka, nokukhuthaza ukuvikela, ukunakekelwa kwemikhaya. Lezi zinhlangano azisebenzi ngokuzehlukanisa; ziyingxenye yemifela phambili yemithetho, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nemisebenzi yobuchwepheshe elwela ukuvikela amalungu asengozini kakhulu emphakathini wethu. Ukuqonda indima egcwele yemisebenzi yazo ekuhlolweni, ukuvikela ukuvikela izinhlangano kwezenhlalakahle yomkhaya, ukusekela kwezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle, nabasebenzi bezenhlalakahle bezingane, abasebenzi bezenhlalakahle, abasebenzi bezokunakekelwa kahle.

Igama elithi “umnyango wezwe” kulomongo libhekisela kakhulu engosini yesifundazwe ephethe izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle yabantwana, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi uMnyango Wezenhlalakahle, uMnyango Wezenhlalakahle, wezokuhlalisana kwabantwana, noma okuthile okufanayo. La manxusa aqondisa izinhlelo eziningi ezigunyazwe umthetho kahulumeni nombuso, kuhlanganise nezinkonzo zokuvikela izingane (CPS), ukunakekela kokunakekela izingane, ukunakekela izingane, nokunakekela kobungane. Ukuyinkimbinkimbi komsebenzi wawo kuvela ekuthunyweni okumbaxabayo kokuvikela izingane engozini kuyilapho futhi kuqinisa imikhaya uma kungenzeka. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi zinhloso eziphikisanayo zidinga izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe, imithombo eyanele, nokuqonda okujulile kweziciko ezisiza izingane ukuba ziphathwe impatho. Lesi sihloko sihlola injongo, imisebenzi, izinselele, izinselele, neziqondiso zesikhathi esizayo zeminyango yenhlala enhlalakahleni, ukulungiselela ukuhlanganisa abafundi abafuna ukudluliswa kwezimiso eziyisisekelo zesimiso esiyisisekelo.

Umlando Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kwe - State Child Welfare

Iminyango yezenhlalakahle yabantwana yanamuhla ayizange ivele ngobusuku obubodwa. Izimpande zayo ziqala emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, lapho kumiswa izinkantolo zentsha nezinhlangano zokuvikela izingane ezisezingeni eliphansi zikahulumeni ngenxa yokwanda kokuxhashazwa kwezingane nokunganakwa. ISibonelo se-19909 White House Conference on Children samisa isigaba sendima kahulumeni enhlalakahleni yabantwana, iholela ekudalweni kweZikhungo zezingane ngo-19121262. Kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo, kumiswa izimiso zokuvikela izingane ezisemthethweni, kodwa kwakuyi-partum of the Child Abusentificre and Treatment Act (CAPTA) ngo- 1974 eyagunyaza ukuba zonke izimo zokwamukela nokusabela imibiko yokuxhasha. CAPTA futhi idinga ukuveza izinqubo zokuxhashazwa kwezingane, okuyisisekelo sezimiso zezimiso zokuvikelwa kwemithetho.

Ngo-1980 nango-1990 kwavela izinguquko ezinkulu, kuhlanganise no-Retalition Act of the Child Welfare Act ka-1980, eyagcizelela “imizamo enengqondo” yokuvimbela ukususwa nokuphinde kuhlanganiswe imikhaya, kanye noMthetho wokutholwa noNyakatho Wemikhaya Elondekile (ASA) ka-1997, owasungula isikhathi sokuvikela izingane futhi wagxila kakhulu ekuvikelekeni. Lemithetho kahulumeni yahlela uhlelo lweminyango yesizwe, efuna ukuba ilinganisele ngokuphepha, ngokulinganayo, ngokuvumelana nokwehlalisa kahle. Ekhulwini lama-21 leminyaka, ukugxila ekuvimbeleni, ekuvimbeleni, ekulungiseni izinqumo zobuhlanga, nasekunciphiseni ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezimisweni kwezenhlalakahle yezingane. Namuhla, iminyango iyaqhubeka ihlela ekuhloleni, ukuhlola nokuthuthukisa ukuhleleka komphakathi.

Imisebenzi Yamafomu Engokomthetho NeyamaManda aMnyango Olawulayo

Iminyango yezenhlala- kahle yabantwana yoMbuso isebenza phakathi kwendawo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho ehlanganisa imithetho kahulumeni, imithetho kahulumeni, izinqumo zenkantolo, nezimiso zezezikhundla. Ngezinga likahulumeni, i-CAPTA inikeza incazelo eyisisekelo yokuxhashazwa kwabantwana nokunganakwa futhi ifuna ukuba kube nemithetho yokubika. I-Title IV-E yokukhulisa nokunakekela izingane zokutholwa, ingxenye ye-Social Security Act, isekela izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle zabantwana futhi ibeke izimfuneko zokuhlelwa kwezenhlalakahle, ukubukezwa kweze, ukuphepha, nokuphepha kwabantwana. I-Indian Child Wealvelvel Act (ICA) ibeka imithetho eqondile yezingane zoMdawodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Fostering Confictive Confectal to Suctivement and Act Act Act ihlanganisa amalungiselelo okunakekela i-mond procence protives, ukuhleleka kwezemfundo, nokunakekela kwezemfundo, nokunakekela impilo.

Isifundazwe ngasinye futhi sinemithetho yaso yokuvikela izingane echaza ukuthi yini ewukuxhashazwa, ukunganakwa, noma ukuthembela, futhi egunyazwe ukuba abike izinsolo. Izintatheli eziqanjiwe − njengothisha, odokotela, nezikhulu zomthetho (iyafuneka ngokomthetho) ukubika noma yikuphi ukusolwa okunengqondo kokuxhashazwa kwezingane ngonya olungenasibalo noma ngemisebenzi evikela izingane. Iminyango yoMbuso ibophekile ukuba ivikele kokubili izingane, ihlole, futhi iphendule kulemibiko ekhona phakathi kwesikhathi esicacishiwe, ngokuvamile phakathi namahora angu-24 kuya ku-77. Uhlelo olungokomthetho lulawula ukususwa kwabantwana emakhaya abo, okudinga ukuhlelwa kwenkantolo noma ukuvikelwa kwezehlakazelelwe okuseduze. Lemithetho iklanyelwe ukuvikela kokubili abantwana, nokuqondisa kwabazali, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphatha kwesimiso sokwahlulela nokulunga.

Imisebenzi ye-Core ye-State Sedminal Child Welfare

Iminyango kahulumeni yenza imisebenzi eminingi ehlukahlukene engenziwa ngezindlela eziningana eziyinhloko. Ukuqonda indawo ngayinye ngokujule kwembula ubunkimbinkimbi nobubucayi bomsebenzi wayo.

Izinkonzo Zokuvikela Izingane (CPS) Nokuphenya

Umsebenzi obonakalayo kakhulu weminyango yezenhlala - kahle yabantwana ukuhlolwa kwemibiko yokuxhashazwa kwezingane nokunganakwa. Uma umbiko utholakala, isisebenzi esiqeqeshiwe seCPS kumelwe sihlole ukuphepha okusheshayo kwengane, sinqume ukuthi kunjani ukuphatha kabi, futhi sinqume ukuthi yiziphi iziteshi ezidingekayo. Lenqubo ihilela ukubuza umntwana, abazali, namanye amalungu endlu, kanye nokuxhumana nabahlobisi abanjengabafundisi nodokotela. Izisebenzi kumelwe ziqoqe ukwaziswa okwanele ukuze zenze isinqumo phakathi kwesikhathi esiqinile, cishe kuxhomeke ekumisweni kukahulumeni. Uma umbiko ubizwa futhi (ubizwa "ngesi-”), umnyango unganikeza izinkonzo zokuzithandela, ukuvula indaba yokuhlola okuqhubekayo, noma ukunxusa kwenkantolo ukuze kungene ukungenela.

Uphenyo alukona nje ukunquma iqiniso; ludinga futhi ukuhlaziya ingozi yokulimala esikhathini esizayo. Izisebenzi zisebenzisa amathuluzi okwenza izinqumo ahlelwe kahle kanye nezindlela zokuhlola izingozi ukuze ziqondise ukwahlulela kwazo. Ezizweni eziningi, umsebenzi weCPS uhlukene nomqondisi wezendaba oqhubekayo, nemishini ekhethekile yokulidla, ukuhlola, nokuhlola. [Internaltion Gateway] inikeza isiqondiso esibanzi enqubweni yokusabela, igcizelela ukubaluleka kokuphepha okusheshayo nokubambisana nemikhaya. Naphezu kwemicikilisho engcono kakhulu, uphenyo, nokucindezela komsebenzi ezinhlangothini eziningi, kuhlanganise nesidingo sokuvikela izingane lapho zihlonipha u-Escimbial.

Ukunakekela Izilwane Nokunakekela IKinship

Uma abantwana bengenakuhlala ngokuphepha emakhaya abo, iminyango kahulumeni inomthwalo wemfanelo wokuzibeka ekunakekeleni ngaphandle kwekhaya. Ukunakekela kuhlanganisa ukubeka ingane emndenini wakubo wokwayise, isihlobo noma isihlobo, ikhaya, noma indawo yokulashwa. Umgomo uwukuba ilungiselele indawo ephephile, eqinile kuyilapho umnyango usebenzela ukuvuselela umkhaya ozalwayo noma ilungiselelo elithile elihlala njalo. Njengango-2022, cishe abantwana abangama-390 000 babenakekelwa ngokunakekela kokwakhela e-United States, cishe abangu- 43% behlala nemikhaya ekhuliswayo engowodwa, 32% nezihlobo (ukunakekela ubuhlanga), kanye nezingahambi ezisekhona ekunakekeleni noma kwezinye izimo.

Iminyango yoMbuso kumelwe iqashe, iqeqeshe, nelayisense yabazali abakhulisayo, imishini yokunakekela, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantwana bathola izinkonzo zezokwelapha ezifanele, zemfundo, nezengqondo. Umthetho kaFederal ufuna ukuba kuhlelwe uhlelo lwendaba nokubukezwa kwezikhathi ezithile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqhubekeka. Ukuhlobanisa abantwana nemikhaya [FLT] [i-AF] [i] [AFF] [irF] [i] imele izimali ze-IV E, okuyimali ekhokhwakhwa izifundayo ekunakekeleni izindleko zokunakekela ingqhinga nokunakekela. IKNATS ithole ukunakekela okwandayo ngoba igcina ukuxhumana kwengane nomkhaya nempucuko, ngokuvamile kuholela emiphumeleni engcono. Nokho, abanakekelana bangase babhekane nokuntuleka ngokwezimali ngaphandle kokuba umnyango ubasize. Manje izinhlangano zomkhaya zisebenzisa izimiso zomkhaya ezikahle

Izinkonzo Zokutholwa

Uma kungenakwenzeka ukuhlanganiswa futhi (ngokuvamile ngenxa yokukhishwa kwelungelo labazali elinzima), ukulahlwa, noma ukutholwa kwamalungelo abazali. Iminyango yomhlaba ifuna ukuba izingane zithole amakhaya okutholwa. Ukutholwa kunakekelwa kwezingane zokutholwa kulawulwa imithetho kahulumeni nombuso, enomgomo wokufinyelela ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. I-ASFA imyalezo esho isicelo sokuqeda amalungelo abazali (TPR) uma umntwana enakekelwa ngezinyanga ezingu-15 kwezingu-22, ngaphandle kokuba isetshenziswe ngokwenye indlela. Ngemva kwe TPR, umnyango usebenza ukulingana nomntwana nomndeni ovunyelwe ukuba athole umntwana, okungase kube yisicelo sokukhulisa, umkhaya ongowokutholwa, noma umkhaya ongamtholi.

Iminyango yoMbuso iphatha inqubo yokutadisha ekhaya yokutholwa, inikeza izimali zokusekela ukutholwa (ngokuvamile ngesihloko se-IV-E), futhi inikeza izinkonzo zokusekela imikhaya ngemva kokutholwa. Izingane eziningi ezitholwa ekunakekeleni izingane zokutholwa zinezidingo ezikhethekile, kuhlanganise nasebekhulile, amaqembu ahlobene, noma izinselele ezingokomzwelo, ngakho kubalulekile ukuxhasa izimali zokusiza imikhaya ukuba ihlangabezane nalezo zidingo. Ukunakekelwa kokunakekela izingane kubangelwa kakhulu uhulumeni wezwe, futhi izifunda ezikhona kumelwe zihlangabezane nezindinganiso eziqinile zosizo lokuthola izingane zokutholwa. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwagxila ekunciphiseni imingcele yokutholwa kwe-LBBTQ nemikhaya yabantu abadala abangashadile, kuyilapho kuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imikhaya ihlelwe ngokuphelele. [FLT:]

Ukusekela Komkhaya Nezinkonzo Zokulondoloza

Umsebenzi obalulekile kodwa ngokuvamile ongabonakali weminyango yenhlala- kahle yabantwana kahulumeni ilungiselelo lokusekela nokunakekela komkhaya okuhloselwe ukuvimbela isidingo sokunakekelwa. Lezi zinkonzo zisukela ekungeneleni okufushane kwezikhathi zenhlekelele kuya ekuqondiseni izindaba zesikhathi eside futhi zihlanganisa amakilasi okuphatha abazali, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, ukululeka ngengqondo, izinkonzo zobudlova zasekhaya, kanye nosizo lwezimali lwezidingo eziyisisekelo. Ezizweni eziningi, lezi zinkonzo zinikezwa ngemisebenzi elungiselelwe amalungu omphakathi asungulwe umnyango wezwe. Umqondo “ukusabela okuqinile” noma“ ukusabela okungokwezimo eziphambili” kuye kwamukelwa yizifunda amazwe amaningi, ukuvumela amacala aphansi ngokwengqondo ukuba amukele izinkonzo ngaphandle kokuhlola okusemthethweni, ukwenza imikhaya ngokuzithandela futhi inciphise isimo sombuso weCPS.

Izinhlelo zokuhambela ekhaya, njenge Healthy Families America and Source-Freentership, nazo zihlangene nenhlalakahle yabantwana. Iminyango yoMbuso ingaxhasa noma isebenzisa lezinhlelo ukuze isekele imikhaya exhashazwayo ngaphambi kokuba kuvele umbiko wokuxhashazwa. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi izinkonzo zokulondolozwa kahle komkhaya zinganciphisa ukususwa nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwabantwana uma besingatha izimbangela eziyisisekelo zokuphathwa kabi, njengobumpofu, ukuxhashazwa kwabazali, nokuntula ukusekelwa emphakathini. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwalezi zinhlelo kuxhomeke ekusekeleni imali eyanele nasebukhonweni obusekelwe ebufakazini. [[FLT:] [FLT:] Ukwethemba [FLT] [FLT] [FLD]] kuqokothile] kuqokomise ukubaluleka kokuthenga izinto eziyisisekelo ekuvimbeleni inhlalakahle yomphakathi wabantwana, nokuthuthukisa imiphumela.

Inqubo Yokuphenya Ngemininingwane

Uma umbiko wokuxhashazwa kwezingane wenziwe kuhulumeni, umnyango kumelwe kuqala unqume ukuthi uhlangana yini nencazelo engokomthetho yokuxhashazwa noma ukunganaki nokuthi uwela ngaphansi kwegunya lenhlangano. Uma umbiko wamukelwa, unikezwa izinga eliphambili: ngokushesha (ingozi edinga ukusabela ngehora lama-24), ukuphakama (phakathi kwamahora angu-72), noma ukulinganisela (ngezinsuku eziyisihlanu kuya-10). Izisebenzi ezabelwe iCPS zibuye zihlolele ukuphenya, okuhilela lokhu:

  • Ukuhlolwa kokuphepha okungokwengxenye: kuyagculisa ukuthi umntwana usengozini yini futhi kuyadingeka yini ukuthi iziphi izenzo zokuvikela (umz., ukususwa, uhlelo lokuphepha).
  • Ingxoxo yomkhaya nokuhambela ekhaya: Ukukhuluma nabanakekeli, ukubheka indawo yasekhaya, nokuhlola izidingo eziyisisekelo ezinjengokudla, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nokuqondisa.
  • Ingxoxo yengane: ixoxa nengane ngokuhlukile, ngokufaneleka ngeminyaka, ngokuvamile endaweni engathathi hlangothi njengesikhungo sokuxhaphaza ingane uma iphathwa kabi ngokobulili.
  • Ukuxhumana okusemthethweni:[ Ukukhuluma nezintatheli, izihlobo, omakhelwane, noma abanye ochwepheshe abanokwaziswa okuhlobene.
  • [ Ukuhlola okungokwengqondo: Uma kusola ukulimala noma ukulimala okungokomzwelo, ukuhlela ukuhlola okukhethekile.
  • Ukuhlolwa: Usebenzisa ithuluzi lokuhlola elivamile lengozi ukulinganisela amathuba okuphathwa kabi kwesikhathi esizayo.
  • Ukunquma: ukuphetha ukuthi umbiko “usekelwe kubufakazi obukholekayo” noma“ awusekelwe.”

Abaningi babuye basho ukuthi “ukuhlola komkhaya” noma“ ukusabela okuhlukile” kumacala aphansi, lapho kugxilwa khona ekungeneni komkhaya ezinkonzweni kunokuphenya okungokomthetho. Lendlela ihlobene nokuhlangana komkhaya okuphakeme nokungaphathwa kahle futhi kuncishiswe futhi kunciphe. Nokho iqiniso liwukuthi izisebenzi eziningi zithwala izilahlo eziphakeme. Ngokuphindwe kaningi, izenzakalo ezituswayo ezingu-12-15 ezicushwe izisebenzi, ezingase zisetshenziswe enkantolo. Ukuhlola ngokuvamile kuyisimo esicindezela kakhulu emikhayeni, futhi izisebenzi ziqeqeshelwe ukuba zizwane futhi zihleleke. [RF:]

Ukuhlobana Nomthetho Nezimo Zomphakathi

Iminyango yezenhlalakahle yabantwana yoMbuso ayinakufeza umsebenzi wayo yodwa. Ukuxhashazwa kwezingane ngokuvamile kuwubugebengu, futhi izinhlangano eziqinisekisa umthetho zibalulekile ekuhloleni izindaba zokuxhashazwa ngokomzimba, ukuxhashazwa ngokobulili, nokunganakwa okuphumela ekulimaleni. Izifundazwe eziningi zinemithetho ehlangeneyo evumelanayo lapho i-CPS namaphoyisa esabela ndawonye, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zokulimala okungathi sína noma ukuziphatha kobugebengu. Amaqembu anikeza isijeziso esilula (i-MDTT) esihlanganisa i-CPS, ukugcinwa komthetho, abashushicileli, izifundiswa zengqondo, nabasekeli bempi zivamile emiphakathini eminingi. Lamaqembu ahlangana njalo ukuze axhumane nokwaziswa, ahlanganyele ulwazi, futhi aqinisekise ukusabela okulula okulula kubantwana.

Izikole zingomunye wezisebenzi ezigxekayo. Ngenxa yokuthi othisha nezisebenzi zesikole basebenzelana nabantwana nsuku zonke, ngokuvamile bayiziqalo zokuqaphela izimpawu zokuxhashazwa noma ukunganaki. Izifunda eziningi zinemithetho elandelwayo yokubika i-CPS eshisayo neyokubambisana ne-CPS lapho umntwana esengozini. Iminyango yoMbuso isebenza ngezimiso zempilo ukuze kuphawulwe izinsana ezizalwa zingenwe izinto (ngokusetshenziswa kwe-opioid), ezidinga ukungenela ngokushesha. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ezisekelwe ezisemkhakheni. Izinhlangano ezisemfazaneni, kuhlanganise nezikhungo zokuphathwa kabi kwezidakamizwa, izikhungo zokudla, nezinhlelo zokunikeza usizo ezisiza imikhaya ukuba izinkonzo ziqine. Izinhlangano zezwe ngokuvamile zisebenza ngokusekela imisebenzi eqondile, ukusekela ulwazi nobudlelwane obungcono. [i-Foglyworight - syst sy]

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezikhungo Zenhlalakahle Yabantwana ZoMbuso

Naphezu kwendima yazo ebalulekile, iminyango yezenhlalakahle yabantwana yombuso ibhekana nezinselele eziphikelelayo futhi ngokuvamile ezikhungathekisayo.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemali Nemithombo Yezinto

Inhlalakahle yabantwana incishiswa kakhulu. Ngokuyinhloko imali enikezwa izisebenzi isetshenziswa ngesihloko se-IV-E, esinelungelo lokunakekela nokuthola izingane zokutholwa kodwa esingahlanganisi zonke izinkonzo. Izwe kumelwe lihlanganise zonke eziseleyo, futhi phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho, izimali zokuvimbela nokusekela komkhaya ziyanqandwa. Lokhu kuholela ekuthwaleni izimpahla eziphezulu, ukuqeqeshwa okunganele, nezinkonzo ezilinganiselwe zemikhaya. Izifunda eziningi ziye zabhekana nokumangalelwa ngenxa yokuhluleka kwezimiso zenhlalakahle yabantwana, ngokuvamile ezisekelwe ekubekeleni izimali. [[FLT:]] Inhlangano ye-Drendress [[[FLT: 1]] njalo ihamba ngokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokusetshenziswa kwezezimali nezingabalulekile.

Ukunqwabelana Kwamacala Nezinkampani Ezisebenza Kakhulu

Izisebenzi ezisebenza ngecala zivame ukuphatha amagalelo angu-20-30 noma ngaphezulu, ngaphezu kakhulu kwendinganiso etuswayo yeshumi nanhlanu namashumi amahlanu nanhlanu. Imithwalo enzima inciphisa isikhathi izisebenzi ezingasichitha nemikhaya, zikhubaze ukwenziwa kwesinqumo, futhi zandisa ukucindezeleka. Amazinga okushintsha izisebenzi zeCPS angafinyelela ku-30-40% ngonyaka kwezinye izizwe, okuholela ekulahlekelweni ubuchwepheshe nokuntengantenga kwemikhaya. Izwe liye lazama ukuqasha amabhonasi, ukukhokha imali yokukhokha, ukukhokha, nokuqondisa okuthuthukiswe, kodwa inkinga iyaqhubeka.

Umehluko Okhona Ngokobuhlanga Nobuhlanga

Imininingwane ibonisa ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi izingane zabansundu nezamaMelika Omdabu zikhonzwa ngokweqile ezimisweni zezenhlalakahle yabantwana. Maningi amathuba okubikwa, ukuhlolwa, nokususwa emakhaya, futhi kungabi mancane amathuba okuthola izinkonzo ezilondoloza imikhaya yazo. Lezizici ezihlukene zibonisa ukungalingani okukhulu, kuhlanganise nobumpofu, ubuhlanga, nobandlululo ekubikeni nasekuthatheni izinqumo. Amazwe angaphansi kokucindezela okwandayo kokunciphisa amasu, njengokuqeqeshwa kobandlululo, ukuhlanganisa umphakathi, nezinkonzo ezingokwesiko.

Izidingo Zomkhaya Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Imikhaya eminingi ehileleke ekulweleni inhlalakahle yabantwana, impikiswano eyandayo: izifo zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, ukugula kwengqondo, ubudlova balowo osondelene naye, ukungahleleki kwezindlu, nobumpofu obukhulu. Lezi zinkinga zidinga isikhathi eside, izinkonzo ezihlangene inhlalakahle yabantwana kuphela. Umqedazwe wezingane ongenela ekunakekeleni izingane ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kobuzali, ukucindezela izimiso ezisezingeni eliphansi kakade. Ukusebenza kwempilo nezimiso zezempilo zesimilo kubucayi kodwa ngokuvamile kuphazanyiswa ukutholakala nokuncishiswa kwemali enciphileni.

Ukucwaninga Komphakathi Nokuqashelwa Ngokomthetho

Uma ingane ifa noma ilimala kakhulu lapho ingaphansi kokuqondisa komnyango wezenhlalakahle yabantwana kahulumeni, inxusa libhekene nokucusumbulwa okukhulu komphakathi kanye nokumangalelwa okungase kubekwe emacaleni. Imithombo yezindaba ingathonya isimiso kanye nokuzijwayeza, ngezinye izikhathi kuholele ekuxazululeni noma ekuzivikeleni ngonya. Ukulinganisela isidingo sokuvikela izingane kuyilapho ukuhlonipha amalungelo omkhaya kuyimpicabadala engapheli. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni kumelwe zibhekise ukunakekela kwazo lapho zigxile emikhubeni esekelwe ebufakazini.

Indima Yezikole Nemiphakathi Ekusekeleni Inhlalakahle Yabantwana

Izikole zinezikhundla ezikhethekile zokusebenza nenhlalakahle yabantwana. Othisha, abeluleki, nabaphathi basebenzelana nabantwana amahora amaningi usuku ngalunye futhi bangabona ushintsho ekuziphatheni, ukubukeka, noma isimo esingokomzwelo olungabonisa ukuphathwa kabi. Imithetho egciniwe idinga ukuba izikhulu zesikole zibike ukusolwa kokuxhashazwa noma ukunganaki, futhi izifunda eziningi zinikeza ukuqeqeshwa kokuqaphela izimpawu zokulimala okungachazeki, ukuhlanzeka okungaqondakali, ukuhoxa, noma izinguquko ezisheshayo emsebenzini wesikole. Ngaphandle kokubika, izikole zinganikeza indawo elondekile, esekela izingane ezinakekela izingane. Umthetho we-Federal manje udinga izikole zokunakekela kokuxhumana okukhuthaza nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izingane zihlala kanjani zisezikoleni zazo ngaphandle kokuba zingenamdlandla yazo. Izinye izifunda zesikole zisebenza nalezo zisebenzela ukusekela lezi misebenzi yesikole.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zifeza indima ebalulekile. Amaqembu asekelwe kukholo, amaqenjana entsha, izinhlangano zemidlalo, kanye nama-asethi angasebenza njengezici ezivikelayo ezinganeni ngokunikeza ukuqondisa, ubuqeqeshi, nomuzwa wokuba yingxenye yomphakathi. Izinhlelo zokuvimbela ezifundiswa umphakathi ngokuxhashazwa kwabantwana, ukukhuthaza ukuba abazali abahle, nokunciphisa ukuzihlukanisa phakathi kwabantu kunganciphisa isidingo sokungenela kwezwe. Iminyango eminingi yombuso manje ihileleka ekuvimbeleni ukuxhashazwa kwezingane, isekela izinhlelo zemfundo zabazali nezikhungo zokulondoloza amakhaya. Impumelelo yale mizamo ixhomeke ekuxhumaneni okunamandla phakathi komnyango wezwe nomphakathi. Njengoba i-National Child Abut Adventiventivel Network [FLD]], igcizelela ukuvimbela ukuphatha izinhlelo zomphakathi.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokubuyiselwa Kwezingane Ezihlala Kahle

Iminyango yoMbuso isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuzinzile ukuze ithuthukise imiphumela. Izifunda eziningi ziye zasebenzisa izimiso zanamuhla zokuqondisa izindaba, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi i Comprehensive Child Welfare Information Systems (CWIS), zithathela indawo izimiso ze-SACWIS zakudala. Lezi zimiso zivumela ukulandelela kangcono ukwaziswa, izixwayiso ezisebenza ngemishini, nokuhlanganyela ngokunempumelelo kakhulu ezinhlanganweni. Ukuhlakanipha kobuchwepheshe nokuhlola ukunakekelwa kwezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle yezezimali, kusetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo ukuze kubonwe imikhaya esengozini enkulu yokuphathwa kabi nezokuhlelwa kwezimo eziphambili. Nokho, lezi zinqubo ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka okungoko ngokobandlululo, futhi amazwe kumelwe aqhubeke ngokuqapha. I-Teleththea ithuthukise ukufinyelela izinkonzo zempilo zezingane ekunakekeleni nasekulawuleni kwemikhaya, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Izimiso zokuqondisa izinhlelo zokuhlola izinhlelo zezelulekwa kwezesayensi, kodwa ingasebenzi kahle.

Ukulinganisa Imiphumela Nokulandisa

Iminyango yezenhlala - kahle yabantwana yoMbuso inikezwa isijeziso ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Uhulumeni wamazwe uqhuba i-Child and Family Service Review (CFSR) njalo eminyakeni embalwa ukuhlaziya ukusebenza kwezwe ngalinye ngokuphepha, ngokubonelela, nangemiphumela emihle. Izifunda kumelwe futhi zivumelane nezimfuneko ze-Retation and Foster Careary Taision and Reporting System System (AFCARS) kanye neNational Child Abused Nedefignome Sy (NCANDS), ezinikeza izilinganiso zezwe ngalinye zokunakekela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifunda eziningi zinezindawo ezinakekela izakhamuzi, njengokubukeza izigodi, amaqembu ahlola ukufa, nekomiti yezemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo, ukuthi ukuqondisa nokuthuthukisa intuthuko. Iklasi yomthetho nayo isuke iqhutyele izinguquko ezimweni eziningi, ukusekela nokunakekela, ukunakekelwa kwezengathwa kwezimiso zezemfundo, futhi iqhubeke ngokusekela kakhulu, ngaphandle kokusekela kwezimiso zezingane, futhi imvume enzinzinzinziswa kakhulu.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Enhlalakahleni Yabantwana Engokwezwe

Umkhakha wenhlala- kahle yabantwana ukhona. Kunokuqashelwa okukhulayo ukuthi indlela engokwesiko ye-(ukusebenza, i-driven yenhlekelele, ne-adversarial(ayanele futhi ivame ukulimaza. Iziqondiso zesikhathi esizayo zihlanganisa:

  • Izimiso eziqondiswe ekuphumeni: Ukuguqula imithombo ekhuphukayo ukuze yondle imikhaya ngaphambi kokuba ukuphathwa kabi kwenzeke, ngokuhambela ekhaya, ukusekela kwezomnotho, nezinkonzo zomphakathi.
  • Ukunciphisa ukwahlukana kobuhlanga: Ihlela amasu anjengesisu esiphuphutheki, ukuqeqeshwa kobandlululo, kanye nezinye izindlela zomphakathi ezisetshenziswa enhlalakahleni yezingane engokwesiko ezigcina izingane ziphephile ngaphandle kokuzisusa.
  • Umkhuba weKin-wokuqala nowomkhaya ophakathi: ukubeka phambili ukuhlangana nezihlobo, ukusekela abaphathi bobuhlobo, kanye nokuhlanganisa iziteshi zomkhaya ezinwetshiwe ekwenzeni izinqumo.
  • Ukunakekela okuphakanyiswe, okuphiliswayo phakathi nendawo: kuqinisekisa ukuthi konke ukuxhumana nabantwana nemikhaya kuzwelana nobuhlungu futhi kukhuthaza ukuzimela nokululama.
  • [ Ukwenziwa kwemali esebenzayo: Ukuthuthukisa amaholo, izindinganiso zokulayisha umthwalo, ukuqondisa, nokusekela kwezingane ezisebenza ngezenhlalakahle ukuze zinciphise ukuhoxa nokuthuthukisa imiphumela.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-dat:[ kuhlanganisa ukwaziswa kwenhlalakahle yezingane nemfundo, impilo, kanye nokwaziswa kobuntwana ukuze kuqondwe kangcono futhi kukhonze izingane.

Iziphakamiso zemithetho njengeFamily First Prevention Services Act (eyabekwa emthethweni ngo-2018) imelela ukushintshwa kokuvinjelwa ngokuvumela amazwe ukuba asebenzise izimali zikahulumeni ukuze agcine izingane ziphephile nemikhaya yawo. Ukufakwa kwemithetho kusaqhubeka, futhi izifundazwe zisebenzela ukwandisa izinkonzo zazo zokuvimbela. Umgomo oyinhloko uwukwakha isimiso senhlala- kahle esingagcini nje ngenetha lokuvikela izingane eziphuthumayo kodwa esisiza yonke imikhaya ukuba iphumelele.

Isiphetho

Iminyango yoMbuso yenhlalakahle yabantwana nesivikelo ziyizinhlangano ezibaluleke kakhulu ezinomthwalo wemfanelo onzima wokuvikela umphakathi wethu osengozini kakhulu. Umsebenzi usukela enkathazweni esheshayo yokuhlola ukuxhashazwa kuya emgomweni omude wokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izingane zinekhaya elilondekile, elihlala njalo. Nakuba zibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu , ukuswelakala kwemisebenzi, ukuswelakala komkhaya, imfuyo eyinkimbinkimbi, nokuhlola umphakathi okuhlangene, ukubambisana, nokulungisa. Ukuqonda ukujula nobubanzi bendima yazo kuvumela ochwepheshe, abakhi bezimiso, nezakhamuzi zansuku zonke ukuba zisekele lezi zinhlangano ezibalulekile. Isivikelo sabantwana asisona nje isibopho somphakathi esinezenzwe esiqhubekayo. Ngokuhlanganisa ukubambisana nobufakazi obuqinile, nokubaluleka kwemisebenzi engokwenhlala njalo, siyakwazi ukusekela inhlalakahle nenzuzo, siyakwazi ukuvikela futhi sivikele izingane. Kodwa ukuqashelwa kolwazi oluqhubekayo.