Ukunquma Isimiso Senkantolo YoMbuso: Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Sezakhamuzi

Lapho ungena enkantolo yombuso ("noma ungena enkantolo) ngenxa yokuphulwa kwemvume yomgwaqo, ukuxabana komkhaya, ukulimaza komuntu siqu, noma ukumangalelwa kwecala lobugebengu"imithetho nezinqubo kungazizwa zingelutho futhi zesabisa. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisingatha amacala amaningi angokomthetho e-United States, kusukela kumacala amancane kuya emacaleni angathi sína. Ukuqonda imapu yomgwaqo kusukela ekufakeni imvume ukuya esinqumweni sokugcina kukusiza ukuba wenze izinqumo ezibonisa ulwazi, ugweme amaphutha abizayo, futhi unciphise ukukhathazeka. Isiqondiso siphula izigaba ezivamile zenkantolo elandela inkantolo, sichaza izindima zamacala ayinhloko ahilelekile, futhi sinikeza iseluleko esiwusizo kunoma imuphi umuntu ohilelekile ekukhipheni izigijimi.

Ukuqonda Inkantolo KaHulumeni Icala Nezakhiwo

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ezigabeni, kusiza ukuqonda ukuthi icala lihlanganaphi nesimiso sokwahlulela sikahulumeni wakho. izinkantolo zikahulumeni zihlelwe ngezinhlu, ngasinye sinegunya elithile.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala (Izinkantolo Zokulahlwa Kwamacala Angaphambili)

Amacala amaningi aqala enkantolo equlwayo. Lawa izinkantolo lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, ufakazi, futhi umahluleli noma amajaji anquma amaqiniso. izinkantolo zeTrial zivela ngezindlela ezihlukene:

  • Izinkantolo ze-authority ezivinjelwe: zisingatha izindaba ezithile njengamathikithi omgwaqo, izikhangiso ezincane (ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwenani elithile lemali), noma izimpikiswano zomnini-ndlu.
  • Izinkantolo eziphethe jikelele: futhi zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme, izinkantolo zesifunda, noma izinkantolo zesifunda, zenza zonke ezinye izinkantolo zomphakathi nezezephulamthetho, kuhlanganise nezigebengu, izikhangiso ezinkulu zomphakathi, umthetho womkhaya, kanye nezibheki.
  • [[IZInkantolo ezihlukene] ezithiwa: izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo, nezinkantolo zomuntu onokuhlangenwe nakho zinikeza ezinye izimiso zezokwelapha zezigebengu ezithile.

Izinkantolo Eziphakamiso

Uma iqembu elithile lilahlekelwa ekuqulweni kwecala futhi likholelwa ukuthi kwenzeka iphutha elingokomthetho, lingadlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme. Izifundazwe eziningi zinenkantolo yezomthetho ephakathi kwezwe [[FLT]] ephethe inkantolo engokomthetho (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala) ne [[FLT] inkantolo ephakeme [[FLT]] (igunya eliphakeme kakhulu kumbuso emthetho wezwe). Izikhalo azinacala; zigxila ekutheni inkantolo isebenzisa umthetho ngokunembile yini.

Federal v. iNkantolo yoMbuso

Kubalulekile futhi ukwazi ukuthi icala lakho lisenkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni. Izinkantolo zeFederal zisingatha amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo, izimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene (ngaphezu kwenani elithile), kanye nezindaba ezithile zokungalawuleki noma ukulahlekelwa imali. Izimpikiswano eziningi zansuku zonke. /Izimpikiswano zansuku zonke, izingozi zemoto, isehlukaniso, indawo yomnini-ndlu, kanye namacala amaningi obugebengu − aphathwa enkantolo yombuso.

Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngomehluko phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nezwe, bheka U.S. izinkantolo ze-vs zikahulumeni. izinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Isigaba 1: Ukubhoboza Nokuhola

Indaba ngayinye iqala ngencwadi ebizwa ngokuthi ingxubethi (emacaleni omphakathi) noma information/information [emacaleni ezigebengwini]. Umuntu oqala icala u-[FLT:] u-plaintiff [i-vil]] noma [ i-project [i-cript]; omunye umbango [[FLT:]]

Ukukhononda Noma Isicelo

Ukukhononda kuveza isisekelo esingokomthetho secala, kwenzekile, waphulwa umthetho, futhi iliphi ikhambi elifunwayo (imali, umyalo wokwenza noma wokuyeka ukwenza okuthile, noma, emacaleni obugebengu, isijeziso). Umkhandi kufanele afake futhi amamon[, okusho ukuthi ummangalelwa uyamangalelwa futhi unikeza indida yokuphendula.

Inkonzo yenhlelo

Ummangalelwa kumelwe atshelwe ngokomthetho. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-header yenqubo. Ummeli we-herpper, isisekelo senqubo yeposi esigunyaziwe, noma inkonzo yemvume egunyaziwe idlulisa isikhalo nezicelo. Uma inkonzo ingenziwa kahle, inkantolo ingase ingabi negunya lomuntu [[ phezu kommangalelwa, futhi icala lingase lixoshwe.

Ukusabela Kwemlweli

Ummangalelwa kumelwe abhalise impendulo [ phakathi kwenani elimisiwe lezinsuku (ngokwesilinganiso 20-30 izinsuku), impendulo iyavuma noma iphika impikiswano ngayinye futhi ingaphakamisa ulwenzeko. Okanye, ummangalelwa angafaka uhele we- ukunqanda (okubizwa nangokuthi idengureyithi kweminye imibuso), ephikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma yonke into echaphayo isho ukuthi iyiqiniso, umthetho awunikezi nkululeko, ngenxa yesibonelo, ngoba umthetho wemingcele uphelile.

Isiphambano-Claims kanye nokusho kwesithathu

Ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, abamangalelwa bangafaka amafayela ngokumelene namanye amaqembu: across-cantaim ngokumelene ne-co-dendendint, noma isikhalo sesithathu-ngxenye[[ nothile ongekafiki endabeni ukuthi unecala lengxenye noma lonke ilahleko ye-pecttiff.

Ukuze ungene ngokujule kakhulu emithethweni yenqubo yomphakathi elawula ukuncenga, vakashela i- Cornell Legal Information Institute kaFederal Rules of Civil Proceducture (imithetho eminingi yombuso ilandela izindlela ezifanayo).

Isiteji 2: Izinhlelo Zangaphambi Kwe - trial — Ukutholakala Nokuhamba

Uma ukuncenga sekuphelile, icala liqala iqophelo lokuqala. Lokhu kuvame ukuba isigaba eside kakhulu nesibiza kakhulu, kodwa futhi kulapho uhlangothi ngalunye lufunda khona amandla nobuthakathaka bendaba yomphikisi.

Ukuthola

Inqubo yokunikezana ukwaziswa nobufakazi. Ohlangothini ngalunye lunelungelo lokuthola izinto ezifanele, ezingafunwa ngakolunye uhlangothi. Amathuluzi okuthola ahlanganisa:

  • Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • Izicelo zokukhiqizwa: Izicelo zamadokhumende, ama-imeyili, izithombe, noma obunye ubufakazi obubonakalayo.
  • [[INDANGO:0] Ukubekwa:[ In-person, ubufakazi obufungelwe obuthathwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ngokuvamile obusetshenziselwa ukugcina ubufakazi noma ukuqoqa amaqiniso.
  • Izicelo zokuvuma: Izinkulumo okumelwe olunye uhlangothi luzivume noma luziphike, zivala udaba.

Ukuvubukula kungahlanganisa nezicelo zokuhlola ukwelashwa (ezimweni ezilimazayo) noma ukuhlola impahla. Ukwehluleka ukuvumelana nokuthola kungaphumela ekutholeni izijeziso, kuhlanganise nokuxoshwa kwezicelo noma izisekelo.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, noma yimuphi umuntu angathatha isinyathelo sokulungisa izindaba zomthetho noma anciphise lokho okungase kukhishwe lapho kuqulwa icala. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuthatha i-Ague ukuthi akukho qiniso eliphikisanayo nokuthi umthetho uvumelana necala elilodwa. Uma livunyiwe, icala liphela ngaphandle kokulingwa.
  • i-Motion in limine: icela umahluleli ukuba akhiphe ubufakazi obuthile (umk., ubufakazi obucwasayo noma inzwa yokuqulwa kwecala) ngaphambi kokuba icala liqale.
  • Motion ukuphoqelela: ifuna umyalo wenkantolo ophoqelela olunye uhlangothi ukuba luvumelane nezicelo zokuthola.

Imihlangano Yokuqondisa Icala Nezingxoxo Zokuhlala

Amajaji amaningi aba nengqungquthela yabaphathi becala kusenesikhathi lapho kuhlelwa khona ukumiswa kwezikhathi ezimisiwe nokudingishwa. Izinkantolo zivame ukukhuthaza noma ukudinga isinqumo esihlukile sokuphikisana (ADR) uthanda ukukhipha noma ukunqanda ukuqulwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa. I-Mediam ihilela iqembu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi elisiza amaqembu ukuba axhumane nesabelo; ukuvala ihilela ongathathi hlangothi ozwa ubufakazi nesibopho noma okhipha isibopho. I-ADR ingalondoloza isikhathi nemali, futhi izigebetho eziningi kulesigaba.

Isicathulo 3: Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma imizamo yokulungisa izigwegwe ihluleka futhi inqunywa ngaphambi kwecala ingaqedi icala, indaba iqhubekela phambili enkantolo. Ukuqulwa kwamacala kungabekwa phambi komahluleli ( ukuqulwa kwecala lecala ) noma ijaji. Amaqembu anelungelo lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo lokuqulwa kwecala ezinkantolo eziningi futhi ezicatshangelweni zomphakathi ezihilela imali engaphezulu (ngokuvamile ama - dollar angu-20 000 noma ngaphezulu, kuye ngokwezwe).

Ukukhethwa kwe Jury

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ubufakazi, ijaji likhethwa ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i - jaf. Umahluleli nabameli babuza ukuthi kungavela abahluleli abangakhetha noma abangahluleka ukungakhethi. Inhlangothi ngayinye ingagadla inani elilinganiselwe lejaji “umbangela” (umz., ukucwasana okuvunyiweyo) noma ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu ( izinselele []).

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Ohlangothini ngalunye lunikeza inkulumo emfushane echaza lokho okuzoboniswa ubufakazi. Lena ayiyona impikiswano, kodwa iyibalazwe lejaji.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Iqembu eliletha icala ( lichaza amaxwebhu emphakathini, [[FLT:]] i-state/ingxubelo [] eqenjini) liveza icala lalo elisemgqeni womthetho kuqala. Babiza ofakazi, baletha imibhalo, futhi banikeze ubufakazi obubonakalayo. Ngemva kwalokho ufakazi ngamunye, umbangi ngamunye unelungelo [[FLT:]] i-exampfimine [[. Isivikelo siveza icala lakhe, ngenqubo efanayo. I-pectetff ingabe ikhona khona ubufakazi obuveza ubufakazi obuhlukile.

Izinyathelo Zokukhipha Icala Noma Zokwahlulela Ngokulahlwa

Ngemva kwendaba yomphathi wecala, nangemva kobufakazi obubonke, isivikelo singathatha isinqumo esiqondiswe [ [i-cict:1] noma ukwahlulela okungakhohliswayo [[ (ubugebengu]), siphikisa ngokuthi ubufakazi abuzenelanga kangangokuba akukho jaji elinengqondo elingatholakele kwelinye icala. Le ntshukumo ayivamile ukunikezwa uma umsizi enikeze ubufakazi obuthile obuqanjiwe.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ummeli ngamunye ufingqa ubufakazi futhi aphikise ngokuthi kungani abasizi bejaji kufanele banqume ngokuvuna.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenza ecaleni. Khona - ke abasizi bathatha umhlalaphansi ngasese. Kumele bafinyelele isinqumo esivumelanayo emacaleni obugebengu (eziningi) nasemacalani amaningi omphakathi (ezinye izizwe zivumela izinqumo ezinciphileyo ezisezicabeni zomphakathi). Uma bengenakuvumelana, umahluleli angamemezela imiqulurry, futhi icala lingase livuswe.

Isigwebo Nokwahlulela

Ijaji libuyisela isinqumo. Endabeni yomphakathi, isinqumo sisho ukuthi isiphi isigaba esinqobayo futhi uma i-paltiff inqoba, isizumbululo. Endabeni yobugebengu, isinqumo siwukuthi “unecala” noma“ awunacala.” Umahluleli ungena ekwahluleleni [ [ukwahlulela okusekelwe esinqumweni. Ecaleni lebhentshi, umahluleli ubhala isinqumo ngeqiniso neziphetho zomthetho.

Isiteji 4: Ukuhamba Kwangemva Kokwahlulela Nokungena

Ngemva kwesinqumo nangaphambi kwesicelo, umcimbi olahlekile angafaka unyawo lwangemva kwe-catery. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:

  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha:[ ukuququzelela okuthi amaphutha angokomthetho noma ukuziphatha okubi kwavimbela ukuqulwa komthetho.
  • Ukukhetha ukwahlulela naphezu kwesinqumo (JNOV): icela umahluleli ukuba adlulise isinqumo sokwahlulela njengengenangqondo.
  • Ukuguqula noma ukuqeda isahlulelo: Izicelo zishintsha isilinganiso sokwahlulela noma amanye amagama.

Uma lokhu kuthatha isikhathi sekunqunyiwe (noma ukudlula kwenkathi emisiwe), ukwahlulela kuba okokugcina. Emacalani obugebengu, ukugunyazwa [[FLT: 1] kungalandela isahlulelo. Ukugwetshwa kwecala kungacabangela izici ezinjengobukhulu bobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu, nezinkulumo zezisulu. Isigwebo singahlanganisa ukukhokhwa, ukuvinjelwa, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma ukuboshwa.

Isiteji 5: Ukukhanga

Akuwona wonke amacala angadluliswa. Izikhalo zilinganiselwe emaphutha angokomthetho okungenzeka athinte umphumela. Iqembu elikhangayo yi- appant; umphikisi i-appelle[FLT]].

Inqubo Yokufuna Ukuzibulala

Amafayeti abonisa ukudluliswa kwesicelo phakathi kosuku olufushane (futhi izinsuku ezingu - 30 kusukela ekwahlulelweni kokugcina). Inkantolo equlwayo ilungisa [ ekudluliseleni [] izingcaphuno, imiboniso, nokuncenga. Zombili izimemezelo zikhomba [[[FLT:]]] iziphetho [[FLT]] [FLT] ziphikisa ukuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo kufanele sishintshwe, siqinisekiswe, noma silungiswe.

Ezinkantolo eziningi eziphakathi, icala lizwakala ngeqembu labahluleli abathathu. Izingxenye zonke zithola isikhathi esilinganiselwe (futhi imizuzu engu-15-30) yempikiswano eqhubekayo. Amajaji abuza imibuzo bese kuthi ngamabomu. Inkantolo ye-applate ingathi:

  • Isinqumo senkantolo ephansi.
  • landela i-' isinqumo futhi uthathe ukwahlulela kwe-apulantant.
  • Icala libuyela emuva enkantolo equlweni lecala elisha noma ezinye izindaba.
  • [[UMTL:0] hlela [ ukwahlulela (ngokwesibonelo, nciphisa umklomelo).

Nokho, lezi zinkantolo eziphakeme zamukela amacala ambalwa kuphela, ngokuvamile ahilela imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho noma izinqumo ezingqubuzanayo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphansi.

Ukuze uthole incazelo eningiliziwe yendlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo, bheka i-National Center for State Courts i-appeltate .

Amacebiso Awusizo Ezakhamuzini Eziqhutshwa Ngenqubo Yenkantolo

Umthetho Lapho Ungakwazi

Nakuba ezinye iziphakamiso ezincane noma ezilula zomgwaqo zingasingathwa ipro se (kwakho ngokwakho), amacala amaningi azuza kummeli owazi imithetho yendawo, abahluleli, nezinqubo. Uma ungakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, bheka [ kusizayo izinkonzo, imitholampilo yesikole, noma [ ihhovisi lomphakathi lolwenziso lwezelele.]

Gcina Umlando Ophelele

Bhala yonke into: izinsuku, izikhathi, izingxoxo, ama-risidi, neposi. Gcina amakhophi azo zonke izikhombi neziyalezo. Ihele elihlelwe kahle lisiza ummeli wakho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi awuphuthi isikhathi esimisiwe.

Inhlonipho Ngezinkantolo Ezifile

Ukungabeki isikhathi esimisiwe kungasho ukulahlekelwa ilungelo lokuphendula noma ngisho nokuxoshwa kwecala lakho.

Ukuqonda Izindleko

Ukuqamba imilomo kungabiza. Ngaphezu kwenkokhelo yabameli, ungakhokha izindleko zokukhokha imali, izindleko zokugcina imali, izindleko zobufakazi, nenkokhelo yolwazi. Izizwe eziningi zivumela abakhokhi abakhokhelwa imali ephansi emaqenjini ahlawulwayo asenkantolo. Buza umabhalane ngezindlela ezikhona.

Hlala Uzolile Futhi Unekhono Enkantolo

Ijaji namajaji akha izici ezisekelwe ekuphatheni. Gqoka ngendlela efanele, ubize umahluleli ngokuthi “Udumo lwakho,” ungaphazamisi abanye, futhi ulandele inhlonipho yasenkantolo. Ukuqhuma kwemizwelo noma ukuphathwa kabi kungakulimaza.

Cabangela Ukuhlala Nokugula Kuzo Zonke Izithiyo

Ngisho noma uqiniseka ecaleni lakho, ukuxazulula inkinga kungalondoloza isikhathi, imali, nokucindezeleka okungokomzwelo. Ukuncishiswa ngokuvamile kuphumela ekuxazululeni okungahleleki enkantolo. Khuluma nommeli wakho ngokulungisa izindleko zomshado nezingozi zecala.

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile: Icala Lesigebengu Liphikisana Necala Lasembusweni

Nakuba izigaba ezivamile zifana, amacala obugebengu nawomphakathi anomehluko obalulekile.

Amacala Ezigebengu

  • Iqoqo lobufakazi: "Ungangabaza okunengqondo” (kuphakeme kakhulu).
  • ekunqanyulweni okusheshayo: kuqinisekiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo; izigaba eziqondile zimise imingcele yesikhathi.
  • [[UMTL:0] ukuthula:[ Awukwazi ukuphoqelelwa ukuba ufakazele ngawe ngokwakho.
  • Isokudla kummeli: Uma ungakwazi ukuthenga, inkantolo izomisa umvikeli womphakathi wamacala athwala isikhathi sasejele.
  • Imiphumela engabonakali: Ukukhipha, ukukhulula, ukukholisa, ukunxusa. Isigwebo sihlanganisa ifa, ukugcinwa, noma ukuboshwa.

Amacala Angaphakathi

  • Ibheji lobufakazi: “izaziso zobufakazi” (cishe) ezimweni eziningi;“ okusobala nokukholisa” kwezinye (umz., ukukhwabanisa, ukuqedwa kwamalungelo obuzali).
  • [ Izindawo:[ Abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni zimangalelana.
  • Imithetho: Imali echithwayo, imiyalo (imiyalo yokwenza noma yokuyeka ukwenza okuthile), izahlulelo zokukhipha igebe (amalungelo avulekayo), noma umsebenzi okhethekile (ukuphoqelela umcimbi ukuba ufeze isivumelwano).
  • Akukho lungelo kummeli: ama-ligit omphakathi kumele aqashe ummeli wawo noma avele ipro se.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yenkantolo yesifundazwe, nakuba iyinkimbinkimbi, ilandela ukulandelana okunengqondo okuklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukulunga nenqubo efanelekile. Kusukela ekuncengeni kokuqala ukuya ekudluliseleni izicelo, isigaba ngasinye sifeza injongo: ukuhlukanisa izimpikiswano, ukuqoqa ubufakazi, ukuhlola izinkolelo zomthetho, futhi ekugcineni ukuxazulula izimpikiswano. Ngokuqonda lemapu yomgwaqo, izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa kahle isimiso, zikwazi ukuxhumana ngokuphumelelayo nabameli bazo, futhi zenze izinqumo ezinengqondo ngokuphathelene nokuthi uzolwa nini futhi nini. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungummangalelwa, ufakazi, noma umphenyi, noma ungofakazi, wazi ukuthi yini enganciphisa ukungaqiniseki futhi unike amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunengqondo ekulandeleni ubulungisa.

Ngemithombo eyengeziwe ezinqubweni zenkantolo esifundazweni sakho, qala ngewebhusayithi yakho engokomthetho yenkantolo yasenkantolo yesifundazwe, enikeza izakhiwo, imithetho, kanye nezikhungo zokuzisiza. Inhlangano yamaMelika ye-“Indlela Izinkantolo Ezisebenza Ngayo” uchungechunge lunikeza futhi ngezincazelo ezijulile zombili izinqubo zezwe nezombuso.