Igunya Elilawula Isimiso Somlando

Umbango phakathi kwegunya eliqaqekile nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye uye wabhebhethekisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezombangazwe izinkulungwane zeminyaka. EMesophothamiya yasendulo, ababusi abanjengoHammurabi bahlanganisa imithetho yokulawula ubulungisa, kodwa igunya eliphelele lalikhona kumbusi. I-Classical Athens yalinga ukulawulwa kwentando yeningi ngokuqondile, kodwa amandla okubusa ayenikezwa ojenene namajaji alinganiselwe. IRome Republic yamisa isigaba semibuso ngezikhulu zayo, iSigeqe, nemihlangano yayo, kodwa ukuvela kwababusi abanjengoAussto kwabonisa indlela igunya eliphethe elingafiphaza ngayo amanye amagatsha. Lezizimiso zakuqala zabekwa isisekelo sezingxoxo ezilandelayo ngokuphathelene nokuhlola amandla okuphatha.

Intuthuko Yangenkathi Ephakathi Neyakuqala

I-Foudal Europe yahlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamakhosi, izikhulu, neSonto. IMagna Carta (1215) yayiyisinyathelo esiphawulekayo, iphoqelela iNkosi uJohn ukuba ivume ukuthi ngisho nenkosi yayingaphansi komthetho. Nokho, emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngemva kwalokho, amakhosi aseNgilandi aqhubeka emisa imibuso enegunya (8) ngaphandle kwePhalamende, ukuboshwa komthetho oweqinisiwe, nokulawulwa kwemithetho yakwamanye amazwe. Inguquko yeGlorious ka 1688 neBill of Rights (1689) yamisa ngokuqinile ukuphakama kwephalamende futhi yenqabela inkosi ukuba inqanyule imithetho ngaphandle kwemvume. Lezi zezenzakalo zakudala zaqhubeka zithonya ngokuqondile abaholi baseMelika ababengathandi bamakolokazi benkosi uGeorge III abagcondadeli besikhulu esiphethe.

Ukukhanyiselwa Nokuzalwa Kwentando Yeningi Yanamuhla

John Locke’s Izivumelwano Ezimbili zikaHulumeni [1689] zaphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho udinga ukuvunyelwa kwababuswayo futhi amandla okuphatha kufanele alinganiselwe ngomthetho. UBaron de Montesquieu’s [[FLT:]] Umoya Womthetho [1748]) uhlongoze ukwahlukana kwamandla ekwahluleleni, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela, ngalinye lihlolwe amanye. Lemiqondo yafaka i-Constitution ka-General ye1787. James Madine, kuFedera libhala ukuthi “imvume kumelwe yenziwe ukuba inqandwe ukubusa, ukulinganisela nokulinganisela phakathi kwe-US.

Umsebenzi Wezinqola Nokulinganisela

UMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. umisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuklanyelwe ukulinganisela amandla okubusa. Igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni linamandla nemithwalo yemfanelo eqondile, liqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingabusa amanye.

  • Igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho.
  • Igatsha eliphethe limisa imithetho.
  • Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Omthetho - sisekelo

Amalungiselelo amaningana omthetho - sisekelo abalulekile ekulinganiseleni igunya eliphethe:

  • I-Artticle I: Inikeza iziKhomishane amandla okwenza imithetho, ukulawula uhlelo lokuhlela, ukumemezela impi, nokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezikhulu. Ukubekwa okudingekile nokufanele kuvumela uMkhandlu ukuba wandise ukufinyelela kwawo, usebenze njengobukhulu obuphikisana nesenzo sikamongameli.
  • Article II: Ichaza amandla kaMongameli, kuhlanganise nendima kaMphathi-iChief, ikhono lokuveza ukuxolelwa, kanye nomsebenzi ‘ wokuqaphela ukuba iMithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka.” Lesi sigqebhezana siye sasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukuqondisa kobuphathi obubanzi, kodwa futhi sisikisela umsebenzi ukuphoqelela ukuba kuqikelelwe, hhayi ukunganaki.
  • Article III: imisa ikomiti yokuchaza imithetho nokuxazulula izingxabano. Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela, aqinisekiswe ku Marbury v. Madison [183]), ivumela izinkantolo ukuba zihlabe izenzo zezikhulu eziphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo.
  • ISigqibo samalungelo: Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zicindezela umphathi ngokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye(i-speech, i-print, ingqungquthela, inqubo efanele, nokuvikela ekufunekeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka. ISigqi sesihlanu, seSishiyagalo-nye, nese-8h iziMithelela zihlobene kakhulu nezenzo zobuphathi eziphethe umthetho nezokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Inhlangano Ihlola Isikhulu Sawo

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, uMkhandlu uphethe amandla esikhwama semali, kodwa akukho mali engavunyelwa ukuba ivunyelwe. ISigele kumele siqinisekise amalungu amakhathekthi, amajaji kahulumeni, namanxusa. Isishaya-ngqungquthela singalawula ama-denarial withreade nama-35, futhi sinamandla okuphoqa umongameli, umongameli, noma ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi ngenxa “yeSifumbathiso, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme.” U.S. Umthetho-Constitution ufaka iziphakamiso ezisobala kuKhomisha yombuso, umongameli, noma umongameli wesigosawokuhlola umqondisi.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zokubusa Kwabantu Ngokweqile

Kuwo wonke umlando wase - United States, amongameli baye bayivivinya ngokuphindaphindiwe imingcele yegunya labo, ngezinye izikhathi bebangela izinhlekelele zomthetho - sisekelo noma imithetho ewuphawu.

Andrew Jackson Nenkinga Yokukhubazeka

Ngo-1832, i-South Carolina yamemezela ukuthi umongameli uhulumeni unelungelo lokuphoqelela ukuphakama kwezwe futhi ungabi nalutho phakathi kwemingcele yayo, esongela ukuhlanganiswa. UMongameli uAndrew Jackson waphendula kanye neButho Lempi, egunyaza ukuthatha isinyathelo sezempi sokuphoqelela umthetho kahulumeni, kuyilapho enciphisa futhi izimemezelo zokudambisa izingxabano. UJackson wamemezela ukuthi umongameli wayenelungelo lokuphoqelela ukuphakama kukahulumeni futhi angasinaki isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT: 0]]. Warcester v. Georgia [i]] [1] Igunya lesikhulu esiphethe elinciphileyo. Nakuba agcina i-Union, izenzo zakhe zabeka isibonelo sesenzo esinamandla somongameli ozimele.

ULincoln Nomkhosi KaHabeas Corpus

Phakathi neMpi Yangaphakathi, uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wabekela inqaba ye-habeas corpus, ebopha izinkulungwane ngaphandle kokulingwa. Waphikisa ngokuthi kwakudingekile ukulondoloza i-Union. IJaji eliyinhloko uRoger Taltney wabusa ex pateryman [ [1861] [uHulumeni]) ukuthi kuphela uKhongolo olwalunganqanda i-habeas corpus, kodwa uLincoln akasinaki ukubusa. Kamuva ingqungquthela yabaphathi yaphinde yagunyaza izigwebo. Le ngxenye ihlala iyisibonelo esinamandla sokucindezeleka phakathi kwenhlala phakathi kwezenteleko namalungelo abantu ngabanye, kanye nemingcele yamandla embuphekweni wezentengo.

I - FDR Nomsebenzi Omusha

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal yandisa kakhulu izinhlelo zikahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe ngendima yezomnotho. Ngo-1935, iNkantolo Ephakeme yagadla izingxenye zeNational Industrial Recovery Act Schechter Poult. v. United States. Rooselt wasabela “ngecebo lakhe lokuhlukanisa”, efaka imvume yokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zezeluleksi zezeluleko zakhe zivumelana nezimiso zakhe. Ngisho nomthetho we-FDR wamelana nalokho kungathi kulungile. Nakuba i-FDR yaphumelela ekusheshicini isiqondiso seNkanto (“intengo eyasinda oyisishiya isishiyayo”, uzama ukuzama ukubuyisela igunya lezwe eliphethe.

INixon Nobuholi Bobukhosi

URichard Nixon wasebenzisa ilungelo lokuphatha, ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ngasese eCambodia, kanye neWatergate embonweni wezembozo-up, kwabonisa lokho isazimlando uArthur Schlesinger Jr. sakubiza ngokuthi “umongameli.” Ukunquma kweNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvumelana kwesinqumo [[FLT]][FLT] United States v. Nixon [777]] [777]) [FLT] waphoqa uNixon ukuba akhiphe amakhasethi, eqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli akakhohli phezu komthetho. Umphetho lwe-partum, Nixon. Lokhu kwagcizelela indima ye-judiary njengesensime.

Ngemva kuka-99/11 Ukwanda: U-Thish no-Obama

Ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush ogunyaziwe ugunyaziwe ukuba agunyaze ukuthumba, izinkantolo zezempi, nokuvalelwa okunganqunyiwe. HAMDAN v. Rumsfeld[ (2006]] isinqumo sanquma ukuthi amabutho aphula umthetho we-ULC we-CYC, weSishaya-Prime ne-Geneva. Umongameli u-Barck Obama waqhubeka ehlasela i-dronalgney kanye nokusebenzisa iziyalezo zesikhulu sokufuduka (DA), okwabhekenezinselele ezingokomthetho. Umbuso wafaka futhi igunya elikhulu ngaphansi kokugunyazwa kweMikhosi (2001, ukufihlwa kwemigqa phakathi kwempi neMikhampane yempi.).

Impikiswano Zangesikhathi Esizayo Egunyeni Elilawula Imibuso

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, impikiswano mayelana namandla okulawula iye yakhula. UCriss jénia noma umqondo ovamile . uye washukumisela omongameli ukuba benze into ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umthetho, ngokuvamile bahlole imingcele engokomthetho. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokuphikisana zihlanganisa iziyalezo zezikhulu, izimo eziphuthumayo zezwe, isimiso sangaphandle, kanye nezithiwa ukuthi ugonyelwe ngokuphelele.

Izimiso Zokuqondisa Nethonya Lazo

Abaholi bavame ukusebenzisa iziyalezo zokuqondisa ukuze bamise izinguquko zenqubo ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano. Nakuba leli thuluzi lingaphumelela, liphakamisa futhi ukukhathazeka ngokudlula kwenqubo yomthetho. Iziqondiso zokulawula aziphathwa eMthethweni-sisekelo kodwa ziye zasetshenziswa kusukela kuGeorge Washington. Omongameli banamuhla bazo zombili izigaba baye bakhipha amakhulu emiyalo. Ezinye izibonelo eziphawulekayo:

  • Umyalo kaHarry Truman wokubamba izigayo zensimbi phakathi neMpi yase Korea wanqanyulwa entsheni ephansi e-Cheep & Tube Co. neSawyer (11952], elinganisela amandla kamongameli okuthatha impahla ngasese ngaphandle kwegunya lomthetho.
  • Umyalo kaRonald Reagan wokuvimbela ukuxhaswa kwemali kahulumeni ukuze kunikezwe iseluleko sokukhipha isisu wasekelwa ngokwengxenye.
  • Umthetho wokuhamba kaDonald Trump wavinjelwa emazweni amaSulumane amaningana kodwa ekugcineni wasekelwa [[FL:0]] Trump v. Hawaii (2018), iNkantolo ibhekisele ekuqondiseni umongameli ekuthuthweni kwezwe nakwezokuvikelwa.
  • Icebo lokuboleka imali kaJoe Biden lokukhokha imali kamfundi lokuthethelela lavinjelwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme Biden v. Nebraska (2023]), igcizelela ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu zenqubo zidinga ukugunyazwa okucacile.

Izinhlangano Zesizwe Namandla Kamongameli

I-National Emerpotutions Act (1976) inikeza inqubo yokumemezela isimo esiphuthumayo sesizwe, sokuvula amandla angokomthetho. Nokho, izinqumo zezimemezelo ezinjalo zibanzi, okungaholela ekuxhashazweni kabi. UMongameli Trump wasebenzisa lokhu ukuqondisa izimali zempi zokwakhiwa kodonga, ezasekelwa ngokwengxenye kodwa futhi ezibekwa ekuhlolweni. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izimemezelo eziphuthumayo ezicacile zivumela umongameli ukuba adlulise iSishaya-Mnyango. I-Congressionation Review Act ingaqeda izimo eziphuthumayo, kodwa idinga isinqumo esihlangene nosayinwa umongameli we-ethoricrce okanye i-gest orn.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamazwe Angaphandle Namandla Empi

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa imibuso yempi: uKhongolo lumemezela impi; umongameli unguMyaleli-iNgqungquthela. Kodwa i-War Powers Resolution ka-1973, emiswa eNixon’s seveto, idinga amongameli ukuba bazise iSishaya-mthetho phakathi namahora angu- 48 okuthumela amabutho nemingcele kumashumi amathandathu ngaphandle kwemvume. Umongameli ngamunye kusukela ayeseyibheka njenge-Gadentitual, kodwa akukho nkantolo engazange inqume ngokuqondile ukuba ifaneleke. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Obama waqhubeka nomngcele wempi eLibya phakathi nonyaka engu-60 edlule ngaphandle kwemvume yokumiswa kwesivumelwano, uholela ekubeni agxeke ngokomthetho wokugxeka i-bian kodwa ayenzengasayinwanga mthetho.

Ilungelo Eliphethe Uhulumeni Nokuhlangana

Ilungelo eliphethe livumela amongameli ukuba bagodle ukwaziswa ukuze bavikele iseluleko esiyimfihlo, kodwa akuphelele. Icala likaNixon lamisa lelolungelo kuphenya olusemthethweni lobugebengu. Muva nje, iNkantolo Ephakeme Trump v. [[FLT:][FLT] [2020]) yanquma ukuthi umongameli ohleliyo akagonyiwe kuhulumeni ongaphansi kwecala. Trump v. United States[FLT] [FLT] [2024], iNkantolo yathi umongameli wangaphambili uphethe ngokuphelele ngenxa yezenzo zakhe ezingokomthetho “egunyazweyomthetho” futhi akafuni ukuvikela ezinye izenzo zezikhulu, kodwa akakwenzi ngenxa yezenzo ezingokomthetho. Lesinqumo sibalulekile.

Indima Ye - judia Ekunciphiseni Amandla Alawulayo

Ijaji lisebenza njengesehlo esibucayi kumphathi wezomthetho. Ngamandla okuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingazehlisa izenzo zezikhulu ezidlula imingcele yomthetho-mthetho noma umthetho. Nokho, abahluleli ngokuvamile balalela isikhulu ezindabeni zokulondeka kwesizwe nesimiso sangaphandle, zidala ukungezwani phakathi kokuzibamba kokwahlulela nesidingo sokulandisa.

Amacala Aphakeme Enkantolo

  • Intsha ehamba phambili Phepha & Tube Co. Sawiter (1952): uMongameli Truman wayala ukuthunjwa kwezigayo zensimbi phakathi neMpi yase Korea ukuze avimbele ukushaywa. INkantolo Ephakeme yabusa 6-3 ukuthi umongameli wayengenagunya lomthetho-mthethweni noma lomthetho, emisa leyo komiti ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwengqungquthela ayisebenzi emkhathini.
  • [FLT] United States v. Nixon [19974]]. ikhipha ngokuphandle ukuthi ilungelo lokuphatha akumelwe liphelele futhi kumelwe inikeze indingeko yobufakazi ekuqulweni kwecala. Isinqumo saphoqelela uNixon ukuba akhiphe amakhasethi futhi aphele ngokuphumelelayo umongameli wakhe.
  • INS v. Chadha (19983): Inqanyulwe i-veto, ikhomishane yezimiso esetshenziselwa ukulawula izenzo ze-guant. INkantolo yabambelela ekutheni uMkhandlu kumelwe ulandele i-bidaralism nezimfuneko zeSiphakamiso I, iqinisekisa ukwahlukana kwemibuso.
  • .Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006: wabusa ukuthi iziphathi zezempi ezamiswa nguMongameli Bush zephula kokubili iMide Efanayo Yobulungisa Bempi neGeneva Imihlangano, ilinganisela igunya eliphethe empini yokwesaba.
  • [FLT]Trump v. Hawaii [2018]] yabekezelela ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba ngaphansi kwegunya lomongameli elibanzi lokufuduka, kodwa yaphawula ukuthi iNkantolo ihlola izisusa eziyisisekelo, isikisela ukuthi i-amicus ingalahla imithetho yesikhathi esizayo.
  • BIden v. Nebraska [2023]): Intethelelo yabafundi egcwele kakhulu, iphethe ukuthi i-HEROES Act ayigunyazanga uhlelo olugcwele kanjalo, iqinisekisa isidingo sokugunyaza okucacile kwenqubo yezinguquko ezinkulu.

Ukuhlubuka Nemingcele Yako

Izinkantolo zivame ukuthobela isikhulu ezindabeni zangaphandle nokulondeka kwesizwe, ziphawula ukuntuleka kobuchwepheshe bokwahlulela nesidingo sokuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo. [[FLT:] CHEVron[ imfundiso[ (19984]]) idinga izinkantolo ukuze zibambe izincazelo ezingokwezinkonzo zemithetho ephicayo, inyuse ngokuphumelelayo amandla obubanzi. Nokho, iNkanto ePhakathi ephakeme i-Chevron [ [[FLT]] [i] ku [[FLT:] Bright Enters. [vlv [[FLT] v.[FLT:] [2] [25:] [20], iphethe leyo komiti yesahlulelo ngokwezigwebo oluzimele.]

Ukuziphikisa Neziphepho Zezombangazwe

Ukukhokha isigwebo kungumthetho womthetho-sisekelo owengamele ukuthatha isikhundla sokubusa. Indlu ingavotela iningi “Isizathu, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme,” neziboshwa zeSigele ngezikhathi ezimbili ezithathu, zisusa umongameli. Indinganiso iphikiswa: abanye bayiphikisa ngokuthi ifihla ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya, abanye bafuna ukuziphatha kobugebengu. Omongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump (ice) balahlwa yiNdlungu, kodwa akukho nelilo elilahlwe yiSigeqe. UDonald Trump uDurmp wabekwa icala lokukhuthaza ukuvukela ngemva kukaJanuwari 6, 2021, wabonisa ukuthi ukwethembeka kweqembu lezinhlangano ngokuvamile, ukuqhamisa isimo sezombangazwe.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Okuqhubekayo Kwamandla

Ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwesikhulu namanye amagatsha kuyinqubo eshukumisayo nephikiswanayo. Izibonelo ezingokomlando kusukela ekunqandeni kukaLincoln i-habeas corpus ukuya ekubuseni kuka-Nixon nomthetho we-Trump zibonisa ukuthi imingcele yegunya eliphethe ithukela imiswe; iqala phakathi kwenhlekelele, umthetho, nokuchazwa kokwahlulela. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuxhomeke egabeni ngalinye lixhomeke ekufezeni indima yalo futhi linciphe amandla alo okulawula, futhi amandla emalini emalini, i-judiary ngokuhlola umthetho-mthetho-mthetho, kanye nesikhulu ngemingcele yomthetho wemithetho yemithetho. Njengoba umphakathi ubhekene nezinselele ezintsha `inselelene, ukuncintisana, noma ukushintsha isimo sezulu. Izikhulu ziyo ziyaqhubeka zisebenza ngokuhlola naleshwa ukuhlanganisa nale ngokomthetho, ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa uhulumeni, nokulawula uhulumeni, nokuhlola isilinganiso sekhono somphakathi esiyinhloko sezezeluleko; njengoba nje sibhekene ukuxoxa ngomphakathi esisebenza.