Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo Somongameli Sihlola Inhlangano

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States umisa uhulumeni wemibuso ehlukene, negatsha ngalinye elinendlela yokulinganisela eminye. Phakathi kwalokhu kuhlola, uMongameli usebenzisa igunya elikhulu lokucindezela, ithonya, futhi ngisho nokulawula izenzo zeSishaya-mthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinqubo − eziwuhlobo nethukela − isikhulu esikwazi ngazo ukuhlola amandla omthetho, asekelwe embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo, izenzakalo ezingokomlando, kanye nomkhuba wanamuhla. Ukuqonda lamathuluzi kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukulinganisela okunamandla enhliziyweni ye-America.

Umbuso weVeto: Isehlo esiyinhloko soMongameli

I-chenjezo elicacile nelicacile kakhulu nomthetho-sisekelo uMongameli ophethe uKhongolo lunamandla atholakala ku- I-Article I, Ingxenye 7 yoMthetho-sisekelo. Uma zombili izindlu zidlulisa incwadi, inikezwa uMongameli, onezinsuku eziyishumi (ngeSonto elidlulele) ukuze enze isenzo. UMongameli angasayina isibeko emthethweni noma abuye aliphinde ngemipathiso. Ingqungquthela ingadlula ngevoti evamile yamahhalali amabili kuphela egumbini ngalinye, isigqengqene esiphezulu esiye sahlangatshezwa ngomlando ezingeni ezingaphansi kwezingu 5% zezenzakalo.

IVeto Evamile

I-veto evamile iyithuluzi eliyisigwegwe kodwa elinamandla. Ngokuphoqelela imfuneko enkulu kakhulu yokumiswa, uMongameli angavimbela umthetho ontula ukusekela kwe-bipartisan. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wasebenzisa iveto izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-600, kuyilapho uMongameli uGeorge W. Bushveto wafaka izikweletu ezingu-12 kuphela. ufaka umthetho we-vect [[ we-veto i-scroigate commation comment, njengoba abaxhasi bevame ukuxoxa neNdlumounion, ukuze bagweme ukuxabana okuqondile.

I - pocket Veto

Iveto ephaketheni inhlolo ye-procedal esebenza lapho izingqungquthela zifa phakathi nenkathi yezinsuku eziyishumi. Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo, isambathi siyafa ngaphandle kwethuba lokulawula. Lamandla aqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu awunakuphoqa isandla sikaMongameli ngokudlulisa izikweleti ekupheleni kwesimiso. INkantolo Ephakeme ibeke i-veto ebhaceni ekubekeni izithuba zokugcina, hhayi ezithathelwa phambili (right v. United States, 1938]).

Ukulinganiselwa Kwe - Veto

Iveto ayiyona into ephelele. UMkhandlu ungawuqeda, futhi uMongameli akanakukwazi ukukhipha izinto zomgqa phakathi kwemali. I-Line Intinea Veto Act ka-1996 yabizwa ngokuthi ayivumelani nemithetho yeNkantolo Ephakeme Clinton v. Idolobha laseNew York[1998] ngoba laphula iPaintment Clause. Ngakho, uMongameli kumelwe amukele noma alahle izikwele izikweletu njengendawo ephelele, isithiyo ngezinye izikhathi esiphoqayo esiphoqayo phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwenyama yenyama yenyama nengunda.

Iziqondiso Zokuba Umongameli Neziqondiso

Nakuba iveto iyi-search yeze-exampli, iziyalo zezikhulu zivumela uMongameli ukuba enze umsebenzi owenziwayo ukuze asebenzise imithetho futhi alawule uhulumeni kahulumeni. iziyalezo ezisemthethweni zinamandla omthetho kodwa zithola igunya kuMthetho-sisekelo noma izihambeli ezivela eSishayamthetho. Zivumela uMongameli ukuba aqondise indlela ekhishwa ngayo imithetho, inqubo yokulungisa ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle komthetho omusha.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nokuphakama Kwawo

Isigaba II sezabelo zokubusa kuMongameli futhi siyala ukukhishwa komthetho ngokwethembeka. Lokhu kuye kwachazwa njengokuvumela iziqondiso ezilawula i-compation. Abameli kusukela uGeorge Washington baye bakhipha iziyalo zezikhulu ezindabeni ezisukela eLouisiana Purchase kuya ekudluliseni kwenkathi yempi. Nokho, umthetho awukwazi ukwakha umthetho omusha noma izimali ezifanele kuMongameli. INkantolo Ephakeme yabulala uMongameli uTruman ngokushaya umthetho wesikhulu wensimbi phakathi neMpi yaseKorea ([[FLTY:0]] Intsha ewuthwebulayo ngemuva neThton & Tube. v. Sawyer, 1952], njengegunya elikhulu kakhulu.

Izinhlolo - vo Zomphakathi Nezokwahlulela

ISishaya-mthetho singagumbuqela umthetho wezikhulu ngokumisa umthetho ophikisana nawo, ongaphansi kwe-veto kamongameli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSishaya-mthetho singasusa ukusetshenziswa komyalo ngenqubo yokukhipha iziphakamiso. Izinkantolo zingakhipha iziyalezo eziphula imithetho engokomthetho noma imithetho engokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe amaningana abekela inselele ngempumelelo izenzo zobuphathi bokufuduka zikaMongameli Obama, kanye nokuvinjelwa kohambo lukaMongameli uTrump ukubukezwa kwemithetho eminingi ngaphambi kokuba kuxhaswe.

Naphezu kwalezi zingqinamba, iziyalezo zezikhulu ziseyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlola i-ekerentia. Uma uMkhandlu uhluleka ukuthatha isinyathelo ezindabeni ezicindezelayo − njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, isikweleti sabafundi, noma ukugcinwa kwemithetho yokufuduka / abaholi bavame ukuphendukela eziqondisweni zomuntu ongahlolwanga muntu ukuze baqhubekisele phambili izinhlelo zabo.

Ukumiswa Kwamandla Okususwa

Igunya likaMongameli lokumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise amajaji, onobhala bamakhabethe, neziphathi zezinhlangano, linikeza ukuhlola okuphawulekayo ngendlela imithetho yeSishaya-mthetho esetshenziswa ngayo. Ngokukhetha abantu abahlanganyela ifilosofi yabaphathi, uMongameli angathonya inqubo iminyaka eminingi noma ngisho namashumi eminyaka.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwesigebengu Njengamandla Ahlanganyelayo

UMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba iSigele sinikeze “imvume nemvume” kubaphathi abakhulu. Lokhu kuhlola uMongameli kusebenza futhi njengesheke loMkhandlu: ngokusho ukuthi abantu abafanelekayo kakhulu noma abavumelana nengqondo, uMongameli angaphoqelela iSigele ukuba siqinisekise noma sibalale obala. Ukuvela kwezimpi zokuqinisekisa ezigunyaziwe kuye kwandisa ukubaluleka okubalulekile kokuhlobana kwemifantu, ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa amongameli ukusebenzisa ukumisa ikhemisi ukuze badlulise iSigebeqe.

Ukumiswa Kokwahlulela Nethonya Lesikhathi Eside

Mhlawumbe akukho mandla amisayo ahlola iziKhongolo ngokuphumelelayo kunokukhethwa kwamajaji kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Izinkantolo zichaza imithetho edluliswa yiKhomishane; ikomiti elawulayo ebambelele kakhulu ekwakheni noma abaxhasi abaphilayo abangaguqula ukumiswa komthetho. Umongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wahluleka “ukulahla icebo” kwakuwumzamo wokunqoba izinhlelo zokwahlulela ngemithetho emisha ye-Ac, kodwa usongo nje lwesenzo esinjalo sithonye inkantolo. Namuhla, ukumiswa kwamajaji kuyinkundla eyinhloko yempi.

Amandla Okususa

UMongameli ngokuvamile unamandla okususa izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano, nakuba kunemingcele yamanxusa azimele. Inkululeko Enterprise Fund v. Umphakathi Uphengululi Wombuso [2010], iNkantolo yasekela imingcele ekususweni kodwa yaqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli kumelwe agcine ukulawula okuthile phezu kwezikhulu ze-athorst. Lokhu kuvumela uMongameli ukuba abophe isibopho sokulandisa nokuhlela izenzo zenhlangano kanye nezingathathi thathi hlangothi eziphambili.

Isimo Se - Union Ne - Agenda

ISiphakamiso II, isiqephu sesi-3 sifuna ukuba uMongameli “ngesikhathi ngasinye anikeze i-Congress Information of the State of the Union.” Le nkulumo yaminyaka yonke ingaphezu kwenhlonipho; iyindawo yesikhulumi ukuba ilungise uhlelo lwesizwe lwemithetho. Ngokuqokomisa izinto eziza kuqala, ukufaka izikweletu, nokukhuthaza umbono womphakathi, uMongameli angacindezela uMkhandlu ukuba uthathe isinyathelo.

I-State of the Union ivame ukuhambisana neziphakamiso ezithile zomthetho kanye nesicelo sokuhlelwa kwemali. Nakuba uMkhandlu ungabophekile ukwamukela uhlelo lukaMongameli, ukubonakala komphakathi kwekheli kudala amandla ezombangazwe. Umongameli onezilinganiso zokugunyaza okukhulu angathatha isikhulu ukuba sifune ukuthatha isinyathelo, kuyilapho umongameli obuthakathaka angase alwele ukuzama ngisho nokudluliswa kwezindlela ezivamile. Le “pulpartium”, nakuba kuyinhlolongela olubalulekile engqungqubuzani.

Ukubiza Izingxenye Ezikhethekile Namandla Okufudumala

UMongameli unegunya lomthetho-sisekelo lokuhlanganisa zombili izindlu zomkhandlu ngezikhathi ezingavamile. Nakuba lombuso ungasetshenziswanga kakhulu ezikhathini zanamuhla, uhlala uhlola. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uHarry Truman wabiza uKhongolose ukuba lungene esiqephini esikhethekile ngo-1948 ukuze akhulume ngokwehla kwamandla emali nangamalungelo omphakathi. UMongameli angabuye afake i-fansomsme uma lezi zindlu ezimbili zingavumelani ngesikhathi sokufusha, amandla angakaze asetshenziswe kodwa abuye abe njengendlela yokugcina yokuphula izinsi.

Amandla Empi Nomphathi Wegunya Eliyinhloko

Njengoba kuPhawunda , uMongameli angathumela amabutho ezempi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa ngaphambi kobuhlanga. Leligunya linikeza ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwesimiso sangaphandle nokulondeka kwesizwe, ngokuvamile kusebenza ezindaweni lapho uMkhandlu wesizwe uthatha khona ijubane lokugunyaza noma lokuvimbela. Isinqumo se-Gazer Declare ka 1973 [ yazama ukuhlola leligunya ngokufuna uMongameli ukuba azise iBhungane. Nokho, umongameli ngokuvamile baye baphikisana nezenzo zomthetho womthetho, nezinkantolo baye bagwema kakhulu ekunqumeni okuhle kwawo.

Ngokusebenzisa ibutho lezempi, uMongameli anganikeza iSishaya-mthetho i-ackholli, aphoqelele abenzi bomthetho ukuba basekele isenzo, bavimbele ukuxhasa imali (ngezombangazwe), noma bangakwenzi lutho. Lokhu kuhlola amandla oMkhandlu ukumemezela impi bekulokhu kuwumsuka oqhubekayo wempi, kusukela eKhoriyeni kuya ezimpini zaseLibya nase-Siriya.

Amandla EPardon Njengokuhlola Ukufinyelela Ngokweqile Kwenhlangano

ISiphakamiso II sinikeza uMongameli amandla okunikeza ama-repriev nokuthethelela amacala kahulumeni, ngaphandle kwezimo zokungagunyazi. Leligunya elikhulu livumela uMongameli ukuba aqede imiphumela yobugebengu emiswe uMkhandlu ngomthetho. Umongameli angathethelela abantu ababoshelwe ukwephula imithetho kahulumeni, besekela amagatsha okwahlulela nomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Gerald Ford’s aqeda ukuwa okungokomthetho kweWatergate, kuyilapho umongameli uTrump ethethelela izinxushunxulumani zezombangazwe eziye zabangela impikiswano ngesikhundla samandla.

Nakuba amandla okuthethelela engawuvimbeli ngokuqondile umthetho, angavikela abantu esijezisweni, kanjalo ahlole ikhono loMkhandlu lokuphoqelela imithetho ethile.INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi amandla okuthethelela acishe abe namkhawulo, angaphansi kokwenqatshelwa kuphela.

Ilungelo Eliphethe Isimiso Nesimiso Sokulawula Ukwaziswa

Sekuyisikhathi eside abameli begcizelela ilungelo lokugodla ukwaziswa eMkhandlwini ngenxa yesidingo sokufihla imfihlo ekuhlolweni kwezikhulu. Nakuba kungashiwonga ngokuqondile eMthethweni, ilungelo eliphetheyo liye laqashelwa izinkantolo njengefa lokuhlukanisa imibuso. Ngokwenqaba ukuveza imibhalo noma ukuvumela usizo ukuba lufakazele, uMongameli angaphazamisa ukuphenywa nokungamele.

Nokho, lokhu kuhlola akuphelele. ku-United States v. Nixon (1974]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ilungelo lokuphatha kumelwe linikeze isidingo esikhethekile sobufakazi ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu. Ezimpini zamuva kakhulu, njengokuhlola kwendlu ekuhlaseleni ngoJanuwari 6, izinkantolo ziye zaphoqelela ubufakazi nomkhiqizo wezincwadi, ilinganisela ikhono likaMongameli lokufihla ukwaziswa. Noma kunjalo, ilungelo lesikhulu lihlala liyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlola noma ukususa i-comiliation.

Amandla Okusebenzisa Imali Nokusetshenziswa Kwawo

UMongameli uthonya amandla emali yeSikhwama ngenqubo yesicelo sokuhlela imali. I-Office of Management and Baccompliver, iholwa umongameli omisiwe, inikeza isicelo sokuhlela imali kaningiliziwe unyaka ngamunye. Nakuba ekugcineni uMkhandlu ufanele izimali, uMongameli angasebenzisa izikweletu noma asongele amasheya ukuze ahlele izindleko. Ngokuphikisana kakhulu, amongameli baye basebenzisa ukuncishiswa kwemali okufanele iSishaya - sisekelo (Presskondress).

I-Intundament Control Control Act ka- 1974 yanciphisa lomkhuba ngokufuna uMongameli ukuba afune ukuvunyelwa kwenhlangano. Nokho, omongameli banamuhla baye baqhubeka bethola izindlela zokubambezela noma zokubuyisela imali, njengangokokuvala noma ukubuyisela. Ukucindezela phakathi kwesikhulu esisebenzisa ukwahlulela nokuhlela i-computer kuhlala kuseyindawo yempi enkulu.

Izivumelwano, Izivumelwano Zokuqondisa, Nomthetho Wangaphandle

UMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano, ezifuna ukuvunyelwa kweSigele ngezintambo ezimbili-ntathu. Lokhu kunikeza iSigele ishekelo eliqinile ekwenzeni isivumelwano. Ekuphenduleni, amongameli baye baphendukela kakhulu ezivumelwaneni zezikhulu, ezingadingi imvume yeSishaya-mthetho. Nakuba izivumelwano zezikhulu zingenakuwuthatha indawo umthetho kahulumeni, bavumela uMongameli ukuba enze izibopho zamazwe ngamazwe ngaphandle kokwenza izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, ngaleyo ndlela behlola indima ye-Congress Congress. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Iran i-nyukliya yakha i-mfa njengesivumelwano sesikhulu, ukugwema i-partment eyayingeke yehluleke.

Lokhu kushintsha kuye kwanciphisa ikhono loMkhandlu lokuhlela isimiso sakwamanye amazwe ase - United States, nakuba le ndlu ilondoloza amandla okusekela noma ukumisa izivumelwano ezinjalo. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zasekela izivumelwano zokubusa njengomthetho - sisekelo, zinikeza isikhulu isikhundla ngokwengeziwe kulendawo.

Ama - on ngokwethukela: Ubuqili Bomphakathi Nokucindezela Kwezombangazwe

Ngaphandle kwamandla omthetho-sisekelo nomthetho, uMongameli uthonya “ngepulpithi”" ikhono lokuqondisa ukunaka nokuhlela umbono womphakathi. Ngokukhuluma nesizwe, ngokusebenzisa imithombo yezindaba, noma umkhankaso wezimiso ezithile, uMongameli angacindezela amalungu ahlukene eSishaya - mthetho ukuba asekele noma aphikise umthetho. Lokhu kungaba ngcono kakhulu uma iqembu likaMongameli lilawula igumbi elilodwa noma zombili, kodwa ngisho nomongameli obhekene nokuphikiswa okuhlangene angashukumisa umzwelo womphakathi ukuze ahlole isenzo sokuhlanganisa.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukunxusa kukaMongameli Reagan ngokuqondile kwasiza ekunciphiseni intela, kuyilapho umkhankaso kaMongameli Obama womphakathi we-Affordal Care Act wacindezela amaDemocrates antengantengayo. Ukusebenzisa kukaMongameli uTrump ukusebenzisa uTwitter ukuba ahlasele abaholi bobuKhosi kanye nabaphikisi abayinhloko kwasebenza njengesesheshi ngokwethukela, ukuthonya icebo lomthetho. Lamandla athambile, asekelwe esimweni esikhethekile sikaMongameli njengokuphela kwesikhulu esikhethwe ngokwesizwe, ayisici esibucayi sesimiso sezokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Okunamandla

Ikhono likaMongameli lokuhlola iSishaya - mthetho alisona isigaba esiqinile semibuso kodwa ukuhlelwa okuhlanganisa umklamo womthetho-mthetho, umkhuba ongokomlando, kanye necebo lezombangazwe. Kusukela ekubekeni kanye nasekumiseni isikhulu sesikhulu esingumthetho esiseqophelweni lesikhulu esingumphakathi, igatsha linezinto eziningi zokusimisa, iziqobo, noma ukuqondisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iSishaya-Mkhandlu siyaqhubeka sihlola ngendlela esabekayo isakhiwo saso somthetho, ukuhlanganisa ukusekela, ukusekela, nokuqondisa. Ikhono lesimiso saseMelika alikho kunoma isiphi iso sesehlakalo kodwa ekuxhumaneni kwazo, kudinga ukuxhumana okungapheli nokuhlehlela phakathi kwamagatsha.

Kubafundisi nabafundi bakahulumeni, kubalulekile ukuqonda lezi zinqubo. Bembula indlela abahleli boMthetho - sisekelo abakha ngayo uhulumeni onamandla alinganiselwe, angenandawo nendlela isizukulwane ngasinye sabaholi esiye sayivivinya ngayo leyomingcele. Ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kobumongameli negunya lobunxusa kuseyisici esichazayo sentando yeningi yaseU.S.