I-United States Congress ime njengesisekelo sesimiso sokulawula i-Green States, isikhungo se-badamaral esiklanyelwe ukulinganisela amandla phakathi kwezifundazwe ezinkulu nezincane kuyilapho siqinisekisa ukucubungula ngokuphelele ezindabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu zesizwe. Njengoba igatsha lomthetho kahulumeni kahulumeni, iSishaya-Mkhandlu linegunya elikhethekile lokwenza imithetho, ukumemezela impi, ukulawula ukuhwebelana kwezentengiselwano, nokulawula imali nentela. Ukuqonda isakhiwo, imisebenzi, nezinselele zeSishaya-Mkhandlu kudingekile kubafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo, njengoba kuveza indlela idemokhrasi esebenza ngayo. Lokhu kuhlola okunweba kungena ezisekelweni ezisekelwenisweni ezingokomlando, i-procricualtic incuriacries, kanye nezingcingo zanamuhla ezikla isakhiwo, inikeza umbono obanzi wendima yayo eqhubekayo esimisweni sezombangazwe saseMelika.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sezishaya - mthetho

Abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo, abahlangana ePhiladelphia ngo-1787, abaklanywe njengegatsha lokuqala likahulumeni, befaka ngamabomu amagunya aningiliziwe eSiqeshini I. Isinqumo sokwakha isishayamthetho se-bidamaral savela e-Great Relation, eyaxazulula izimpi phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu evumela ukumiswa kwemithetho elinganayo kanye nezifunda ezincane ezifuna izwi elifanayo. Indlu yabameleli yayizohlukaniswa abantu, iyenze ithathele ngokuqondile imvume kwabanyusi ababili, kuyilapho iSigebenganika isifunda ngasinye isifundazwe, singazi ukuthi siyini isilinganiso, sinikeza i-ehlolo ngobukhulu bemibuso emikhulu nokuvikela umbuso. Lesi simiso esibili sasihloselwe ukuthatha inqubo yemithetho ehlelekile, iphoqelela ukuba kudlule emagumbini amabili ahlukene, ikhiphe izikwele ezinhlangothini ezihlukene kanye nemijikelezo esemthethweni.

Izikhongozelo zisebenzisa kokubili ukuhlelwa kwemithetho elawulayo − njengokuhlelwa kwemali, ukumiswa kwamahhovisi eposi, nokukhushulwa kwamabutho , futhi amandla athathelwe ekuthatheni i-dictal ne-Seant Claus (Ingxenye I, Claus 18). Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, ububanzi begunya lokuhlanganisa buye banda ngencazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme nezidingo ezisebenzayo, nokho ukulinganisela okuyisisekelo phakathi kwe House neSigele kuhlala kungaguquguquki kakhulu. Ukubheka ngokujule embhalweni wemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo, vakashelani uMthendeleko weSivumelo wesizwe ikhasi.

Indlu yabameleli: Isigungu sabantu

Indlu yabameleli inamalungu ayizi-465, ngalinye lisebenza izimemo zeminyaka emibili futhi limele izigodi ezidwetshwe ngaphakathi kwezifundazwe. Inani lezihlalo ngokwesifundazwe liphinde liphinde libaleke njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu kwamashumi eminyaka, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuvuna. Isikhathi esifushane sokuvota sisusiwe ngenhloso: abameleli kumelwe babhekane njalo nabavoti, benze i House ibe isibambiso sombono womphakathi. Indlu futhi inelungelo elikhethekile lokusungula izimali (intela nemali) kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomongameli.

Isimiso Sekomiti Sobuholi

UmSpeaker weNdlu, okhethwe yiqembu elikhulu, uyisakhamuzi segumbi futhi ungomunye wezikhulu ezinamandla kakhulu eWashington. USweimer ulawula uhlelo lwezigwebo ze-agcono, ubhekisela emakomitini, futhi umisa amalungu emakomitini akhethekile nasemakomitini engqungqungquthela. Ngezansi iSpeaker, umholi omkhulu nempondo enkulu baphatha impikiswano yaphansi nokubala. Isimiso sekomiti yinjini yendlu: amakomiti amile njenge Appropries, iMizila, iMikhondo ne-Arash, iJaudiary, ne-Ener, nezindawo ezikhethekile yemithetho. Imithetho yokusebenza kwezehlawulwa kwezokugqi nezokushaya. Izindawo zokushaya amafomu, ukuphatha izintambo zokushaya amazandle, ukuphatha izintambo zokuvota, ukuhlanganisa izintambo zokukhokhama lapho kuhlelwe khona izikweletu, noma kuthathwa umthetho omthetho ovulekile. Indlu isetshenziswa futhi ibizwa kanjalo, noma kuqashelwe umthetho omthetho omthetho omthetho omthetho omthetho omthetho owenziwa phansi, noma owenziwa phansi

Ukuklanywa Nokuklanywa Kwamapulangwe

Ngemva kokuba kuvele isikweleti ekomitini, kumelwe sibekwe ekhalendeni ukuze kuhlolwe. Iqembu elikhulu lilawula isimiso esiphansi, ngokuvamile lisebenzisa imithetho ekhethekile ukuze lidlulise noma livimbele impikiswano. Indlu ivame ukusebenza ngaphansi kwenqubo yengxoxo ehleliwe enesikhathi esilinganiselwe. Amavoti okugcina aqoshwa ngemishini, futhi amavoti avamile uma wonke amalungu ekhona) ayadingeka ukuze angene. I-Quorum iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu amancane angama-218 akhona ngaphambi kokuba ivote. Ukuze kutholakale ulwazi oluphilayo nge-Proviotements, bona indlu.

ISigele: Isigungu Esiphakeme Sokudedela

ISigele sinamalungu ayikhulu, amabili avela esifundazweni ngasinye, asebenza iziphakamiso zeminyaka eyisithupha. Ekuqaleni ikhethelwe izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, izinyunyana ziye zakhethwa ngokuqondile kusukela ekuhlolweni kweSichibiyelo sekhulu sekhulu le-17 ngo-1913. Igama elide livikela izinxanxanxathela ezithathelwana zomphakathi ezithatha isikhathi esifushane, lizivumela ukuba zigxile ezithakazelweni zesizwe ezinde. ISishaya-mthetho siphethe amandla akhethekile: ukumiswa kwabaphathi be-presidenti (ama-cabinet, amajaji, amanxusa ombuso) kanye nezivumelwano zokuqinisa izivumelwano zenani elikhulu elingu-3. Siqhuba futhi ukuqunga okuqulwa kwecala, ngokukholisa izicelo ezimbili.

Ubuholi Besigebengu Namasiko

Umongameli oyisekela likaMongameli wase-United States ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele, kodwa angavota kuphela ukuphula uthayi. ISigele sikhetha uMongameli wesikhathi esingesibili (ngokuvamile oyilungu elikhulu kunawo wonke) ukuba engamele lapho uMongameli engekho. UMongameli ophethe udededeli, umisa ikhalenda yezemithetho kanye nokuhlela izihlalo zekomiti. Izindinganiso zeSigele sezeMithena ngokomthetho zigunyaza ngalinye, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokusekela elingalinganiswangalingani nempikiswano qhaza elisetshenziswa nge-protheni.

I - filibuster Ne - clow

I-filbuster ivumela i-senarte ukuba ibambezele noma ivimbele ukuvota ngokukhuluma isikhathi eside noma ngokumane ibonise injongo yokuphikisana. Ukuqeda i-paribuster, iSigele singacela amahlule, inqubo edinga amavoti angu-60 , i-bitamousmajority edinga ngokuphumelelayo ukubambisana kwe-bipartisn yemithetho emikhulu. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, ukusetshenziswa kwe-baccoster kuye kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo, kuholela ekuhleleni i-drockbock nokwenziswano. Ukuhlelwa kwezivumelwano, okunganciphiniwe emfuno emfuno ye-Precialbuster, kudinga kuphela isibalo esilula, esizinziswayo kuphela esisemthethweni semithetho yeqembu lentela yeqembu lezinhlangano, imali, nokuncishiswa kweze. Ukufunda ngokuqhubekayo ezimisweni zezigeqele, ukuhambela i-'igele. [FF:]

Inqubo Yomthetho Eningiliziwe: Ukusuka KuBill Kuya EMthethweni

Ukuqonda uhambo lwemali edlula eSishaya - mthetho kunikeza ukuqonda ngobunkimbinkimbi bokwenza imithetho. Inqubo engezansi ichaza indlela ejwayelekile, nakuba inqubo ehambayo isebenza.

Ukusungulwa Nokuvuselelwa

Noma iliphi ilungu le-Congress lingase lenze isikweleti egumbini lalo ngalinye. Endlini, kufakwa isikweleti ku "isikhwama"; eSigeqeni, isigelekeqe simemezela ukuthi lesi sikhwama siphethe inombolo phansi. Imali ngayinye ithola inombolo (umz. H.R. 1 noma S. 1) futhi ibhekiselwe ekomitini emisiwe efanelekile yendlu yomthetho. Isihlalo sekomiti sinquma ukuthi isiyabela ummeli wesivumelwano esingaphansi.

IKomiti Nesenzo Esingesona Esivamile

AmaKomiti aphethe ukuqulwa lapho ofakazi abasemthethweni, izikhulu zezezimali, kanye neqembu lenzalo lifaka ubufakazi. Ngemva kokuzwa. Ikomiti encane ithatha isimiso sokulungisa imvume futhi ivote ngolimi lwemali. Ikomiti egcwele iphinde inqubo. Uma ikomiti ivumela umthetho ("areodor"), ithumela umbiko egumbini lonke kanye nombiko ochaza amalungiselelo ayo kanye nokuhluza. Uma ikomiti ihluleka ukwenza, izicelo "amalungu ekomitini yesivumelwano"." Ukukhipha izicelo eNdlungwini (i-akhiphiwe 218) kungaphoqa isikhwama somthetho, kodwa lelithuluzi aliphumeleli mpumelelo.

Impikiswano Engokobudele Nesichibiyelo

Kule House, iMithetho inikeza impikiswano ekhethekile ye-Prime Committee ebusayo. Ngaphansi komthetho ovaliwe, akukho kulungisa okuvunyelwe; ngaphansi komthetho ohleliwe, kuphela ukulungisa okuqondile okugunyazwe yiKomiti yeMiyalo okucatshangelwayo; ngaphansi komthetho ovulekile, noma isiphi isilungiso se-gnome kunganikelwa phansi. ISigele asinayo iKomiti Yemithetho enamandla afanayo; kunalokho, izigele zinganikeza izinqinganiso ezingagunyazi (abashadi) ezikhokhelwayo, ngokuvamile ezisetshenziselwa ukubophela izivumelwano eziphikisanayo ezimelwe zidluliswe umthetho. Ukuxabanana kweGalo ngokuvamile akunalutho ngaphandle kokuba igalelo legebhu.

Ukukhangisa Nokudlula

Ngemva kokuphetha impikiswano, isikhulu esiphethe siyabiza ukuba kuvotelwe. Endlini, amavoti aqoshiwe athathwa ngemishini. ESigeqeni, amavoti abizwa ngezwi noma ngemishini, abaqondisi bememezela amavoti abo. Abaningi bathumela isikhwama kwenye igumbi. Uma ikamelo lesibili lidlulisa inguqulo efanayo, isikhwama somthetho sibhaliwe futhi sithunyelwe kumongameli. Uma igumbi lesibili lilungisa lomthetho, izinguqulo ezimbili kumelwe zibuyisane.

AmaKomiti Engqungquthela Nokuvunyelwa Kokugcina

Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinguqulo ezingafani, ikomiti yengqungquthela − ehlanganiswe amalungu asemagumbini womabili − imiswe ukuba avumelane. Umbiko wengqungquthela owenziweyo kumelwe uvunyelwe ngawo womabili amagumbi ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa. Ngesinye isikhathi, izimali ziyabhaliswa futhi zidluliselwe kumongameli. Umongameli unezinsuku eziyishumi zokusayina umthetho, awuwubekeli (uwubuyisela eSivumelweni ngokuphikisa), noma awuwuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kokusayinwa. Uma umongameli wevetoes, uMkhandlu ungahamba nenani elikhulu eliyisithathu egumbini ngalinye .

Ukuphatha Kwenhlangano: Ukubeka Isibopho Sokuphatha

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, uKhongolo-mfuno luqondisa igatsha eliphethe ukuze luqinisekise ukukhishwa komthetho ngokwethembeka. Leligunya liboniswa yiSiphakamiso I futhi likhuliswe ngemithetho enjenge-Inspector General Act ne-Congregational Bal Control ne-Impoundament Control Act. Ukwengamela okuphumelelayo kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukuphamba, ukuchithwa, nokusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya.

Amathuluzi Okuqondisa

UKhongolose usebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni:

Indima Yohlelo Lohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Yomhlangano

UKhongolo lulawula izibopho zezikhwama zemali zikahulumeni ngamandla esikhwama. Indlu iqala ukukhokha izikweletu zemali, inqubo yokuqoqa imishini kahulumeni. Inqubo yokuhlela uhlelo lwemali ihlanganisa isicelo somongameli semali, izinqumo ze-commistical orgation (ukusebenzisa ingqikithi), kanye nezikweletu ezingu-12 zaminyaka yonke. Uma i-Congress ehluleka ukudlulisa izikweletu, kuvela izivikelo zikahulumeni. I-Congregational Ibhalibral Office (CBO) inikeza izilinganiso zezindleko zemali nezinhlelo zezomnotho ezingadingeniswanga, inikeza abakhi bomthetho isisekelo esiqotho sezinqumo.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ezibhekene Nezishaya - mthetho

Naphezu kwamandla ayo angokomthetho, uMkhandlu ulwa nezimpikiswano eziningi eziqeda ukuphumelela nokuthemba kwawo umphakathi.

Ukuhlanyiswa Kwelanga Ne - gridlock

Kumashumi eminyaka ambalwa adlule, igebe lemibono phakathi kwamaqembu amabili amakhulu liye landa. Amalungu aphakathi aye anyamalala kakhulu, athathelwa indawo ama-coucision ahlangeneyo angavamile ukudlula emigqeni yeqembu. Lokhu kuqhekeka kuholela ekungeneni kwemigqa ye-grid, lapho kudlula khona izikweletu ezimbalwa ezinkulu ngaphandle kokuba kube khona umkhandlu owodwa olawula kokubili amagumbi kanye nomphathi. Ukusetshenziswa kaningi kwe-nfinbuster edeperbacybird, kudinga amavoti angu-60 eSihlalo semithetho eminingi.

Ukuncipha Kokwethenjwa Umphakathi

Izibalo zokuvunyelwa komphakathi zeSishaya-Mkhandlu ziye zanda eminyakeni yamuva nangamashumi amabili. AmaMelika amaningi abheka leli sikhungo njengesonakele, esingasabeli, futhi esingalawuleki. Lokhu kungathembeli kubangelwa umbono wethonya elingadingekile ovela kwabagqugquzeli, ukuxabana njalo, nomqondo wokuthi amalungu anesithakazelo kakhulu ekukhetheni kunokuba aboniswe ngeqiniso. Ukuthemba okuphansi kunciphisa ukuthembisana kwezenhlalakahle futhi kungakhuthaza amongameli ukuba bavimbele iSishaya-Hulumeni ngemithetho yezikhulu nangezimiso zokubusa.

Imali Kwezombangazwe

Imali yenkampane yezezimali iye yaba yimpikiswano. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2010 siseyi-CIINNUU . I-FEC ivumela imali engekho esemthethweni yezombangazwe esetshenziswa yizinhlangano zezinhlangano, eholela ekunyukeni kwamaPUPC namaqembu emali amnyama. Ngokuvamile i-Candidate ichitha ingxenye ebalulekile yemali yabo yesikhathi sokuxhasa izimali kunokuba ithathe i-mile. Lo mkhakha wezimali ungasonta ukumelela, njengoba amalungu angasekela abacebile abanikele ngezikhungo ezivamile. Ukuze uthole imibiko, bheka imibiko Brenan Center yeJasticer.

Ukumelela Nokumelela

Inqubo yokulungisa, elawulwa yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, ivumela abakhi bombuso abahlukanisayo ukuba bathande iqembu elilodwa. Lokhu kunciphisa imigqa yesifunda ukuze bathande iqembu elilodwa. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuncintisana ngevolovoli futhi kungakha izihlalo eziphephile lapho abameleli bebhekene nengozi encane yokunqotshwa. Ngenxa yalokho, abameleli bangase beqise kakhulu ukwanelisa abavoti babo abayinhloko abahluliwe, ukuhlukanisa iNdlu. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ithole ukuthi i-baxter gerymander iyimpikiswano yezombangazwe ngaphandle kokubukezwa, ezinye izifunda ziye zasungula izimemo ezizimele zokuzimela ukubulala.

Ikusasa Lomkhandlu Embusweni Wentando Yeningi WaseMelika

I-Congress ihlala iyigatsha likahulumeni elimelele kakhulu, kodwa izinhlangano zayo kumelwe zivumelane namaqiniso anamuhla. Izilinganiso zenguquko zihlanganisa imingcele yamalungu, ukushintsha kwe-finbuster, umkhankaso wokuguqula izimali, nokusetshenziswa okukhulu kobuchwepheshe ukuze kubonakale futhi kuhlangane. Ukuvela kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana ngokuyisisekelo kuye kwashintsha indlela amalungu axhumana ngayo nabavoti, ukudlula kwezezindaba ezingokwesiko kodwa futhi kukhuthaza amagumbi okunanela. Abafundisi nabaholi bomphakathi kufanele bakhuthaze abafundi ukuba baqonde lamandla hhayi njengemiqondo engabonakali, kodwa njengamandla alawula zonke izici zokunakekela kwezempilo abazuza ngayo emigwaqweqweni abahamba kuyo.

Ngokufunda iSishaya - mthetho, abafundi bazuza ukwazisa okujulile ngobunkimbinkimbi bokwenza umthetho kanye nokulinganisela kwamandla okuchaza isimiso sobukhoma sase-U.S. kungenxa yokuba nesizwe esinolwazi, ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo okhethweni, futhi baphendule abameleli ukuthi uKhongolo lungasigcwalisa isithembiso salo somthetho - sisekelo. Uhambo lokuya esindlini somthetho - sisekelo esiphumelelayo ludinga kokubili inguquko engokomthetho kanye nenselele eqhubekayo echaza amandla entando yeningi yaseMelika.