Isingeniso: Isigxobo Se - oth Njengetshe Lentando Yeningi YaseMelika

Isifungo sikamongameli sesikhundla simelela omunye wemicikilisho ehlala njalo nenemiphumela elandelanayo ekuphileni kwezombangazwe eMelika. Ngayo yonke iminyaka emine (noma ngemva kokulandelana ngenxa yokufa, ukuyeka umsebenzi, noma ukususwa) umongameli ongumongameli umi phambi kwesizwe futhi usho iqoqo lamagama abekwe eSigabeni II soMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. Lomkhosi ophansi kodwa onamandla kakhulu uphawula ukudluliselwa okunokuthula kwamandla futhi ubopha umongameli obala kumthetho wesisekelo wezwe. Nakuba lesi senzakalo sivame ukubhekwa ngelensi yesiko nombukwambukwane, izimpande zalo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo zihamba ngokubonisa umklamo wamabo womthetho wokuqinisekisa ukusingatha isibopho somuntu siqu kunokuba ukwethembeka. Ukuqonda lezizisekelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi ukufuzwa kanjani imfuneko engokomthetho nesibopho somthetho.

Isifungo asiwona nje umthetho-mthetho owenziwe ukuba umongameli athole igunya eliphelele futhi uphoqelele umsebenzi obophayo wokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo. Lesi sihloko sihlola umsuka ongokomlando, umbhalo ongokomthetho, izici eziyinhloko, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, nokubaluleka okuhlala njalo kwesifungo, sidwetshwa emithonjeni eyinhloko, ukuhlaziywa kwezazi, nezikhathi eziphawulekayo emlandweni wokusungulwa komlando. Ngokuhlola izisekelo zomthetho-mthetho zesifungo somongameli, sizuza ukuqonda kombono wabalawuli besikhundla sobuso kanye nezimiso ezihlala njalo eziqhubeka ziqondisa ihhovisi lesizwe eliphakeme kakhulu.

Isizinda Esingokomlando SeSigodlo Somongameli

I-Framers's's nendalo ka-Oath Claus

Ukufakwa kwesifungo esithile kumongameli kwakungesona isiphetho esiqondile phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo ngo-1787. Izinhlelo zakuqala zoMthetho-sisekelo zazingenayo imfuneko yesifungo kumphathi ophethe, futhi lendaba yaxoxwa njengengxenye yezingxoxo ezibanzi zamandla ombuso, uhulumeni, kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwamagatsha. Abakhi besakhiwo babeqaphela kakhulu ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba isikhulu siphambe, ngoba babesanda kulwa nenkosi eyayizisho ukuthi inegunya eliphelele. Bafuna ukwakha isikhulu esiyinhloko esinamandla esingaholela kodwa siphoqelelwe umthetho nesibopho esithandwayo.

Isiqubulo sesifungo savela eKomitini yeMibukiso, eyayisebenza ngokucwengisisa ulimi loMthetho-sisekelo. UJames Madison, u-Alexander Hamilton, nezinye izihambeli zaphikisa ngokuthi ukufuna umongameli ukuba afunge ukuba alondoloze, avikele, futhi avikele uMthetho-sisekelo ungaba isifungo somphakathi ne-ankile engokomthetho yehhovisi. Ngaphandle kwesifungo esinjalo, kwakunokukhathazeka ngokuthi umongameli wesikhathi esizayo angasho umthetho owenziwe ngaphandle komthetho-sisekelo. Ulimi lokugcina, olwamukelwa ngenkulumo encane, luhlanganisa kokubili isifungo nesinye isifungo (ngalabo abamelene nenkolo ukuba bafunge), lubonisa isibopho somgunyazo wenkolo.

UGeorge Washington Ne - oath Yokuqala Engaphucukile

Isifungo sokuqala sikamongameli sanikezwa uGeorge Washington ngoApril 30, 1789, kuvulanda we-Federal Hall eNew York City. Umongameli uRobert R. Livingston waseNew York wanikeza isifungo, futhi iWashington yanezela isifungo sesiko manje "Ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu" ekupheleni, nakuba ukulandisa kwamanje kungaqondakali ngalemininingwane. Ukukhetha kukaWashington ukubeka isandla sakhe phezu kweBhayibheli nokusiqabula ngemva kwesifungo esabekwa cishe yilowo nalowo mhlali. Isenzakalo sokuqala sokunikezelwa kwaba isehlakalo esiklanyelwe ngokucophelela ukuveza ukuguqulwa okunokuthula kombuso omusha futhi kubonise ukubusa komthetho.

Incazelo yesifungo ehlelwe ngamathemba okuqala. Kuyo yokuqala i-Inaugil Address, wakhuluma nge-"isibopho ngangokunokwenzeka, ukulondoloza, ukuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States," ukunanela ngokuqondile isifungo. Wabheka isifungo njengesibopho esingcwele, futhi izenzo zakhe zabeka indinganiso yokwethembeka komthetho-mthetho eyalinganiswa. Umongo ongokomlando wesifungo sikaWashington, [1] waze wafika ngesikhathi lapho uMthetho-sisekelo wawusagunyazwa futhi uhulumeni kahulumeni wamazwe ungazange uvivinywe.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo: ISiphakamiso II, Ingxenye 1, uClause 8

Amazwi Aqondile Namandla Awo Angokomthetho

Isisekelo somthetho - sisekelo sesifungo somongameli sitholakala eSiphakamisweni II, Ingxenye 1 UClause 8 soMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S.

" ngaphambi kokuba angene ekwahluleleni kwehhovisi lakhe, uzakuthatha okulandelayo noma ukufushaniswa:(h] ngifunga kakhulu (noma isiqinisekiso) ukuthi ngiyolikhipha ngokwethembeka ihhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizokwenza ngokungcono kakhulu ekhonweni lami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States.

Lolulimi luqondile futhi lunencazelo eqondile engokomthetho. Amazwi "ngaphambi kokuba angene ekuphathweni kwe-ofisi yakhe" enza isifungo sibe imfuneko ekusebenziseni amandla obumongameli. Kuze kube yilapho kuthathwa isifungo, umongameli ongumkhethi akanakukhipha iziyalezo zesikhulu, aqondise impi, noma ahileleke kunoma isiphi isenzo esingokomthetho njengesikhulu. Lemfuneko yokushaya indiva igcizelela ukuthi isifungo asisona nje isenzakalo esingokwesiko.

Igama "lokufushanisa" libonisa amandla amakhulu esifungo, kuyilapho umzali "noma eqinisekisa" enikeza labo abazinkolelo zabo zenkolo noma zomuntu siqu zibavimbela ukufunga. Ukusetshenziswa "ukufushanisa" kwakuyindawo yamabomu yamaQuaker kanye namanye amaqembu enkolo ayemelene nokufunga. Isithembiso /ukukhipha" ihhovisi, ukuvikela nokuvikela" uMthetho-sisekelo //i-acesyes uqobo lwemisebenzi kumongameli. "Wenza intele" isho indinga ukwethembeka, inkuthalo, ukubambelela emthetho, kuyilapho "kuvikela, nokuvikela" kudlulela ngaphandle nje kokufuna isenzo esiqinile sokumelene nezinsongo zomthetho.

Izimpikiswano EMhlanganweni Womthetho - sisekelo

Irekhodi le-Constitution libonisa ukuthi isifungo sasingaphikiswa kakhulu, kodwa sasiyingxenye yempikiswano enkulu ngokuphathelene nezifungo. Izihambeli ezinjenge-George Mason no-Elbridge Gerry zaphikisa izifungo zokwethembeka ezibanzi kubaphathi bakahulumeni, kuyilapho abanye besaba ukuthi izifungo eziningi zazizonciphisa ukubaluleka kwazo. Umbhalo wokugcina wawuwukuhleba: isifungo esisodwa kumongameli, nokuqonda ukuthi ezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni ziboshelwa izifungo ezifanayo njengoba zimiswe umthetho. Abafuyimi bacabangela futhi ukuthi isifungo sasizokwenziwa umahluleli kahulumeni noma isikhulu, ekugcineni sishiye lowo mniningwane. UMthetho ka-1689 omisiwe weSigqi seNkathi Ephakeme njengomphathi wezikhulu, isiko esiye sagcinwa ngokulandelana.

Ukufakwa kwegama "defend" kwakuphawuleka kakhulu. Ngalesosikhathi, uMthetho-sisekelo wawuyincwadi entsha nentekenteke, futhi abafaki-fonsi babefuna umongameli ukuba abe nakho kokubili umsebenzi negunya lokumelana nemizamo yokuwuchitha. Lesi sifungo sokuvikela isifungo siye sacashunwa ezimpini eziphikisanayo ngamandla aphethe ezikhathini zempi nakwesizwe esiphuthumayo, nabefundisi bephikisa ngokuthi isifungo sibaphoqelela ukuba benze izenzo ezidingekile ukuze bavikele uhlelo lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho ngisho nalapho lezozenzo zisunduza imingcele engokomthetho.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zesifuba Ezicini Eziningi

Ukwethembeka Emthethweni

Isifungo esiyinhloko somthetho ngokwaso, asisibo onyakeni wesizwe, abantu, noma noma noma yiliphi iqembu lezombangazwe. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kuyagxeka. Ngokufunga ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo, umongameli uqaphela iqoqo lemithetho nezimiso ezilinganisela ukuqondisisa. UMthetho-sisekelo uhlela isimo sikahulumeni, ubala amagunya, futhi uvikela amalungelo abantu. Ngakho - ke isifungo sidala ubuhlobo obungathandeki phakathi kukamongameli nesimiso somthetho-sisekelo. Siyisithembiso sokusebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele emisiwe nokumelana nanoma yisiphi isifiso sokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kwawo, ngisho nasekuphishekeleni imigomo ethandwayo noma ukulondeka kwesizwe.

Izazi ziye zaphikisana ngokuthi isifungo siphoqelela umsebenzi womuntu siqu, noma indinganiso engokomthetho. Umbono owandile, osekelwa yizinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme njenge-United States v. Curtiss-Woright Transport Corp. (1936), ukuthi isifungo asiwandisi amandla kamongameli kodwa kunalokho siqinisa isibopho sokuhlala ngaphakathi kwawo. Isifungo asiwona umthombo wegunya kodwa siwumthombo wegunya kodwa sinegunya. Sikhumbuza umongameli ukuthi umthetho ophakeme ongenakubekwa eceleni ngomthetho wesikhulu.

Ukulondolozwa Nokuvikelwa

Izenzo "ukulondoloza" ne "kuvikela" zihlukile kodwa ziyaphelelisa. Ukulondoloza kusho ukulondoloza noma ukugcina isimo esihle, kuyilapho uvikela kusho ukuvikela ekulimaleni. Ndawonye, zifuna umongameli ukuba asekele kokubili amalungiselelo akhona oMthetho-sisekelo futhi awuvikele ngentshiseko ekuhlaseleni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle. Lo msebenzi uye wancengwa amongameli ukuthethelela izenzo ezinjengokuvimbela ukuvukela, ukumisa umthetho kahulumeni ngokumelene nemibuso, futhi ngisho nokusebenzisa amabutho ukuze avikele isimiso somthetho-sisekelo ezinsongweni zakwamanye amazwe.

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zalesi sici esisebenzayo zihlanganisa ukusabela kuka-Abraham Lincoln enkingeni yokuqubuka, ayenza ibe yisibopho sokulondoloza i-Union noMthetho-sisekelo. ULincoln waphikisa ngokuthi isifungo sasifuna ukuba athathe izinyathelo ezingavamile, kuhlanganise nokumisa i-habeas corpus ne-creadtings yaseningizimu, ngoba ukuhluleka ukwenza okuthile kungavumela ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo ubhujiswe. Ngokufanayo, uFranklin D. Rooselt wakhomba isifungo sakhe lapho ecela imibuso emikhulu yempi phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Isivikelo ne-galelo le-gesbeas sisebenza njengesisekelo somthetho wezenzo zesikhulu ngezikhathi zenhlekelele, kuyilapho futhi kukhumbuza umongameli ukuthi izenzo zabo zimelwe zikhonze umthetho womthetho, hhayi umuntu siqu noma ukuphela.

Ukukhishwa Kokwethembeka Kwehhovisi

Inkulumo ethi "ngokuthembeka ibulala iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States" imisa umsebenzi. Ifuna umongameli afeze imisebenzi yehhovisi ngokuthembeka, ngokukhuthala, nangokuvumelana nomthetho. Lento ibiyindaba yokujezisa, ikakhulukazi endabeni kaRichard Nixon, owamangalelwa ngokuphazamisa ubulungisa nokusebenzisa kabi amandla akhe, izinto eziphikisa isifungo sakhe sokukhipha ihhovisi ngokwethembeka. UAndrew Johnson noBill Clinton nabo babebhekene nokumangalelwa kokuthi baphulwa isifungo sabo, nakuba izifungo ezithile zazihlukahluka.

Izazi ezingokomthetho ziphawula ukuthi "ukubulala ngokwethembeka" futhi kuhlanganisa umongameli ukuba aqaphele ukuthi imithetho ifeziwe ngokwethembeka, isigqebhezana esitholakala eSiphakameni II, i-gar 3. Isifungo ne-Cape Care Clause zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe umsebenzi obanzi wokuphoqelela. Umongameli akanakuyishaya indiva imithetho noma ayisebenzise ngokholo olubi ngaphandle kokwephula isifungo. Lesibopho sidlulela kuyo yonke imithetho kahulumeni, hhayi nje leyo esekelwa ngumongameli, futhi sinikeza isisekelo somthetho wokwahlulela inqubo yezikhulu.

Ukuziphendukela Kwegama Le - oth Ceremian

Ukusuka Ekusebenziseni Izinto Ezilula Kuya Ekubukekeni Okumangalisayo

Eminyakeni yokuqala yerepublic, umkhosi wezifungo wawuyindaba emfushane, ephansi. Ukunikezelwa kokuqala kukaGeorge Washington kwathatha imizuzu embalwa kuphela, futhi isifungo sanikezwa endaweni elula. Njengoba isizwe sasikhula futhi umongameli eba umfuziselo ngokwengeziwe, umkhosi wakhula. Ngekhulu le-19, ukunikezelwa kwakuhlanganisa ukubukwa, amabhola, namakheli amade. Nokho, isifungo ngokwaso sahlala singashintshi, siwumthetho ongaguquki phakathi kwamasiko ahlukene.

Esinye isenezelo esiphawulekayo safika ngo-1865 lapho uAbraham Lincoln enikeza inkulumo yakhe yesibili ngemva kokufunga ngemva kokuthatha isifungo, inkulumo manje ebhekwa njengenye yezikhulu kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Indawo yomkhosi futhi iye yahlukahluka-hlukane .Izindawo zokunikezelwa kweNtshonalanga Front ye-U.S. Capitol, kodwa ngemva kokuba umkhosi ka-19881 uthuthwe eWest Front ukuze ungenele emphakathini kangcono, yaba indinganiso. Isimo sezulu se- Incilement siye saphoqelela umkhosi endlini, njengango 1985 ukunikezelwa kokwesibili kukaRonald Reagan futhi ngo-2009 kukaBack Obama's waqala ukunikezelwa kuqala lapho umkhosi omkhulu we-Dome eNtshonalanga.

Ama - oath Mishaps Nezindawo Zokukhulekela Ezingagudluki

Umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo olula ngezinye izikhathi uye wanzima ngenxa yephutha lomuntu. Ngo-2009, uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Roberts noMongameli uBarack Obama bakhubeka ngenxa yezwi elishiwo phakathi nesifungo, okwaholela ekuqondiseni kabusha okungakaze kubekho ngaphambili eWhite House ngosuku olulandelayo ukuze kugwenywe noma yikuphi ukungabaza okungokomthetho mayelana nokuqala kobumongameli. Ngokufanayo, ngo-1961, uMahluleli omkhulu u-Earl Warren waqonda kabi isifungo, nakuba u-re-do kwakucatshangelwa njengokudingekile. Lezi zenzakalo ziqokomisa ukubaluleka kokubekwa kwamagama aqondile: ngoba isifungo siyimfuneko somthetho, noma isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphiwombe esikhona ngokubaluleka saso, nakuba izinkantolo zikholelwa ngokufanayo ukuthi amaphutha amancane awalithintangali igunya likamongameli.

Ngokunganaki kakhulu, kuye kwaphakama imibuzo yokuthi isifungo singanikezwa othile ngaphandle koMahluleli Oyinhloko yini. Nakuba isiko lisekela ukuthi uMahluleli Omkhulu usebenzisa isifungo, uMthetho-sisekelo awuchazi ukuthi ubani okumelwe akwenze. Ngo- 1963, ngemva kokubulawa kukaJohn F. Kennedy, uMahluleli uSarah T. Hughes wase Northern District of Texas wenza isifungo kuLyndon B. Johnson emorlence One, isikhathi sokuqala nesisodwa nje owesifazane oye wasebenzisa isifungo sobumongameli. Umthetho awukaze ubekelwe inselele, uqinisekiso lokuthi isibonakaliso sesikhulu esiphethe i-Texalons asigunyaziwe ngokomthetho.

Ukuchaza Umongameli Nesimiso Sezimiso Ezibusayo

Indlela Omongameli Abaye Bayifaka Ngayo I - oth

Kuwo wonke umlando, amongameli baye bacaphuna isifungo sokuthethelela izenzo eziningi, kusukela ekusayineni umthetho ukuya ekuqaliseni imisebenzi yezempi. UThomas Jefferson wasebenzisa isifungo ukuze aqede ifilosofi yakhe eqinile yokwakha, ephikisa ngokuthi sibopha ukuba alandele kuphela amagunya agunyazwe ngokusobala kuMthetho-sisekelo. UWoodrow Wilson wasinxusa ukuba silwele iNhlangano Yezizwe, ethi ukulondoloza uMthetho-sisekelo kudinga ukujwayela namaqiniso amasha ezizwe zonke. Muva nje, amongameli baye babhekisela esifungweni sezekelo esiphethe ngokuphathelene nezokufuduka, ukulondeka kwesizwe, nesimiso sokuphatha.

Isifungo sisebenza njengethuluzi elingadingi mpendulo futhi ngezikhathi zenhlekelele yesizwe. Ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wayevame ukuthi isifungo sakhe soku "vikela, ukuvikela nokuvikela" uMthetho-sisekelo wamphoqa ukuba athathe izinyathelo eziqinile ngokumelene nobuphekula, kuhlanganise nokuqapha okungenamthetho nezinkantolo zezempi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lezi zenzo zona ngokwazo zazisongela uMthetho-sisekelo, zembula ukuqina okusemthethweni obanzi. Impikiswano eqhubekayo ngobukhulu bamandla kamongameli ngokuvamile ibuyela esisekelweni sesinqumo, yenza isakhiwo esiphilayo esiqhubeka siveza ukuziphatha okuphethe.

Isikhwama Nokuhlukana Kwamandla

Ubuhlobo besifungo ekuhlukanisweni kwemibuso buyinkimbinkimbi. Kuphoqelela umongameli ukuba ahloniphe indima yeSishaya-mthetho nejaji, kodwa futhi kunikeza isisekelo sokumelana nokungenela kwegunya lesikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli angase aphikise ngokuthi umthetho ohlongozelwe uwephula umthetho woMthetho-sisekelo futhi ngenxa yalokho akanakukhishwa ngokwethembeka, kuholele ekubopheni izigwegwe noma enqabeni ukuphoqelelwa. Ngokufanayo, isifungo siye sasetshenziselwa ukusekela umbono oqinile welungelo lesikhulu, njengalapho amongameli begodlela ulwazi oluvela eMkhandlwini ukuze bavikele ukulondeka kwesizwe noma ukwenza izinqumo.

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngezikhathi ezithile ziye zabhekisela ekuchazeni imisebenzi yokulawula. Clinton v. Jones [1997], iNkantolo yaphawula ukuthi isibopho sikamongameli soku "khipha ngokuthembeka" ihhovisi alizange linikeze ukuvikelwa emacaleni ayimfihlo. [intsha] i-town shop Comment & Tube. v. Sayer[[FLTY:3] [1952], iNkantolo yahlasela uMongameli uTruman wensimbi phakathi neMpi yaseKorea, ibambe ukuthi isifungo asimnikanga mandla okulawula izinyawo. Lezi zimo ezibonisa ukuthi isifungo singundawongamele inkemba esinense inkemba esiqinile futhi sisebenza phakathi kwemithetho engokomthetho.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwesigqi

Izisekelo zomthetho ngokomthetho zesifungo sobumongameli sembula indlela yamabomu nenamandla yokuqinisekisa ukulandisa komphathi. Kusukela ekuqalekeni kwayo eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo kuya ekuveleleni kwawo kwanamuhla, isifungo siye sasebenza njengesiqinisekiso somphakathi esidlula ezombangazwe ezihlukene kanye nesifiso somuntu siqu. Sibopha umongameli ngamunye esihlelweni esifanayo sezimiso eziye zaqondisa isizwe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka: ukukhishwa kokwethembeka kwemisebenzi, ukulondolozwa kwezakhiwo zomthetho - sisekelo, nokuvikelwa kweRepublic kuzo zonke izitha.

Ukuqonda isizinda somlando wesifungo, umbhalo ongokomthetho, kanye nokuchaza ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde amandla anzima esikhathi lapho umongameli omusha ebeka isandla eBhayibhelini futhi ephinda amazwi eSiphakamiso II. Isifungo asisona isifungo sakudala kodwa isifungo esiphilayo esilawula zonke izenzo zegatsha eliphethe. Njengoba isizwe sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha ."ukusukela ekushintsheni kwezobuchwepheshe ekuphikisaneni kwezesayensi yezwe nezombangazwe", isifungo esihlala sisikhumbuza ukuthi umongameli uyisikhundla sokwethenjwa ngaphansi komthetho. Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-jikelele, umongameli unikeza isifungo esicacile sefasitela embonweni wababhishobhisi bemi futhi ulwe ngokuqhubekayo ukuze ulinganisele amandla nezimiso zesayensi.

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