Ukumiswa kokwahlulela eNdiya kuyisisekelo sesimiso sentando yeningi, esithinta ngokuqondile ukuzimela, impumelelo, nokuthembeka kwejaji. Nokho, le nqubo ayiyona nje elula((ihlanganisa izinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo, izincazelo zokwahlulela, nezingxoxo zezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lenqubo kubalulekile kubafundi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nezakhamuzi ezifisa ukuqonda ukuthi iziphi izinselele zezikhulu ze-ccadiary ezisezingeni eliphezulu kodwa ziboshwe umphakathi. Lesihloko sikhuphula isimiso somthetho wemithetho, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwesimiso sekhomeli, inqubo yokumisa inkantolo ephakeme neNkantolo Ephakeme, izinselele, nezingxoxo zenguquko eziqhubekayo.

Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo Sokumiswa Kokwahlulela

I-Indiya Constitution imisa imithetho eyisisekelo yokumisa amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme naseNkantolo Ephakeme eZigabeni 124 no-217 ngokulandelana. ISiphakamiso 124 (1) sithi uMongameli waseNdiya uzomisa wonke amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme ngemva kokuxoxa nabahluleli abanjalo beNkantolo Ephakeme neNkantolo Ephakeme njengoba uMongameli engase abheke ukuthi idingekile. Ngokufanayo, iSiphakamiso 217 siqondisa ukumiswa kweziNkathi Eziphezulu, sifuna ukuba kuhlolwe noMahluleli oMkhulu waseNdiya, noMbusi weNkantolo Ephakeme ekhathazekile. Umthetho washiya igama elithi “umkhandlu ophakeme” elingasekudingeka libonakale lidingeka lifanelekile, futhi liholele ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwesimiso somthetho.

Ukumiswa koMahluleli oMkhulu waseNdiya, umhlangano ukumisa umahluleli omkhulu kunabo bonke weNkantolo Ephakeme, nakuba lokhu kungewona umthetho wezomthetho-sisekelo. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokuhlola kwesikhulu nobukhulu bokwahlulela bekulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kubuye kubuye kubuye kubuye kufane emlandweni wokwahlulela waseNdiya. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo bahlose ukunikeza umphathi indima ekunqumeni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi unecala, kodwa futhi bafuna ukuvikela ukuzimela kokwahlulela. Lokhu kubangela ukuba kube nenye yezindlela zenhlangano ephikisana kakhulu embusweni yentando yeningi yaseNdiya.

ISiphakamiso 124(2) Nendima KaMongameli

Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 124(2), uMongameli umisa amajaji eNkantolo ePhakeme “ngemvume yakhe ngaphansi kwesandla namawu.” UMongameli uboshelwa ngeseluleko soMkhandlu Wezikhonzi ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 74, kodwa ukuxoxa nejaji kuyimfuneko. Umphathi akanakuwudlulisa umbono kaMahluleli oPhakeme waseNdiya noKholleji, njengoba kumiswe ngezahlulelo zeNkantolo ePhakemezayo. Le nqubo iqala ngezeluleko zekholi elitusa amagama, ngemva kwalokho iNkonzo yoMthetho noMahlulelo iqhuba isizinda (kuhlanganisa nokuhlola izahlulelo, ubuqotho, nokufaneleka). Umthetho wokugcina wenziwa nguMongameli, owenza izeluleko zezeluleko zeNkamelo zeNkampathi yeNkampala enguNdunankulu nekalanga ne-Cernernin.

Isiphakamiso 217 Nokumiswa Kwenkantolo Ephakeme

KuneziNkantolo Eziphakeme, iSiphakamiso 217 sifuna ukuxoxa noMahluleli oMkhulu waseNdiya, uMbusi wesifundazwe, noMahluleli oMkhulu weNkantolo ePhakeme. Isimiso sekhollegium sisebenza lapha futhi. INkantolo ePhakeme ihlanganisa iJaji ePhakeme leNkantolo ePhakeme namajaji amabili amakhulu. Batusa amagama eNkantolo ePhakeme, abemukela noma abahlalisayo. Lenqubo ihlanganisa izingqimba zesisekelo eziqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli abamelene nomthetho abamelelwayo nabaqotho kuphela. Umbusi nohulumeni bangaphakamisa ukuphikisa, kodwa isinqumo sokugcina sisekelwe kuhulumeni.

Ukuziphendukela Kwesimiso Secollegium: Ukubukeza Okungokomlando

Isimiso se collegium sasingekho ngendlela yaso yamanje lapho uMthetho-sisekelo uqala ukusebenza. Emashumini amathathu okuqala, umphathi wayenendima eyinhloko ekuhlelweni kokwahlulela. Ukushintshwa kwaqala ngesibonakaliso esithi “ABahluleli abathathu” enqunywe iNkantolo Ephakeme phakathi kuka 1981 no-1998. Lezi zinqumo zaphinde zachaza igama elithi “ukuvumelana” ezintlungwini 124 no-217 ngokuthi“ ukuqulwa,” ngaleyondlela zinikeza isigaba esiyinhloko sejaji elingokomthetho ezinqwini.

ISahluleli Sokuqala Case (1981)

Ku P. Gupta vs. Union of India, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi ukuxoxa ngenqumbi akusho ukuvumelana, futhi umbono wesikhulu ungenzeki. Lokhu kwanikeza uhulumeni amandla aqinile okulawula ukumiswa. Nokho, isahlulelo sabhekana nokugxekwa okusakazekile kokulahla inkululeko yokwahlulela. Phakathi nenkathi yezehlakalo eziphuthumayo, ukungenela kwesikhulu kwakuseqophelweni eliphezulu, okwaholela ekutheni kufuneni inguquko.

Icala Lwesibili LabaHluleli (1993)

Ku iNkantolo yeNkantolo yaseNdiya ithola izimemezelo-esahlulelo ze-[FLT:]. Umanyano lwaseNdiya, ibhentshi elinezitho eziyisishiyagalolunye lajikijela iQaphi Lokuqala Icala. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi “ukuqulwa” neSishaya-mthetho esiyinhloko saseNdiya kumelwe kunikezwe i-heast Collegium neJaji eliyinhloko kumelwe lakhe umbono wayo ngemva kokuhlola amajaji amabili aphambili eNkantolo. Lokhu kwaphawula ukuzalwa kwesimiso sekhonkolo ephezulu. Isikhulu sesikhulu sasingenakulahla izimezo zekhomaniyusi ngaphandle kwezizathu ze-collegium, okwakufanele kubhalwe phansi.

Icala Lesithathu Labahluleli (1998)

Isimiso sekhollegium sathuthukiswa kakhulu ngokubhekisa phambili kwe-Mongameli ngo-1998. INkantolo Ephakeme yandisa i-collegium yaba uMahluleli oMkhulu wase-Indiya kanye namajaji amane aphambili eNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukumiswa kweNkantolo Ephakeme, ikhollegium ihlanganisa uMahluleli oMkhulu weNkantolo ePhakeme namajaji amabili aphambili. INkantolo yabeka iziqondiso zokuthi i-elligigion, ukubonakala, kanye nenqubo yokuthumela izituso kuhulumeni. Lezi ziqondiso zisalandelwa nanamuhla, ngezindlela ezithile.

Inhlangano Yokumisa Isinqumo Sesizwe (NJAC)

Ngo-2014, uhulumeni wadlulisa uMthetho weSichibiyelo se-Cystinal Act ka 99 ne-NJAC Act, eyayifuna ukuthatha indawo ye-collegium ngokufaka ikhomishane enezingxenye eziyisithupha. I-NJAC yayizohlanganisa uMahluleli Omkhulu waseNdiya, amajaji amabili aphakeme eNkantolo, uNkulumbuso, nabantu ababili abavelele. Nokho, ngo- 2015, ibhentshi leNkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo ephakeme elinomthetho, liyophula u-NJAC Abahluleli bomthetho uCast Case] [[FLT] [ist: 1] (INkakhulu leNkathi yeNkathi yeNkathi yeNkathi ye-Recormestions v. Union of India.). INkamele ukumiswa kwesivumelwano sokumiswa kwe-Pure.

Inqubo Yokumisa Abahluleli BeNkantolo Ephakeme Ngokulandelana

Inqubo yokumisa umahluleli weNkantolo Ephakeme ihlelwe ngendlela futhi ihilela izigaba eziningi. Kuthatha izinyanga eziningana kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala kuya ekubekeni kokugcina. Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ziveza inqubo:

  1. I-Idificiation of Candidates: UMahluleli oMkhulu waseNdiya, lapho exoxa nabahluleli abane abakhulu, uveza abafanelekayo. Laba abazobhapathizwa ngokuvamile bangamaJaji aPhakeme eNkantolo Ephakeme noma amasekela aphezulu anekhono elikhethekile elingokomthetho. I-collegium ingacabangela futhi abameli abaye basebenza eNkantolo Ephakeme iminyaka eminingi.
  2. Ukuhlanganisa nohlu oluphezulu lwe-Collegium: Ikholigium igcina ukwenza uhlu lwamagama futhi iludlulisele kuMnyango woMthetho noMahluleli (Ingqungquthela Yobulungisa). Ukutusa kuhlanganisa uhlu oluphezulu, imininingwane yerekhodi lokwahlulela lomfundi, nanoma ikuphi ukuphawula okuhlobene nalo.
  3. Ukuqinisekisa okungaqondakaliyo kweNkonzo yoMthetho: INkonzo yoMthetho ihlola izimemezelo zokwahlulela, ukuziphatha, ubuqotho, nanoma iziphi izikhalo. Ifuna futhi iziphakamiso ze-Intelligence Bureau (IB) nezinye izinhlangano. Ubufakazi buyimfihlo futhi kumelwe buqedwe phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe (ngokuvamile amasonto amane-6).
  4. Boota noma Ukwamukelwa nguHulumeni: Uma uhulumeni enezindawo ezithile, kungathumela ukutusa emuva kuyikholegium ukuze iphinde iphinde iphinde ithathe i-cogentium, ikhogenti. i-collegium ingaphinda futhi isinqumo sayo sangaphambili noma ilungise ukutusa. Uma ukutusa kuphindwa, uhulumeni ubophekile ukukwamukela, njengakuyiQonda kanye neQahluleli lesithathu.
  5. Imvume esemthethweni kaMongameli: Uma uhulumeni esesamukele ukutusa, ifayela lithunyelwa kuMongameli ukuze limiswe ngokomthetho. UMongameli unikeza isiqinisekiso sokumiswa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 124(2]. Umahluleli omusha ufunga isikhundla esiphethwe nguMahluleli oPhakeme waseNdiya noma uMongameli.
  6. Ukwaziswa nokwenyuka kwamandla e-Ofisi: Ukumiswa kukhishwa eGazette yaseNdiya, futhi umahluleli uthatha ihhovisi ngokushesha noma ngosuku olucacisiwe. Yonke inqubo iyimfihlo, kodwa izinqumo zekhollegium manje zinyatheliswa engosini yeNkantolo Ephakeme ukuze kwandiswe ukukhanya.

Isimo sokunquma ongasikhetha

Ikholeligium ilandela izimpawu ezithile ezingabhalwanga: amajaji aphakeme acabangela ngokuyinhloko, kodwa inzuzo nokuhlukahluka (kuhlanganise nokumelelwa kwabesifazane, imiphakathi emincane, nezindawo ezihlukahlukene) kuyalinganiswa. Uhlongozwa ukuthi uhlongozwa ukuthi unelungelo lokuzimela, ukuziphatha okuhle, futhi akukho mlando wezahlulelo eziqinile noma izenzo zokujezisa. Ikholmeli lingase licabangele isidingo sokuba namajaji aseziNkantolweni Eziphakeme ezihlukahlukene ukuze kuqinisekiswe umbono wezwe.

Ukumiswa Kwamajaji Enkantolo Ephakeme: Ukubukeka Okunemininingwane

Inqubo yamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme iyafana ngokomoya kodwa ihilela abantu abengeziwe abafaka imingcele. Ngokuvamile ithatha kancane ngenxa yokuhileleka kohulumeni nohulumeni. Inqubo inje:

  1. Ukufakwa kwamagama: UMahluleli Oyinhloko weNkantolo Ephakeme ulungiselela uhlu lwabafanelekele, kuhlanganise namajaji e-puisne (uma emiswe ejajini lesifunda) nabameli. INkantolo ePhakeme (IJaji eliphethe nabahluleli ababili abakhulu) bavumela uhlu.
  2. Ukuquliswa eNkantolo Ephakeme Collegium: Inkantolo ePhakeme ithumela izimemezelo zayo kuMahluleli oMkhulu waseNdiya, obe esezibeka phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme. Ikhollegium ingavuma, ilungise, noma yenqabe iziphakamiso.
  3. Ukuhlanganisa noMbusi noHulumeni: Inkantolo ePhakeme ithumela amagama avunyelwe eNkonzweni yoMthetho. Inkonzo ibheka kuMbusi wezwe, olulekwa yikhabethe likahulumeni. Uhulumeni wezwe ungaphakamisa izimpikiswano, kodwa umbono wekhollegium unikezwa isisindo esifanele.
  4. I-Interellice Bureau Seke: I-IB ihlola wonke umuntu ozohlolwa, ikakhulukazi ngokuqapha nangamangalela kokonakala. Imibiko ebuhlungu ingabambezela noma iphazamise ukumiswa kwesivumelwano.
  5. [[[NTP:0] Ukucacisa okungasho lutho kweNkonzo yoMthetho noMongameli: Ngemva kokususwa nhlangothi zonke, uMnyango woMthetho ulungiselela isiqinisekiso sokusayina kukaMongameli. UMongameli umisa umahluleli.
  6. [ Isaziso esikhanyayo ne-Oath: Ukwethulwa kuyaziswa, futhi umahluleli ufunga phambi koMbusi noma uMahluleli oyinhloko weNkantolo ePhakeme.

Itshalo Elisheshayo Nokuphakama Kwaphakade

Amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme angamiswa ngezindlela ezimbili: ukuphakama okuhlala njalo koMahluleli weSigodi noma ummeleli omkhulu enkantolo ePhakeme, noma amajaji ahlotshisiwe kanye namajaji engeziwe ezikhathi zesikhashana. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ukumiswa kwamajaji engeziwe ukuze abhekane nama-arrears. Isimiso se-collegium sisebenza ngokulinganayo kuzo zombili izigaba.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwesimiso Sobumbano

Naphezu kwendima yayo ekulondolozeni inkululeko yokwahlulela, isimiso se - collegium siye sagxekwa kakhulu.

  • I-Lack of Transparency: Ikholegium isebenza ngemuva kweminyango evulekileyo. Izimiso zokukhetha, izizathu zokwenqaba amagama, nenqubo yokuhlela ayaziwa obala kuze kukhishwe isinqumo. Lokhu kuveza izikhalo ze-nethism kanye nokukhetha.
  • Ulibazise ku-Tracles: Lenqubo ingathatha izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka, iholele ekuthatheni izikhala ezingapheli. Kusukela ngo-2024, iNkantolo Ephakeme inejaji elicishe libe ngu-34 ngokumelene namandla agunyaziwe angu- 34, kodwa izinkantolo eziPhakeme zibhekene nokuntuleka kwamandla akhona acishe abe ngu-40%. Ijubane kuthiwa libangelwa ukukholisa kancane uhulumeni nokungavumelani phakathi kwe-collegium nesikhulu.
  • [ I-Intractivevecter: Ngisho noma ikholtegium inesikhundla esiphezulu, uhulumeni angalibala noma “ahlale ku-” atuse ngaphandle kokuzenqaba ngokomthetho. Lokhu kudala iphuzu lokushukuma futhi kungasetshenziselwa ukuthonya imiphumela yokwahlulela ngokungaqondile.
  • I-Leack of Divertifide: Ikholtegium iye yagxekwa ngokungameleli ngokwanele kwabesifazane, iShedynames, iShedymaged College, kunye namanye amakilasi angemva kwe-PRS Legislative Research yabonisa ukuthi phakathi kuka-2014 no-2022, u-4 kuphela kwakungabesifazane futhi akukho noyedwa owayevela emiphakathini ye-SC/ST.
  • Ukungasheshi ukulandisa: Ikholiji alikwazi ukuphendulela kunoma yimuphi umzimba wangaphandle. Akukho nqubo ephumelelayo yokubukeza izinqumo zayo noma ukwenza amalungu ayo alandise ngokukhetha okungalungile. Lokhu kwenza isimiso sibe sengozini kwezombangazwe zangaphakathi.

Izinguquko Nentuthuko Yanamuhla

Ukusingatha lezi zinselele, kuye kwahlongozwa izinguquko eziningana phakathi neminyaka. Okuvelele kakhulu ukubuyiselwa kwe-Reaudions Commission (JAC) ebanzi ehlanganisa kokubili amalungu okwahlulela nawokungameli, afana ne-UK’s Judicial Recauncial Studicts Commission. I-NJAC yaba omunye walawo mzamo, kodwa yashaywa phansi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme nohulumeni bebelokhu bexoxa nge-Metrindandrum entsha ye-Procediture (Mop) ukuze baqinisekise inqubo yokuqunga nokunezela izimpawu.

Ngo-2022, iNkantolo Ephakeme yamukela isinqumo sokunyathelisa izinqumo ze-collegium engosini yayo, kuhlanganise nezizathu zokutusa amagama nohlu olukhudlwana olucatshangelwayo. Lokhu kwakuyisinyathelo sokubona ukukhanya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNkantolo iqale ukukhuthaza izimpikiswano zomphakathi ngaphambi kokumiswa kokugcina, nakuba le nqubo isalokhu ilinganiselwe. INkonzo yoMthetho imise futhi “iKomiti yokuhlola” ukusikisela abazomiswa eNkantolo Ephakeme, kodwa indima yayo iyisikhombiso.

Olunye ushintsho oluyinhloko yi- All India Judicial Service (AIJS) isiphakamiso, esingadala ukuhlola okuvamile kokuncintisana kobuthathi-zincwadi obungaphansi emazweni, ngenjongo yokuthuthukisa itheku letalenta elinyukela eGibhili. I-AIJS ibilokhu ikhona amashumi eminyaka kodwa ithola umfutho ngemva kokunxusa kweNgqongqoshe uNarendra Modi's ukuba iguqulelwe inguquko ngo-2023.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo

Amazwe anjenge-United Kingdom, Canada, ne-South Africa anezindawo zokwahlulela ezizimele ezihlanganisa amalungu avamile futhi ezifuna ukuhlolelwa umphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-JAC ye-UK, inenhlanganisela yamajaji, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, namalungu avamile, futhi ikhipha zonke izilinganiso ezifingqiwe nezingahlelelwanga. Ngokuphambene, isimiso saseNdiya, singenye yezinga elingabonakali kakhulu phakathi komthetho ovamile wedemocracy. Nokho, noma iziphi inguquko kumelwe zilinganisele isidingo sokubonakala ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuvikela inkululeko yokwahlulela kunoma isikhulu esihoxiwe.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokumiswa kokwahlulela eNdiya ibonisa ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kwesimiso sokuzimela sokwahlulela nokuphatha. Isimiso sekhollegium, naphezu kwamaphutha aso, siye savimbela ukubuswa kweziphathimandla eziphethe ikomiti, isifundo esifundwe enkathini yezeNkathi Enzima. Nokho, ukufiphala nokulibala kwesimiso sezeluleko kuye kwaqeda ukuthemba komphakathi futhi kwanikela ekuthatheni izikhala ezithwesa umthwalo wokuthunyelwa kobulungisa. Indlela engaphambili iphakathi kwenguquko ehlangene: i-Metrindandum yeProcedure ecdeture ecacile, ukuvuselelwa komphakathi, indima engokomthetho yeNkonzo yoMthetho, nezinhlobonhlobo zezigebengu. Ekugcineni, umgomo uqinisekisa ukuthi izingqondo ezingokomthetho zikhonza emancupheni kuphela kodwa ezingakwazi ukukhonza umphakathi.

Ukuze bafunde ngokwengeziwe, abafundi nothisha bangabhekisela kukuhlolwa kwesinqumo se- PRS Legistrative Research yokumiswa kokwahlulela , iNkantolo ePhakeme yaseNdiya [ ye-collegium, kanye ne-[FLT] ISPlashtiAS yempikiswano yekhollegium vs NJAC. Lemithombo inikeza ukuqonda okujule kakhulu ohambweni lwezinqumo zokwahlulela oluqhubekayo eNdiya.