Ukuqonda Indima Yomongameli Nezimo Eziphuthumayo Kuhulumeni Wethu

Ukuqonda Indima Yomongameli Nezimo Eziphuthumayo Kuhulumeni Wethu

Uhulumeni kahulumeni wase-United States usebenza ngesimiso esiklanywe ngokucophelela sokuhlola nokulinganisela, igatsha eliphethe lidlala indima eyinhloko ekuqinisweni komthetho nasekugcwaliseni izimiso. Enhloko yaleligatsha ihleli uMongameli, osebenza eduze kwenhlangano enkulu yezinhlangano zikahulumeni neminyango. Ukuqonda indlela lezi zinhlangano ezisebenzelana ngayo zibalulekile ngezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda indlela izinqumo ezizokwenziwa ngayo, imithetho ikhishwe, futhi kunikezwe izinkonzo zomphakathi. Lesi sihloko siphula imithwalo yemfanelo ecacile kaMongameli, imisebenzi yezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kanye nobudlelwane obunamandla phakathi kwazo.

Indima KaMongameli

UMongameli we-United States usebenza njengenhloko yombuso nomphathi kahulumeni, ehlanganisa ukuhola kwesizwe ezimpini zasekhaya nezezizwe. Imibuso nemisebenzi engokomthetho ihlelwe eSigabeni II soMthetho-sisekelo, esimangalela uMongameli ngo "i-tak[ing] Ukunakekela ukuba iMithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka." Lesi sigqebhezana sikha isisekelo segunya lokuphatha, sinika uMongameli umthwalo wemfanelo wokuphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni edluliswa yiSishaya-Hulumeni.

Ukusebenzisa Imithetho Nokushaya Imithetho

Enye yemisebenzi eyinhloko kaMongameli iwukuqondisa ukukhishwa kwemithetho. Lokhu kuhilela ukuqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zisebenzise imithetho, ukukhipha iziyalezo eziphetheyo zokuqondisa umsebenzi wenhlangano, nokumisa isimiso esiza kuqala ngokuhlongozwa kwemali ngonyaka. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho uMkhandlu udlulisa isikhwama sesimo sezulu, uMongameli uqondisa i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) ukumisa imithetho ehlangabezana nezisulu zomthetho. UMongameli futhi unamandla phezu komthetho, osebenza njenge-chelo elihlola i-Congress.

Ukumiswa Kwamandla Okususwa

UMongameli umisa amanhloko ezinhlangano ze-operalthine, kuhlanganise nonobhala bamakhathekhathi, abaphathi, namakhomishane. Lokhu kumisa kudinga ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele, inqubo eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli bafanelekile futhi abamane nje bahlangene nezombangazwe. Uma sekuqinisekisiwe, abaholi bezinhlangano basebenza ngenjabulo kaMongameli, okusho ukuthi bangasuswa ngaphandle kwesizathu. Leligunya livumela uMongameli ukuba ahlele ukuhola kwezinhlangano kanye nezinto eziza kuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli ogxile ekunciphiseni imingcele umisa izinhloko zezinhlangano eziboshelwayo eziboshweni ukuncishiswa kwemithetho.

Izindaba zakwamanye amazwe nomphathi-i-Chief

Ezweni lonke, uMongameli usebenza njengomphathi omkhulu wesizwe, oxoxa ngezivumelwano (ngesivumelwano sokweqiswa kweSigele) futhi oqaphela ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe. NjengoMphathi-Mphathi wamabutho ahlomile, uMongameli uqondisa imisebenzi yezempi futhi unegunya lokuthumela amabutho, nakuba i-Congress kuphela engayisakaza impi. Omongameli banamuhla baye basebenzisa izivumelwano zezikhulu ukuze badlulise inqubo yesivumelwano, umkhuba oye wabangela impikiswano ngokulinganisela kwemibuso yempi.

Isiyalo Esiphethe Nombhanda

Iziqondiso zeziphathimandla zinikezwa nguMongameli olawula ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Banegunya lomthetho kodwa balinganiselwe yimithetho ekhona nemingcele engokomthetho-mthetho. UMongameli u-tranda ufeza injongo efanayo kodwa akakho ngokomthetho ofanayo. Zombili iziyalezo zisiza uMongameli ukuba asebenzise isimiso ngaphandle kokulinda isenzo sobuKhomishano, nakuba zingashintshwa ngokulawula okulandelayo noma zibekelwe inselele enkantolo. Isibonelo esaziwayo singuMongameli Biden’s Edective Order 14008 ekunqandeleni inhlekelele yesimo sezulu, eqondisa izinhlangano ukuba zithuthukise iziqondiso ezintsha futhi zifake amandla ahlanzekile.

Izinhlangano Zikahulumeni Nemisebenzi Yazo

Izinhlangano ze-Federal ziyizinhlangano ezikhethekile ezakhiwa yiKhongolo-mfuyo noma uMongameli ukuze zenze imisebenzi ethile kahulumeni. Zisebenza ngaphansi kwegatsha eliphethe futhi zinomthwalo wokulandisa kuMongameli, nakuba eziningi zinamandla okususa i-legisi-legisi nayi-quasidicantia. Izinhlangano zingahlelwa ngezindlela ezintathu: iminyango yezikhulu (umz., uMnyango Wezezifekthazo), izinhlangano ezizimele (umz., i-NASASAN, kanye ne-athorativession (umz., i-Sturetituties and Exchange).

Ukusebenzisa Imithetho

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wezinhlangano eziningi uwukumisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolo. Uma umthetho ungenayo imininingwane ethile — ejwayelekile — izinhlangano zigcwalisa izikhala ngokubekwa komthetho. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukukhipha imithetho ehlongozwayo e- Féderal Register[, icela ukukhulumela kwasobala, futhi ikhipha imithetho yokugcina. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Occapational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) imisa izindinganiso zokuphepha emsebenzini ezisekelwe e-Occupational Safety and Health Act. Lemithetho inezigunya engokomthetho efanayo njengemithetho, kodwa ibekwa ekwahlulelweni.

Ukubeletha Kwenkonzo

Izinkampani zezokuthutha zinikeza izinkonzo ngokuqondile ezakhamuzini. Izinqubo ze-Social Security Administrations zisiza ngokuthatha umhlalaphansi nokukhubazeka. I-Derrement of Veterans Affairs inikeza omakadlelwano bempilo. I-Fomatium Security Administrations ezikhumulweni zezindiza. Lezi zinkonzo zivame ukuthunyelwa ngamahhovisi esifunda, amahhovisi asemasimini, noma amahhovisi e-inthanethi. Impumelelo nokutholakala kwalezi zinkonzo kulinganiswa ngezinhlangano ngokwazo kanye nangeminyango enjenge-Rhulument Accounting Office (GAO).

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokubuyiselwa

Izinhlangano eziningi zinamandla okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho nezimiso. I-EPA ingakhipha izihlawulo zokwephulwa kokungcola. I-Federal Trade Commission (FTC) imisa imithetho emelene nokuthembeka. I-Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ilawula umsakazo nethelevishini. Lezi zinkampani zihlola, zibambe amacala, futhi zibeke isijeziso. Izenzo zazo zokuphoqesha zivame ukubekelwa inselo enkantolo, futhi imiphumela ilawula ukuchazwa komthetho olawulayo.

Izinhlangano Ezizimele Nenselele Yokulawula

Izinhlangano ezizimele, njengeFederal Reserve Board neNational Labor Relations Board, ziklanyelwe ukusebenza ngesilinganiso esithile sokuzibusa ngokulawulwa ngumongameli. Abakhomishane bazo ngokuvamile basebenzisa izinqumo ezimisiwe futhi bangasuswa ngenxa yesizathu. Lesi sakhiwo sibavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, sibavumela ukwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe ebuchwepheshini. Nokho, futhi sidala ukungezwani naBaongameli abafisa ukulawula umthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yalinganiswa ngalokhu kulinganisela, ikakhulukazi i-Sila Laws forception Burectoryment. Confecial Burectory [[FLT:] 2020], eyayithi isakhiwo esizimele sobumongameli sihoxisiwe.

Ukuhlangana Phakathi Komongameli Nezimo Eziphuthumayo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukaMongameli nezinhlangano zikahulumeni buyinkimbinkimbi, buhilela ukuqondisa, ukuqondisa, nokuxabana ngezikhathi ezithile. Nakuba uMongameli engumphathi ophethe, izinhlangano zinemithetho yazo siqu, amasiko amaqembu, kanye nezikhundla. Ukuxhumana kungabonakala ngezinqubo eziningana eziyinhloko.

Iziqondiso Zesimiso Sezokuqondisa

Omongameli basebenzisa iziyalo zezikhulu ukuze baqondise izinhlangano ukuba zihlele izenzo ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo oluphetheyo lungafuna ukuba zonke izinhlangano zibukeze izimiso ezikhona zezokulungisa noma ukuguqula. Izinhlangano kumelwe zivumelane ngaphandle kokuba uhlelo lungqubuzana nezimfuneko zomthetho. I-Office of Management and Bactal (OMB) inendima eyinhloko ekuhleleni leziqondiso, ukubukeza izimali zezinhlangano, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ivumelana nohlelo lukaMongameli. I-OMB futhi inikeza izisekeli eziqondisa ukuhlelwa kwenhlangano nokuhlelwa kwemithetho yezimali.

Ukumiswa Nokuhola

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, uMongameli umisa izikhungo. Lapho sezikhona, laba baholi bamisa indlela yokusebenza kwenhlangano yabo, banqume ukuthi kufanele baphishekele kanjani ukugcinwa kwamandla, nokuba yini ukumisa izindawo ezithile zezimiso, nokuthi bangayabela kanjani imithombo yezezombangazwe. Nokho, izikhulu zezombangazwe, ngokuvamile kumelwe zisebenze kanye nezisebenzi zomsebenzi ezinolwazi olunzulu lwezifundo zezezimali nezinobude obude. Lokhu kungaholela ekubambisanani noma ekuxabaniseni. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nesigaba seTrump, abaphathi bezombangazwe e-EPA baphoqelela ukukhipha i-degion, kuyilapho izisebenzi zemisebenzi ngezinye izikhathi zimelana nezinguquko ezazizibona zihambisana nomsebenzi wenhlangano.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali Nokusetshenziswa Kwemali

UMongameli uhlongoza uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni unyaka ngamunye, kodwa uKhongolose kumelwe avume ukugunyaza. Lokhu kunikeza iziphakamiso zeKhomishane ezilawula imisebenzi yezinhlangano. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli angacela izimali ezikhudlwana ukuze uMnyango Wezisekelo usekele ukucwaninga okuhlanzekile, kodwa uKhongolo-mthetho ungakhetha ukunikezela okuncane. Izinkampani kumelwe zisebenzise phakathi kwemali yazo efanelekile, okulinganisela ikhono labo lokufeza zonke izinto eziza kuqala zikaMongameli. Inqubo yemali iyinkundla ye-interranch Relation.

Ukuphatha Nokulandisa

UKhomishane futhi wengamela izinhlangano ngokuqulwa kwecala, ukuphenya, ne-Hulumeni Accounting Office. UMongameli unamathuluzi okuthonya ukuziphatha kwezinhlangano, kodwa futhi izinhlangano zinecala kuKhomishane. Lokhu kulandisa okubili kungadala izingxabano, ikakhulukazi uma uMongameli noMkhandlu belawulwa amaqembu ahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, i House Ways and Folture Committee ingahlola izenzo zegatsha eliphethe, kuyilapho uMongameli eqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvala amarekhodi. Izimpi ezinjalo zixazululwa ngemvume yokuxoxisana noma ukupheliswa.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni ubuhlobo obuphakathi kukaMongameli noMongameli. Ngaphansi kwe-Administrative Procedure Act (APA), izenzo zenhlangano zingabekelwa inselele enkantolo kahulumeni. Uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi inxusa elithile lidlule igunya layo noma lithathe ngamabomu noma lithathe isinyathelo ngokuphandle, lingasigumbula isenzo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ye-20222 [FL:0] i-West Virginia v. [i-EPA] sanciphisa ikhono le-EPA lokulawula ukushisa igesi ngaphansi kwe-Ceac Air Act, isinqumo esacindezela kokubili inkampani kanye nesimo sezulu. Ukubukeza komthetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zihlala emikhawulweni engokomthetho, ngisho nalapho zisebenza eziqondisweni zikaMongameli.

Umlando: Indlela Ubuhlobo Obungashintsha Ngayo

Ubuhlobo banamuhla phakathi kukaMongameli nezinhlangano buwumphumela wentuthuko engokomlando. IRepublic yokuqala yayinezinhlangano ezimbalwa zikahulumeni; i-Congress yokuqala yasungula iminyango emithathu: iZwe, iNgxenye, neMpi, njengoba isizwe sakhula futhi sibhekana nezinselele ezintsha — ezezimboni, izinkinga zezomnotho, izimpi zomhlaba — i-Congress yasungula izinhlangano ezintsha ukuze ikhulume ngazo. I-New Deal Era yabona ukukhula kwezakhiwo zezinhlangano, kuhlanganise ne-Secureties and Exchange, i-National Laborcial Reliation Board, ne-Social Security Board. Izinhlelo zeNhlangano eMnyango ephakeme ka-1960 zanezela izinhlangano ze-EPA ne-Overtical Observement.

Inhlangano ngayinye entsha yandisa imithwalo yemfanelo yokuphatha. Omongameli baqala ukuncika kubaphathi abakhulayo beWhite House ukuze baqondise umthetho. Ihhovisi eliphethe uMongameli, elamiswa ngo-1939, manje lihlanganisa i-OMB, i-National Security Council, i-Economic Advisersers, kanye nezinye izinhlangano. Lesisekelo siye sanika omongameli amandla engeziwe phezu kwezinhlangano, kodwa futhi sadala nesakhiwo esibanzi esingase sikwazi ukulawulwa.

Kumashumi eminyaka amuva, izimpikiswano eziphathelene namandla obupresidenti ziye zakhula. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukulawula kukaMongameli izinhlangano kubalulekile ukuze kutholwe isibopho sentando yeningi — abavoti bakhetha uMongameli, futhi uMongameli kufanele akwazi ukuqondisa igatsha eliphethe. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukulawulwa kakhulu komongameli kululaza ukuzibusa kwezinhlangano ezingochwepheshe, kuholela ekuhleleni ukushintshashintsha kwezimiso zokubusa kwezombangazwe nobuchwepheshe obusezimbonini kuseyinselele eMelika.

Izibonelo Eziwusizo: Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Cabangela izibonelo ezimbili ezibonisa uMongameli onamandla.

Isibonelo 1: Umthetho Wendawo Ezungezile

UMongameli ozimisele ukusingatha ukushintsha isimo sezulu umisa umgomo wokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwecarbon ngo-50% ngo-2030. Ukuze afeze lokhu, uMongameli unikeza umyalo ophetheyo oyala i-EPA ukuba inikeze imithetho emisha yezezikhundla zikagesi. I-EPA, eholwa iSigele esiqinisekisiwe, ihlela umthetho odinga izitshalo ezikhona ukuze kufakwe i-carbon zobuchwepheshe. Umthetho uyaqhubeka ukhulumela umphakathi, lapho amaqembu emboni aphikisana khona ukuthi intengomba entengo, futhi amaqembu endawo ezungezile aphikisa ukuthi ibuthakathaka kakhulu. I-EPA isho umthetho, kodwa ibekelwe inselele enkantolo ngokushesha. INkanto ephakeme kamuva ishaya umthetho ezisekelwe ezisekelweni lezo ze-Cesphere angazange inike igunya elinjalo. Umongameli u-Cooperalcerdercence usebenza ngomthetho omusha onikeza umthetho owenziwe ngokuphandle.

Isibonelo 2: Ukufuduka

UMongameli ufuna ukumisa ukukhishwa kwabantu ababoshelwe emaqenjini athile angathiwe amacala amakhulu kuyilapho evikela abanye. I-Dervince of Homeland Security (DHS), ehlanganisa uku-Immigration and Custom Entorcement (IC), inomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho. UMongameli unikeza i-memorandum eqondisa izimali ezihlelwe ezigabani ezithile. Izikhulu ze-ICEA emhlabeni, nokho, kumelwe zichaze iziqondiso. Abanye abameleli bangaphikisana nokubekwa phambili kweziqondiso futhi baqhubeke bebopha abantu ngaphandle kweziqondiso. Inhlangano ingakhipha isiqondiso esiqondile noma iziqondiso ezingezona ezingekho emthethweni. Izinhlangano zingaba nezindlela zokuhlola izindlela zokuqondisa umthetho. Inkantolo ingagcizelela ukuthi iziqondiso zidlula igunya lo Pusimentshisi. Lesi sibonelo siqokomisa iziqondiso esiphethe izinhlangano esikhulu.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukaMongameli nezinhlangano zikahulumeni busekelwe ekubuseni kwe-Melika. UMongameli umisa isiqondiso esibanzi, umisa abaholi bezinhlangano, futhi asebenzise iziyalezo eziphetheyo ukuze ahlele izenzo zezinhlangano kanye nezinto eziza kuqala zokuqondisa. Izindawo, ziletha ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile, zisebenzise imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi, futhi zinikeze izinkonzo eziqondile ezakhamuzini. Lobu buhlobo abushelelezi ngaso sonke isikhathi — bubunjwa yimithetho evimbelayo, ukuqondisa izinhlangano zomthetho, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, kanye nobunzima obuzakhelweyo bokulawula i-acculder. Izakhamuzi, ziqonda ukuthi lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloniseni ukusebenza kukahulumeni nasekuphatheni izikhulu ezikhethiwe. Ngokuzinziswa ngendlela engaziwa ngayo ngemisebenzi yegatsha, izakhamuzi zingaqonda kangcono inqubo ethinta ukuphila kwazo kanye nezindlela zazo zokuzisekela.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-website kahulumeni e-U.S. emagatsheni kahulumeni, incazelo yeNdlu yeHolo emhlophe yegatsha eliphetheyo[, ne umbhalo kamongameli
[[FT] Government Accounting Office Office [[FLT:]]]