Ukungeniswa Kwenkululeko Engokwenkolo E - United States

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ingenye yamalungelo aziswa kakhulu naphikiswayo esimisweni somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Inikeza abantu inkululeko yokubamba, ukuveza, nokuthatha isinyathelo ezinkolelweni zabo ezingokwenkolo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kukahulumeni okungadingekile, kuyilapho ivimbela futhi umbuso ekubekeni inkolo ezakhamuzini zawo. Lokhu kuvikela okubili kudala ukungezwani okunamandla phakathi kokumiswa nokusetshenziswa kweSichibiyelo sokuqala, ukuphikisana okuthi izinkantolo, izishaya - mthetho nomphakathi kuyaqhubeka kuhamba. Ukuqonda inkululeko engokwenkolo kudinga ukuhlola izimpande zayo ezingokomlando, izimiso zomthetho womthetho, izincazelo eziyinhloko, nezimpikiswano zanamuhla ezivivinya imingcele yayo.

Umlando Wenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Umqondo wenkululeko engokwenkolo eMelika awuzange uvele ungenalutho. Wasungulwa ekuvutheni kwezimpi zenkolo, ushushiso, kanye nemibono yokuKhanyiselwa eyayibekela inselele izinkolelo zombuso. Abalandeli bakuqala bamakoloni babevame ukubalekela ushushiso lwenkolo ukuze bamise amasonto abo siqu amisiwe, njengoba kuboniswa ePuritan Massachusetts noma e-Anglican Virginia. Kodwa ukuphikisana kwashoshoshonelwa kancane kancane ukuze baqonde inkululeko.

Izenzakalo eziyinhloko ekuthuthukiseni inkululeko engokwenkolo zihlanganisa:

  • INguquko yobuProthestani[[FLT: 1] ngekhulu leminyaka le-16): Yahlanganisa ubunye beLobukholwa laseNtshonalanga, okwaholela emakhulwini amaningi ezimpi phakathi kwamaKatolika, amaLuthela, amaCalvin, nama-Anabaptist. Lesi siyaluyalu saphoqelela ongqondo ukuba bacabangele ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zenkolo zingahlaliswa yini ngaphandle kwempi yombango.
  • Roger Williams noRhode Island (1636): Williams wasungula iProvidence Plations ngesimiso se "umphefumulo nkululeko," ephikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni wezwe wayengenalo igunya kunembeza. Ikoloni lakhe laba indawo yokukhosela amaBaptist, amaQuaker, namaJuda .
  • I-Statute yase Virginia yeNkululeko Engokwenkolo (1786): Inqanyulwe nguThomas Jefferson futhi yadunyiswa nguJames Madison, lomthetho wasusa iSonto laseSheshi eVirginia futhi wamemezela ukuthi "akekho umuntu oyophoqelelwa ukuba aqhubeke njalo noma asekele noma asekele noma ikuphi ukukhulekela okungokwenkolo, indawo, noma inkonzo." Yaba yisibonelo seSiphendulo sokuqala.
  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala (1791): Samiswa njengengxenye yeBhili lamaLungelo, sanikeza itshe lomthetho-sisekelo: "ISiphakamiso asenzeki umthetho mayelana nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngokukhululekile"

Lezi zenzakalo zibonisa ukukholelwa okukhulayo kokuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo iyilungelo elingokwemvelo, hhayi elinikezwa uhulumeni, nokuthi inkululeko yeqiniso iyachuma lapho umbuso uhlala ungathathi hlangothi phakathi kwezinkolo naphakathi kwezinkolelo nokungakholwa.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Isisekelo Sesivumelwano

Izigaba zenkolo zeSichibiyelo sokuqala zisebenza ndawonye ukuze kuvikelwe inkululeko engokwenkolo. I-Preamentment Claus ivimbela uhulumeni ekugunyazeni noma ekusekeleni inkolelo engokwenkolo, kuyilapho i-Free Expression Claus evikela ilungelo lokukholelwa nokuthatha isinyathelo kulezo zinkolelo. Zizonke, zakha uhlelo oluyisivikelo noluyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukumiswa KukaClaus

ISivumelwano sika-Claus senqabela uhulumeni ukuba enze noma yimuphi umthetho "ohlonipha ukumiswa kwenkolo." Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni awunakwakha isonto elingokomthetho, uthanda enye inkolo ngaphezu kwenye, noma uzithandela ngokungafanele ngezinhlangano zenkolo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula ukuhlola okuningi ukuze ihlole ukumiswa okuthiwa kwaphulwa:

  • Uvavanyo lweLemon (kusukela ku Limon v. Kurtzman, 1971): Umthetho akumelwe ube nenjongo yezwe, ngokuyinhloko uqhubeke noma uvimbele inkolo, futhi ugweme ukuphambana ngokweqile nenkolo.
  • Uvavanyo lwe-Extorment (kusukela ku-] Lynch v. Donnelly, 1984): Umkhuba kahulumeni awuvumelani ne-ecustione uma ingqapheli enengqondo ingawubheka njengowahlukanisa inkolo.
  • Uvivinyo lweCoercion (kusukela ku . Weisman[, 1992): Uhulumeni ngeke ucindezele abantu ukuba bahlanganyele ezinqubweni zenkolo.

Ukwakhiwa kwamatyala ka-Claus kuhlanganisa Engel v. Vitaire (1962]), eyaqeda umthandazo owenziwe ngombuso ezikoleni zomphakathi; Avington v. Schempp[FL:3] [1963] [i-InquT] [i-V], evimbela ukufunda iBhayibheli njengendlela yokuzinikela ezikoleni; ne Sant Fependent [Fopendent School v. Doe[FLT:] [2]] ISifunda-Empindayo-yombilisombili, eyavisa abafundi emidlalweni yebhola yebhola ekhase. Lezinqumo zibonisa isimiso sokufunda isikole kumelwe sihlale singathathiwe hlangothi noma sithandwe nenkolo.

Ukuzivivinya Ngokukhululeka KukaClaus

I-Free Exenice Claus ivikela kokubili ilungelo lokukholelwa nelungelo lokuthatha isinyathelo kulezo zinkolelo. Nakuba ilungelo lokukholelwa ukuthi liphelele, ilungelo lokuthatha isinyathelo lingalinganiselwa ngemithetho enika isithakazelo sikahulumeni. Incazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme iye yashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi:

  • Izenzakalo zokuqala[ ezinjenge Reynolds v. United States (1879]) yasekela imithetho emelene nesithembu, ihlukanisa inkolelo engokwenkolo nokuziphatha.
  • Uvavanyo lweSherbert (kusukela ku ``Sherbert v. Verner, 1963]) wafuna uhulumeni abonise isithakazelo esishukumisayo ngaphambi kokuthwesa inqubo engokwenkolo futhi asebenzise izindlela ezingezinkulu kakhulu. Lokhu kwasebenza ezinzuzo naseminyeni.
  • Ukushintshwa kwenkolo. Smith [1990] wayekholelwa ukuthi imithetho engathathi hlangothi ebanzi ayingqubuzani nohlelo lwe-Free Expression Classiale, ngisho noma ifaka inkolo umthwalo onzima ngokuzenzakalelayo. Lesi sinqumo sabangela ukuphambana kwemizwa, okwaholela uMkhandlu ukuba udlulise uMthetho wenkolo wenkolo wenkululeko esemthethweni (RFRA) ngo 1993, owabuyisela ukuhlola kwe-Sherbert kwemithetho kahulumeni.

Icala Eliyinhloko Lenkantolo Elilulaza Inkululeko Engokwenkolo

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma amacala amaningi abalulekile enkululeko engokwenkolo, okulandelayo kumelela amaphuzu okuguqula agxekayo:

  • Reynolds v. United States (1879): INkantolo yasekela ngazwi linye umthetho kahulumeni onqabela isithembu, ikhipha umthetho owenqabelayo ukuthi inkolelo engokwenkolo ayinakusetshenziswa ukuthethelela izenzo eziphula imithetho yobugebengu. Lokhu kwamisa inkolelo/umehluko.
  • [FLT] Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)[FLT: INkantolo yahlanganisa i Free Exening Clause ngokumelene nezifundazwe ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, ibulala imfuneko yokucela inkolo.
  • [FLT Virginia v. Barnette v (143): INkantolo yathi abafundi besikole somphakathi babengenakuphoqelelwa ukuba bashayele ifulege indesheni noma basho isifungo sokubhucunga uma bephula izinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo. Umbono kaJackson wamemezela ngodumo ukuthi "akukho sikhulu, phezulu noma okuncane, kungagunyaza ukuthi yini ezombangazwe, inkolo, noma ezinye izindaba zombono."
  • [FLT] .Sherbert v. Verner (1963): I-Adventist yesikhombisa yosuku yazenqabela izinzuzo zokungasebenzi ngenxa yokwenqaba ukusebenza ngoMgqibelo. INkantolo yafaka isicelo sokucubungula ngokuqinile, idala isiqobo semithwalo kahulumeni ekuziqeqesheni okungokwenkolo.
  • Wiconsin v. [[FLT:]]: Abazali bama-Amish bawina ilungelo lokukhipha abantwana babo esikoleni somphakathi ngemva kwebanga lesine elisekelwe ezinkolelweni eziqotho ezingokwenkolo. INkantolo yathola ukuthi isithakazelo sikahulumeni emfundweni yonke ayiludlulanga izinga lokuzivivinya ngokukhululekile.
  • I-Ivision v. Smith (1990): Izisebenzi zomdabu zaseMelika zanqiwa izinzuzo zokungasebenzi ngemva kokusebenzisa ipeyote emkhosini wenkolo. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukungathathi hlangothi, ngokuvamile imithetho esebenzayo ayingqubuzani nokuzivivinya ngokukhululekile, ngisho noma kungekho sithakazelo esiphoqelelayo. Lokhu kulinganiselwe kakhulu ezibonelweni zangaphambili.
  • [FLT][FULT:1] Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. [020: Ngaphansi kwe-RFRA, iNkantolo yavumela izinhlangano ezinamatheli kakhulu ukwenqaba ukukhokhela ukuvimbela inzalo egunyazwe yi-Afford Care Care Act esekelwe ezimpikiswaneni ezingokwenkolo zabanikazi.
  • Amakhekhi e-Mastercthop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2017]): INkantolo yanquma umbhaki owenqaba ukudala ikhekhekhe lomshado lombhangqwana ofanayo we-xx, kodwa ngezizathu ezimngcipheko ukuthi ikhomishane kahulumeni ibonise ubuthane enkolweni. Ukungqubuzana okukhulu phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo neLGBTQ+ amalungelo ashiywa engalungisiwe.
  • Fulton v. City of Philadelphia [2021]: INkantolo yabambelela ekutheni iPhiladelphia yayingenakusebenzisa umthetho ongadibanisi nenhlangano yokunakekela yamaKatolika enqaba ukuqinisekisa imibhangqwana efanayo yezentengiselwano. Isinqumo sagwema ukugumbuqela [[FLT:]Smith kodwa yashiya umnyango uvulekelwe izinselele zesikhathi esizayo.

Izinkinga Zesikhathi Esizayo Ngenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, inkululeko engokwenkolo ibilokhu iyinhloko yezimpikiswano ezishubile zokunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, umsebenzi, ne - LGBTQ + ukulingana.

Ukuphelelwa Ithemba Okungokwenkolo Nokunakekelwa Kwempilo

Enye yezindawo eziphikiswa kakhulu ihilela ukumelana nenkolo ekunikezeni noma ekutholeni izinkonzo zokwelapha. Izenzakalo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuvimbela imingcele [: Ngemva komthetho we-Affordcable Care Act wadinga umqashi osungulwe ngezimiso zezempilo zokuhlanganisa ukuvimbela inzalo, izinhlangano ezinjengo Hobby Lobby ne-Little Nors of the Beathers zafuna ukukhululeka. INkantolo Ephakeme iLobby [ inikeze ukukhululeka ezinhlanganweni ezinakekelwene, futhi ukubeka imithetho kunwebe imingcele engokwenkolo yabaqashi nabafaki bemali.
  • Imiyalelo ye-Vaccine: Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOID-19, abaqashi abaningi nohulumeni babefuna ukugonywa. Ukungakhululeki okungokwenkolo kwafunwa ngenxa yokuphikisa ukusebenzisa imigqa yengqamuzana yosana olungekazalwa ekuthuthukiseni umjovo noma ukuphikiswa okuvamile. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zasekela imiyalelo yokugoma lapho zifuna ukuba ukukhulula okungokwenkolo kunikezwe okungenani ngokwesilinganiso esilinganayo nezinye izintengiselwano.
  • [ Usizo olugodliwe ekufeni [: Abanye abagcini bezempilo baphika ukusiza ngokufa ngezizathu ezingokwenkolo, bephakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthola isiguli nokunqaba okusekelwe kunembeza.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Ne - LGBTQ+ Amalungelo

Ukuhlangana kwenkululeko engokwenkolo ne-LGBTQ+ amalungelo kuye kwaveza okunye kwempikiswano ephikisana kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Izenzakalo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Amaqeshana amaqebelengwane (2017]): Isinqumo seNkantolo sigxile ekuthandeni inkolo kwekhomishane kahulumeni kodwa sishiyeka sivulekile ukuthi umthengisi womshado angazenqaba yini izinkonzo ezisekelwe ekumelaneni nomshado wezenkolo osekelwe enqabeni lokuvimbela ukucwaswa kwenkambiso yobulili.
  • Fulton v. Philadelphia [202]: INkantolo yanquma ngokucutha ukuthi umthetho weFiladelphia wokungaguquguquki kwemithetho awukwazi ukuphoqelelwa ngokumelene neMinyango yeNtlalo yamaKatolika ngoba isivumelwano sedolobha sasingavunyelwe. Isinqumo senqaba ukuphinde sibuye sibuye sibuye sibuye sibuye sibuye. [[FLT:]SMTY, kodwa i-Active's Commonetic yavuma uphawu lokuyilahla.
  • 303 I-Creative LLC v. Elenis[FLT]] [2023]: INkantolo yaphetha ukuthi umklami wewebhusayithi we we webhusayithi ayinakuphoqelelwa ngaphansi kwe-Colorado ukuba asungule imishado ye-webhusayithi efanayo. INkantolo yathola ukuthi ukuphoqelela ukukhuluma kwakhe kungaphula umthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma, kodwa isinqumo siqukethe inkululeko yenkolo ngokufanayo.

Lamacala abonisa isimo esibucayi esiyisisekelo: abantu namabhizinisi amelene nenkolo bathi akufanele baphoqelelwe ukuba bahlanganyele emikhosini noma ezenzakalweni eziphula ukholo lwabo, kuyilapho iLGBTQ qhakambisa ukuthi ukwenqaba okunjalo kufana nobandlululo ezindlini zomphakathi.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Emsebenzini Nasemfundweni

Emsebenzini, izisebenzi zivame ukufuna izindawo zokulala ngenxa yemikhuba engokwenkolo enjengokugubha iSabatha, izikhathi zomthandazo, noma izingubo zenkolo. Isihloko se-Simente VII se-Civil Rights Act sifuna abaqashi ukuba banikeze izindawo zokulala ezifanele ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kubangele ubunzima obungadingekile. Nokho, ukuthi yiziphi "izinkinga ezinzima" eziye zachazwa kabanzi izinkantolo (umz., [[FLT: 0]] TA. Harlison, 1977, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngezisebenzi ukuwina izintambo. Ngo-2023, iNkantolo Ephakeme [ngendlela e].[FT] v[FLT] [FFLD]]] [FFFO:3]] iqine kakhulu isilinganiso sokunquma, izindleko ezimelwe zikhonzwe "FLT], 1977, kwenze kube nzima kakhulu ukuba izisebenzi ziphise izikhundla zenkolo ezikhundlekile" ezikhundlekweni zeze zenkolo.

Ezikoleni zomphakathi, izingxabano eziphathelene nomthandazo, imikhosi yokuthweswa iziqu, nezifundo ziyaqhubeka. Ngokwesibonelo, imibiko iye yamisa imithetho efuna ukuboniswa kwe "KuNkulunkulu Sithemba" noma ivumela ukuthandaza okudluliswayo kwabafundi, ngokuvamile bebhekene nezinselele zika-Claus. Okwamanje, abazali baye bafuna kakhulu ukungavunyelwe okungokwenkolo ku LGBTQ+ ezifundweni ezihlanganisayo, bephikisana ngezingxabano zezinto ezibonakalayo nokholo lwabo.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Yomhlaba Wonke

I-United States futhi inesithakazelo sezimiso zangaphandle zenkululeko engokwenkolo. I-International Religious Freedom Act ka-1998 yamisa i-U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) futhi ifuna ukuba uMnyango woMbuso ubike minyaka yonke ngezimo zenkululeko engokwenkolo emhlabeni wonke. Amazwe anjengeChina, Saudi Arabia, Iran, ne-North Korea ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi "Izikhundla zenkululeko yezeluleko" zokwephula umthetho. U.S. usizo lwangaphandle kanye nokucindezela kwezezikhulu zezwe lusetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa inkululeko engokwenkolo emhlabeni wonke, nakuba ukuphumelela kwalezi ziphikisana.

Ukulinganisela Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Namanye Amalungelo

Ilungelo lomthetho - sisekelo alikho eliphelele. Inkululeko yenkolo kumelwe ilinganiswe ezithakazelweni ezincintisanayo ezinjengokuphepha komphakathi, impilo, ukungahlaseli, namalungelo abanye. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene okulinganiselayo ukuze zixazulule izingxabano.

Indinganiso Ewukuhlolisisa

Ngaphansi kwe-RFRA nezenzo eziningi zenkululeko engokwenkolo yombuso ukubuyisela, uhulumeni kumelwe wanelise ukucubungula okuqinile lapho kusetshenziswa kakhulu izinkonzo ezingokwenkolo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthetho kumelwe usebenzise isithakazelo sikahulumeni futhi usebenzise izindlela ezicindezelayo. Ngokwenqubo, ukuhlolisisa okuqinile akuvamile "ukuqashelwa, kuyingozi" kunencazelo eyingozi" kunamazwi asikiselayo. Izinkantolo ziye zathola izithakazelo eziphoqelelayo ekuvikeleni impilo yomphakathi, ukuqinisekisa ukukhubazeka kwempi, nokuvimbela ukucwasa. Ngokwesibonelo, uLobby, iNkanto eqinile, iNkanto ethola ukuthi uhulumeni unezindlela ezimbalwa zokuvimbela ukufinyelela ekuvimbeleni, njengokunikeza ukukhokha ngokunyelisa ngokunyelisa ngosizo noma ngokuvikela okuqinile. Phakathi nezinkantolo ze-COVD, ngokuvamile, uthelela ngisho nokuvimbela isifo ngaphansi kwe-RFFFF, futhi uthola ukuthi igwebosethina okungezwa yizincane kakhulu labo ababenga, noma benqaba ukuthi abangathi bavise.

Ukulinganisela Ukuhlola Icala

I - makethop Eqoshiwe: Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Noma Indawo Yomphakathi?

Icala lombhaki ligcizelela ukuthi uma abaphiki benkolo benelungelo lokwenqaba izinkonzo zemishado efanayo, ingabe ukudala umthetho owehlukile olulaza imithetho evimbela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zomphakathi ngenxa yokuziphatha kobulili. INkantolo Ephakeme ayizange ixazulule izingxabano ngokusemthethweni, kodwa icala liqokomisa ubunzima: uma abamelene nenkolo benelungelo lokwenqaba izinkonzo zemishado efanayo yezesilisa obulili, ingabe ukudala umthetho owehlukile owehlisa imithetho evimbela ukuhlukana kwesizwe? Isinqumo senkantolo esiphansi siye saxubana. Abanye bavumela ukuhoxa ngemisebenzi yezentelekelelo (iphotography, imiklamo yezitshalo, amakhekhe), kuyilapho abanye bephethe ukuthi izinhlangano zezentengiselwano ezivulekele umphakathi azikwazi ukuthatha nokukhetha abathengi abasekelwe ezicikweni ezivikelekile?

Hobby Lobby: Inkolo Yama - Corporate Ne - Contrace Pratevecage

Isinqumo seNkantolo sandisa isivikelo se-RFRA ku-RFRA yezenzuzo elawulwa umkhaya owodwa. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izinkampani azinakho ukuqhuba inkolo, kodwa iNkantolo yathola ukuthi ukuvikela izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo zabanikazi kwakubaluleke ngokwanele ukuba kudingeke ukuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo. Isithakazelo sikahulumeni empilweni yabesifazane sathathwa sinamandla, kodwa iNkantolo yathola ukuthi uhulumeni unganikeza intethelelo ngezinye izindlela. Lendaba iveza indlela ukulinganisela okungaholela ngayo ekunqumeni okuncane okungavumelani nokungakhonzi ukuvimbela inzalo ngaphandle kokuphula umthetho ongaphansi.

Imingcele Nezinkonzo Zokukhulekela Ze - COVID - 19

Phakathi nobhadane, izifunda eziningi zamisa imingcele yokuhlanganisa eyathinta amasonto, amaSulumane, namasinagoge. INkantolo Ephakeme ekuqaleni yazindela izikhulu zezempilo zikahulumeni, yaphika izicelo zokungavunyelwe ngokwenkolo. Nokho, ngo-2020, iNkantolo e yamaRoma Katolika Diocese of Brooklyn v. ivimbele imingcele yemibuthano engokwenkolo, ithole ukuthi ikhetha izindlu zokukhulekela ukuze iphathwe kabi kunemibuthano yezwe. INkanto ehlola i-"Notrality" kunokuba ihlole ngokuqinile, iphawula ukuthi ngisho nasezimongweni zempilo zomphakathi, uhulumeni awunakugxeka inkolo.

Isiphetho

Inkululeko engokwenkolo isalokhu iyindawo eqinile nelawulayo yomthetho waseMelika. Izisekelo zayo eSichibiyelweni sokuqala zibonisa ukuqiniseka kwabasunguli ukuthi inkululeko kanembeza iyilungelo langaphambi kwezombangazwe uhulumeni okumelwe alihloniphe. Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza izigaba zenkolo ngezindlela ezivikelayo nezilinganiselayo ezingokwenkolo, njalo izama ukulinganisela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nezimfuno zomphakathi ozibandakanyayo. Izimpikiswano zenkululeko yezempilo, iLGBTQ+, futhi impilo yomphakathi yembula ukuthi akukho sinqumo sokugcina. Kunalokho, umthetho uzoqhubeka uthuthukisa ngenqubo yomthetho, ukubukeza, ukudingisana kwezelule izingxoxo zomthetho, nezesiko. Izikhululo zezimiso zomthetho nezimiso zomthetho. Izikhulu zikahulumeni, izinkulumo ezingokomlando, izimpande ezingokomlando, nezingahambisani eziwusizo ekuxoxeni ngezingxoxo zakhe eziqhubekayo ku- James "Memone, noma ku-Arison, noma kutshenziswe inguquko yezenkolo yezenkolo eMeon, noma i-Elson.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola imithombo yezomthetho-mthetho wezwe e iSikhungo sobuzwe, iprojekthi yokwaziswa yecala lokushwankathela, kanye ne i-Pew Research Center of Religion & Public Life [ yemininingwane yezindaba zenkululeko yenkolo yamanje.