Yini Ekhethwa Kuqala?

Ukhetho oluyinhloko luyimincintiswano yangaphakathi yeqembu esetshenziselwa ukukhetha i-commine yeqembu elikhethayo. Ngokungafani nokhetho oluvamile, amaprimina awalawulwa yindikimba eyodwa yesizwe; kunalokho, alawulwa yimithetho kanxantathu yemithetho kahulumeni neqembu. Lesimiso esihloniphekile siye saqala emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, sisuka ekulawuleni kweqembu ukuze siqondise, izinqubo zokuvota. Namuhla, amaprotheni ayindlela eyinhloko yokukhetha kokubili abaqondisi be-Didemocratic and Republican, nakuba izigaba ze-caucrea zisakhona ezizweni ezimbalwa.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko oyinhloko ukuvalela umkhakha wabazobhapathizwa kanye nezihambeli eziholayo emhlanganweni wesifunda sesizwe. Izihambeli zisho ukuthi umenywa uqala ngokusemthethweni. Ukuqonda lenqubo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela amaqembu ezombangazwe akha ngayo amandla, achaze amapulatifomu, futhi ekugcineni alolonge ukukhetha okukhona kwabavoti ngoNovember.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemibono Eyinhloko

Isimiso esiyinhloko sanamuhla siyisici esisanda kusungulwa. Kusukela ngekhulu le-19 kuya ekuqaleni kwelama-20, abaholi beqembu nabameleli bomhlangano basebenzisa ubukhosi obuphelele. Ukuhamba okuqhubekayo kwasekuqaleni konyaka ka-1900 kwaqhutshelwa ukubusa ngentando yeningi okuqondile, okwaholela okhethweni lokuqala. Nokho, akuzange kube kwaze kwaba ngoPhondo weDemocratic National Convention yango 1968 eyaqhubekisela ukuvuselelwa kwenguquko engenakulungiseka. Ngemva komhlangano wesiphithiphithiphithiphithi lapho iHubert Humphrey yawina khona ukuncishwa ngaphandle kokuncintisana kwento eyodwa eyinhloko, i-Govern-Fraser [Flct:1] iKhomishano ye-Democraticism Par] ibuye ithole amandla anzima.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lelikhalenda liye laba isici esibucayi, nezindawo zakudala njenge-Iowa neNew Hampshire ezisebenzisa ithonya elinamandla. Imijikelezo yamuva iye yabona izifunda zithatha izikhundla zangaphambili (ukugcwala phambili), izimpikiswano ngendima yama - superdraise, nemizamo yezizwe yokucindezela noma ukushukuma kwekhalenda ukuze zigweme umjaho obalekile noma impi eqhubekayo.

Izinhlobo zezibhamu: Ivalekile, Ivulekile, Isemi-valiwe, Nezimbili Phezulu

Imithetho ebusayo engavota ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu ngokwesifundazwe ngasinye. Lokhu kushintsha kuthinta ukujika, icebo lokufuna ukuvota, kanye nokuqondisa kwemibono yomphathi.

  • I-Primes ezivalekile: Abavoti kuphela ababhaliswe neqembu abangahlanganyela. Lesimiso sikhuthaza ukwethembeka kweqembu futhi sivimbele “ukuvuselelwa” amalungu eqembu eliphikisayo. Izibonelo: New York, Florida, Kentucky.
  • Ovula ama-Prime: Noma imuphi umvoti obhalisiwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ulungu weqembu, angakhetha ukuthi ubani ozovota kuqala. Lokhu kungakhanga abavoti abasesilinganisweni kakhulu nabazimele. Izibonelo: Michigan, Virginia, Wisconsin.
  • Semi-Valed Prime: Abavoti abangakhetha noma yimuphi umkhakha oyinhloko weqembu, kodwa amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe alinganiselwe kweyawo siqu. Lokhu kuhloselwe ukulinganisela ukuvumelana nokuthembeka kweqembu. Isibonelo: iNorth Carolina, New Hampshire.
  • Phezulu-Izintsuku ezimbili (zibizwa futhi ngokuthi “i-Jungle Primies”): Bonke abavoti bavela ebhanseni elilodwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiqembu, futhi abaphethe ababili abaphezulu baqhubekela phambili kukhetho oluvamile. Lesimiso singaphumela ekubeni ababili abafundayo abancintisanayo eqenjini elincintisanayo. Isibonelo: California, Washington.
  • Izindawo eziphezulu-umthetho: ezisetshenziswa e-Alaska nasezindaweni ezithile zendawo, abavoti abane abaphezulu baqhubekela phambili kukhetho olusemthethweni. Lokhu kunciphisa ukulawulwa kweqembu futhi kukhuthaza ukudluliswa kwengxenye.

Ukukhethwa kohlobo oluyinhloko kunemiphumela enzima. Impikiswano yabashisekeli bamazwe ahlukene ivame ukuveza izinkolo eziqine kakhulu ngoba izivumelwano eziphambili (futhi ngokuvamile ezihlukene) kuphela eziboshelwe umkhakha we-primes. Ukuvula amavoti ayisisekelo kuvame ukuveza amapesentistrites nomine akhangayo kubantu abazimele. Inkulumo - mpikiswano yabashisekeli benguquko esebenzisa kakhulu ukubusa kwentando yeningi (izindawo zokusekela i-democriciums), kuyilapho i-primes inciphisa ukuncipha ngokuphoqelela abafuna ukudlulisa izicelo ngaphandle kwesisekelo.

I - caucuuses: Uyini Umehluko?

Nakuba zimbalwa izifundazwe eziphethe ama-caucuuse namuhla, zihlala zihlukile futhi zibalulekile kunezindawo eziqanjwe ngokungena ezindlini. Ngokuyinhloko, abavoti bafaka amavoti ayimfihlo ezindaweni zokuhlola phakathi namahora amisiwe. Eqenjini le-caucus, amalungu eqembu ahlangana phambi kwabantu ngesikhathi esithile (ngokuvamile kusihlwa) ukuze baxoxe ngabazobhapathizwa bese bevota ngokudlala ngezandla, bema ngamaqembu, noma besebenzisa amavoloti amaphepha. I-Caucus idinga isibopho esikhulu kakhulu sesikhathi futhi ngokuvamile inqabela abazali abasebenzayo, izisebenzi ezithutha abantu abakhubazekile, nabantu abakhubazekile.

Umehluko oyisihluthulelo uhlanganisa:

  • Ukuzinikela kwesikhathi: Ukuvota okuyinhloko kuthatha imizuzu; ukuvota kungathatha amahora amabili kuya kwamathathu.
  • I-caucusess transparency vs. aseses: ingumphakathi, ongacindezela abahlanganyela ukuba bavumelane nezimiso zeqembu.
  • Ukwabiwa kwenani: Ama-Causues avame ukusebenzisa inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ephinda-phindiwe (kusukela esifundeni kuya esifundeni sesifundazwe) engathatha amasonto ukuqeda.
  • Ijika-jika: I-parter iphakeme kakhulu kune-caucus, yenza izingeniso zibe i-prorimes zimelela kakhulu i-votate ebanzi.

Kulemijikelezo yamuva, bobabili baye basuka e-caucus. i-Democratic Party, ngemva kuka-2016, yalahla kakhulu ukukhomba i-caucuuses, icaphuna izinto ezikhathazayo. Ngo-2024, idlanzana nje lezifundazwe (umz., i-Iowa, i-Nevada, i-Wyoming yeRepublic) isasebenzisa okungenani i-caucsus eqenjini elilodwa.

Inqubo Yokukhetha Ngokulandelana: Hamba Ngenyathelo

Ukuhuba Ngenxa Yokudla I - Candidacy

Isinyathelo sokuqala esingokomthetho ukuhlanganisa nesifundazwe noma umncintiswano. Izimfuneko ziyahluka kodwa ngokuvamile zihlanganisa imali yokufaka (isukela emakhulwini ambalwa kuya kumaRandi ayizinkulungwane eziningana), inani elincane lezisayino ezivela kumalungu eqembu abhalisiwe, kanye nesaziso sokuthembeka. Ezinye izigodlo zidinga abazocelwa ukuba bakhokhe imali enkulu noma bathumele isicelo ngezinkulungwane zezisayino. Lemingcele ingabanqanda abazothatha izikhokhelo ezimbalwa. I-Federal Ecompust Commission (FEC) imisa imingcele yeminikelo futhi idinga izimali zomkhankaso. Ifuna ukukhokha ngokwengeziwe ngemithetho ye-FEC.

Ukubhikisha

Uma sebeqanjwe, abazoqala imikhankaso yabo. Ezindlini eziqashisayo, umkhankaso uhlukile kumkhankaso wokhetho ngoba ukhetho ngokuvamile luncane, luhlukanisa kakhulu, futhi lugxile kakhulu ezinhlelweni.

  • ezombangazwe:[ Abavoti bomhlangano ngamaqembu amancane, ukuya ezigijimini zendawo, nokuxhawulana ezindaweni ezidla ukudla namahholo edolobha.
  • Izikhangiso ze-media:[ Ithelevishini, umsakazo, kanye nezikhangiso zemishini zivumelana nezindinganiso kanye nokwesaba kwabavoti abayinhloko.
  • Isivumelwano sezezindaba: Twitter/X, Facebook, Istagram, neTikTok zisetshenziselwa ukwakha amaqoqo omxhasi, ukuphakamisa iminikelo ye-dollar encane, kanye nabaphikisi.
  • Imisebenzi ye-jot-out-vote (GOTV): Ibhange locingo, ukungqongqoza emnyango, kanye nabathumeli ukuqinisekisa abasekeli ukuba bavote.
  • [ Imingcele: Ukusekela ukusekela okuvela kwizibalo eziphezulu ze-profile, izikhulu zendawo ezikhethiwe, namaqembu enzalo anezela ukwethenjelwa futhi angavula izinhlanganisela.

Izimpikiswano ezikhona phakathi kwezimiso eziyinhloko zokuhlola umjikelezo, ukulinganisela, nekhono lokusingatha ukucindezela. Inani kanye nohlelo lwezimpikiswano kuxoxwa phakathi kweqembu, abazohlolwa, nabaxhasi bemithombo yezindaba. Izimpikiswano zokuqala zivame ukuveza insimu enkulu, enezimiso ezifanelekile (izikhawu ezingcolisayo, inani labanikelayo) ezisetshenziselwa ukunciphisa izibalo njengoba umncintiswano uqhubeka.

Ukuthutha Nokubala Izibalo Zokunqoba

Ukunqoba ngokuyinhloko akuyona nje indlela yokuvota ethandwayo; kuphathelene nokuvikela izihambeli emhlanganweni wezwe. Bobabili abameleli banikeza izihambeli izimpawu ezihlanganisa ukuma kweqembu nokufinyeza izihambeli.

Ipropotigal v. Owanemba uthatha konke

Iningi le-Democratic primiry linesilinganiso esiqinile: abameleli bamukela izihambeli ngokwesilinganiso sabo sokuvota, uma nje bewela umnyango (futhi 15%). IRiphabliki ivumela amazwe ukuba akhethe noma athathe wonke (noma isampuli elixubile lapho uthola khona inzuzo esebenzayo ngemva komnyango othile, umzekelo 50%). Lokhu kungafani kunezici ezinkulu. Umfundi weRepublican owina umbuso ngama-40% evoti angazuza izihambeli zawo, kanti iDemocrat ingazuza khona i-onke abameleli be- 40% abaholi abaphumeleleyo kuphela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kungani i-GOP evame ukwenza u-"putrunner ngokushesha okukhulu, kuyilapho i-Dmocratic ekwazi ukudonsa izihambe ezingamashumi amane% ze-democratic.

Izihambeli Ezingagwegwesiwe

[[FLT:] Izihambeli ezibizwa ngokuthi amademocratic Party ziboshelwe ukuvotela izikhulu, namalungu akhethekile angasekela noma yimuphi umbhalisa. Izihambeli ezingangeni emasimini [ [zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi amadelegistleiss [inxalawu ye-democratic Party]] zingabameleki, namalungu akhethekile angasekela noma imuphi umfunda-lembelo. Isigaba seDemocracratic Parte, amandla amakhulu ancishiwe ngemva kuka-2016 ukuze i-69 kuphela ivotioti ye-boot uma umphumela usumisiwe kakade ngesivumelwano. KuyiRepublican Party, ezinye izigaba azikho izihambeli (i. g., izigaba ezisethi ezihlangene eziboshweni ezihlangene). Ukuqonda izibalo zincishisiwe ngenxa yokuwina inxa enkulu kakhulu ye-yo

Indima Yabahlabeleli: I - Turtout Nemifanekiso

Abavoti bokuqala bathambekele ekubeni abadala, abamhlophe, abafundi kakhulu, futhi abakhetha kakhulu kunabo bonke abavoti. Lomvoti onemiphumela emikhulu: abavoti abayinhloko ngokuvamile bashukumisela abavoti ukuba bathathe izikhundla eziqine kakhulu kunezo ze-volotorote. Lokhu kungesinye isizathu ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi ama-printary anengxenye ekuvotelweni kwe-polation[

Ukuya Ezindaweni Zokuvakasha

I-primppoint eyisiqalo iphansi kakhulu. Kumongameli, ukuphuma kwezindawo ezisukela ku-15% kuya ku-30% yabavoti abafanelekayo. Ngenkathi yaphakathi noma phakathi kweminyaka, ingaba phansi kakhulu (8, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphansi kwe 10%) Izici ezithonya ukujika zihlanganisa:

  • Izikhathi zokubhalisa nokubhala ngemishini ezivimbela ukuba umuntu ahlanganyele.
  • Ukuncintisana kwento eyinhloko: umjaho oncintisanayo uxosha, kuyilapho umuntu ongaphikiswa ewucindezela.
  • Ukuqaphela izinsuku eziyinhloko, ngokuvamile ezingamenyezelwa njengokhetho oluvamile.
  • Ukwanda kokuvota (ovota bokuqala, ama - mail angena eposi, izindawo zokuvota).

Imizamo yokuthuthukisa ukuvota okuyinhloko ihlanganisa ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukuvota jikelele ngeposi, nokunyakazisa izinsuku zokuqala eziya ezimpelasonto noma ukuzenza amaholide. Ukufakwa kwamandla ezandleni zomjikelezo ophansi, ukuphakama komvoti kuyi-critique ephindaphindwayo yesimiso esiyinhloko. Ukuhlaziya kwe-Brookings.

Ithonya Lemali Emalini Ezindaweni Zobugebengu

Izimali zenkampane zifeza indima enkulu ekutholeni inzuzo ezindaweni eziyimfihlo. Nakuba iminikelo ye-dillar encane iye yanda emijikelezweni yamuva (ngosizo lweziteshi ze-intanethi njenge-Act Blue ne-Win Red), iminikelo emikhulu evela kubantu abacebile, ama-PAC amakhulu, namaqembu emali emnyama asabusa. Imali ithenga igama, ukukhangisa, izisebenzi, nemininingwane.

Isihluthulelo sethonya elingokwezimali emaprotheni zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuziphakamisa: Abathengwayo bangampompa izigidi zemali yabo emikhankasweni yabo, ngokuvamile bedlula iziphakamiso ezingokwesiko.
  • [[NTL:0] I-PCs: Amaqembu e-Independent anganyusa izimali ezingenamkhawulo futhi achithe imali ezikhangisweni, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokubona kahle. Anqatshelwe ngokomthetho ukuhlanganisa nemikhankaso, kodwa umugqa awubonakali.
  • Abanikeli abancane-odola: ama-Candidet njengoBernie Sanders noDonald Trump babonisa ukuthi isisekelo esikhulu sabathekelisi abancane singalingana nenethiwekhi yemali enkulu yale ndawo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukusekela okuzimele: iziphetho ezivela kumakomiti eqembu (njenge-DCC noma i-NRC) ingavula ukuxhasa nokuhlela izimali.

Iwebhusayithi [ i-opensets inikeza imininingwane eningiliziwe ngeminikelo yomkhankaso nokusetshenziswa kwemali evezingeni eliphansi. Ithonya elingenakulinganiswa lemali liphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi amaprimethi angeyobudendeli ngempela noma intengo nje ye-odanti ye-odanti ye-odantiter ephezulu.

Ithonya Lezenzo Zobugebengu Ezikhethwa Kakhulu

Inqubo eyinhloko ayinqumi nje ukuthi i - nominee () ilolonga ukukhetha okuvamile ngezindlela eziningana:

  • IMamentim kanye nokulandisa kwemithombo yezindaba: Umkhandi othola inzuzo yokuqala uzuza inzuzo ekhululekile yemithombo yezindaba, ukuqoqa amandla, nokungavikeleki. Lokhu kungadumaza izinselele futhi kuhehe ukuvunyelwa.
  • isigaba esixubile vs. ukuhlukanisa: Isici esinzima esidalula ukwaphuka phakathi komphini singashiya i-minee ibuthakathaka. I-Democratic yokuqala ka-2016 phakathi kuka-Hillary Clinton no Bernie Sanders ivame ukukhonjwa njengendaba lapho ulaka olusalokhu lukhona lungadangala ezifundeni ezinkulu. Ngokuphambene, umjahi omkhulu ungaqinisa iqembu.
  • isikhundla sezesayensi: Ukuwina isiqu, abazobhapathizwa bavame ukweqisa; ukuze bawine ujenene, kumelwe bajikeleze beze phakathi nendawo. Le “pivot” ingavela i-anotic ne-retratic base.
  • Imiphumela yesifundazwe-mazinga: Umncintiswano ongabangela ukuphuma kwezinhlanga ze-conbot (i-conror, isishaya-mthetho sombuso, amahhovisi endawo), kuyilapho isici esiyinhloko esingaqhathaniseki singavumela leyozinhlanga ukuba zihambe ngaphansi kwerada.

Abacwaningi e- i-Pew Research Center baye bafaka ubufakazi bokuthi abavoti abayinhloko bahluke kanjani kubavoti abavamile nendlela lelogebe elithonya ngayo umphumela wenqubo. Ngokwesibonelo, abavoti abayinhloko bathambekele kakhulu ekufakeni ubumsulwa bemibono ngaphezu kokukhethwa, okungaholela ekuncipheni kwabazodwa abazama ukukhetha bonke.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokukhetha abavoti ezindaweni ezivulekile ingaphezu kakhulu kwesandulela sokhetho oluvamile. Isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi, esijikelezayo esibonisa izingxabano phakathi kwentando yeningi yaseMelika: phakathi kokulawula kweqembu novoti, phakathi kokucwenga kwemibono kanye nokuvota, phakathi kwemali kanye nezindawo zokubopha utshani. Ukuqonda izibalo zezibalo ``delegate', inqubo yokuguqula, izimali, umkhankaso wezentengiselwano, nemithetho yezwe ngalinye ukuthatha iqhaza ngokuphumelelayo. Njengoba izimpikiswano ngokubaluleka komdlangathano, ukuvota, ukuvula ama-Primmater, namakhalenda ayinhloko esizwe kuyaqhubeka, inqubo eyinhloko ihlala isendaweni ebalulekile yokuvuselela idemodurali.