Ukuqonda ISigele: Inqaba Yokubusa Kwama - Brearal

ISigele siyinhlangano eyinhloko egatsheni lemithetho yentando yeningi evelele kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngokungafani nezindlu ezinkulu, ezinabantu abahlukene kakhulu, iSigele sakhiwe ukuba sinikeze izisekelo zesifunda, simelele izithakazelo zesifunda, futhi sinikeze umthetho ongaphansi ukuze siqaphe ngokucophelela. Izakhamuzi, ukuqonda iSigele kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo, indlela amandla okulawula ahlolwa ngayo, nendlela izithakazelo zazo zendawo ezimelelwa ngayo ezingeni lesizwe. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukuwohloka okukhulu kwemvelaphi yeSigele, isakhiwo, amandla akhethekile, nendima yaso esebenzayo ekulawuleni kwanamuhla.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando YeSigele

Umqondo we-senate awuyona into esungulwe namuhla. Igama ngokwalo lisuka ekhonweni lesiLatini senex, elisho "umuntu omdala," elikhuluma neSigele saseRoma sokuqala njengomkhandlu wabadala. Lendikimba ekuqaleni yakhiwa imikhaya yamadoda asebenza esabelweni sobuprisiya futhi yakhonza ekhonweni lokulawula ama-convel. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iSigele samaRoma sazuza ukulawula izimali, isimiso sangaphandle, kanye nobuphathi bezenkolo, yaba yinhlangano ehlala njalo yeRiphabliki yeRoma.

Isibonelo sendlu ephezulu elula savuselelwa futhi salungiswa eYurophu, ngokuphawulekayo ePhalamende laseBrithani iNdlu yamaLords. Nokho, iSigele sanamuhla esinethonya kakhulu savela e-United States Convention of Constitution ngo-1787. Ukwakhiwa kweSigele sase-U.S. kwakuwumphumela oqondile * * * * * I-messitut Tontion*, isivumelwano esibucayi esaxazulula ukungezwani phakathi kwezwe elikhulu, elalifuna ukumelelwa okusekelwe ngokuphelele emphakathini, namazwe amancane, ayesaba ukunqotshwa. ISigele seSigele seSindlu Sabaphathi sombuso samisa: iNdlulo yabameleli esekelwe kubantu, neSishayamthetho esiveza ukumelela okulinganayo.

Lomklamo oyisisekelo wawuhloselwe ukuvikela ubukhosi bezwe ngesikhathi sidala uhulumeni oqinile. Ekuqaleni, amaSenator awakhethwanga ngokuqondile abantu kodwa yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Lokhu kwashintsha ngokudlula kweSichibiyelo sekhulu le-17 ngo-1913, esagunyaza ukukhethwa okuqondile kwamaSenator ngevoti ethandwayo. Lokhu kwaguqula iSigele sashintsha indikimba emelela ohulumeni bamazwe sithathe umuntu onecala eliqondile, ngokuyisisekelo siguqula ukulingana kwamandla embusweni waseMelika.

Imisebenzi yekhorathi Namandla oMthetho-sisekelo

ISigele asiyona nje indawo yesibili; siphethe amandla akhethekile nanamandla omthetho - sisekelo ahlukanisayo nendlu ephansi. Lemibuso iklanyelwe ukunikeza iziqondiso ezinamandla kokubili egatsheni eliphethe kanye nakulokho okuthandwa kakhulu kweNdlu yabameleli.

Ukubukezwa Komthetho Nesichibiyelo

Njengendlu ephansi, iSigele sinamandla okumisa, ukuphikisana, nomthetho we-ampeth. Umthetho kumelwe udlulise womabili amakamu ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba uthunyelwe kumphathi we-odoli ukuze asayinwe. ISigele sivame ukusebenza njenge-"coomer," ibuye ihlole umthetho odluliswe yindlu futhi ilungise. Ngoba iSigele sincane futhi sinemithetho evimbela impikiswano, singathatha umbono owengeziwe, wesimiso isikhathi eside.

Iseluleko Nokuvumelana

Elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu eNdlunyeni umsebenzi "wemvume nemvume". Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., uMongameli akanakwenza izivumelwano noma amise izikhulu eziyinhloko ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yiSigele.

  • Ukuqinisekisa ama-costations: UMongameli uveza amalungu eKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni, amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, namanxusa. IKomiti yeSigele iVudicary (okwamajaji abahluleli) noma ikomiti efanelekile elalela laba abazobhapathizwa. ISigele esigcwele sivota. Ukulahlwa kuyivelakancane kodwa kulandela i-Profethiwe; ukulahlwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme ka-Robert Bork ngo 1987 kuyisibonelo esivelele sokusebenzisa leNkathilo ukuze kulolo phawu lokulawula amashumi eminyaka.
  • Izivumelwano zezizwe zonke ezixoxwe yigatsha eliphetheyo zidinga ukuvota okukhulu okungaphezulu okuziimitha ezimbili eSigeqeni ukuze kuthathwe impoqo. Lokhu kunikeza idlanzana lamaSikhundla amandla okuvimbela izivumelwano ezinkulu zezizwe ngezizwe, iphoqelela uMongameli ukuba axhumane eduze nemithetho yeSigele yakwamanye amazwe.

Ukuzimela Ekulingweni

ISigele sinegunya lokuzama ukujezisa. Nakuba iNdlu yabameleli ivota ukuletha amacala (i-apice) isikhulu sikahulumeni, iSigele sisebenza njengejaji. Kudingeka ivoti eliyizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ukuze iboshelwe futhi ikhiphe isikhulu esisehhovisi. Lenqubo iye yasetshenziswa ngokumelene noMongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump, kanye namajaji amaningi kahulumeni.

Ukucwaninga

Amakomiti esigele anegunya elikhulu lokuhlola igatsha eliphethe. Lokhu kuhlola kungaveza ukungcola, ukukhwabanisa, nokuxhaphaza, futhi kusebenza njengomphakathi wokuhlola imisebenzi kahulumeni. Uphenyo oluphezulu, njengomthetho oweHlulwe iKomiti yeSonto owephula umthetho ngokusetshenziswa kabi kokuhlakanipha noma ukuqulwa kwecala leWatergate, luye lwaholela ezinguqulweni ezinkulu zemithetho futhi lwashintsha umbono womphakathi.

Ukuhlelwa, Ukumiswa Nokuhola

Umehluko phakathi kweSigele nendlu ephansi awuzimiseli ngokwawo; bahlongozwa ukuba bakhe isiko elihlukile lokushaya imithetho.

Ukumelela Okulinganayo Nezithakazelo ZoMbuso

KuyiSigele sase-U.S., isifundazwe ngasinye, kungakhathaliseki inani labantu, sikhetha abameleli ababili abafanayo. Lokhu kumelelwa kuyisici esichaza kakhulu seSigele. Inikeza amazwe amancane amandla angenakulinganiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhangisi waseWyoming umelela abantu abacishe babe ngu-580 000, kanti umlungisi waseCalifornia umelela cishe izigidi ezingu-20. Lokhu kuhlukana kuyinto esemthethweni − isiqinisekiso sokuthi izidingo zemibuso engandile kakhulu azinakwa nguhulumeni wesizwe ogxile ezikhungweni zamadolobha kuphela.

Amazwi Adlulele Nokungakhulumi

Izigebengu zisebenzisa amagama eminyaka eyisithupha, adidekile ukuze kukhethwe kuphela isithathu sezihlalo njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili. Lesi sakhiwo sinikeza ukuqhubekeka nokuzinza. Sivikela iSigele ekushintsheni ngokushesha kombono womphakathi ongashayisa iNdlu. I-Senator eyenza isinqumo esiphikisanayo ineminyaka eminingi yokuyichaza ngokuchaza izakhiwo, ngokusho ivumela ukuba abe baphathi abengeziwe futhi baqhubeke belwa phambili futhi baqhubeke belwa phambili.

Indima Yokuhola

Isimiso sokuhola esiSigele sibucayi ekumiseni uhlelo lwemithetho:

  • Umongameli weSigele: Lendima iphathiswa uMongameli ongumcimbi wase-United States. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukwengamela iSigele futhi bavote kuphela esigabeni sethayi.
  • President ProTempore: Indima engokwesiko, ethathwa isikhulu seqembu elikhulu.
  • Umholi we-Majority: Isikhundla esinamandla kakhulu eSigeqeni. UMholi weMajority ulawula ikhalenda lomthetho, unquma ukuthi iziphi izikweleti eziza phansi ukuze kuvotelwe, futhi ulawula impikiswano yasesitezinsi.
  • [ I-Majority Wip: Isiza uMholi woMholi weMajority ngokubala amavoti, ukumisa isijeziso seqembu, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu eqembu akhona lapho kuvota khona amavoti ayinhloko.

Indlu Yabameleli

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kweSigele neNdlu kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi kungani iSigele sisebenza ngendlela esisebenza ngayo.

  • Ubungakanani:[ ISigele sinamalungu ayikhulu; indlu inamalungu 435. Lobubukhulu obuncane benza iSigele sithembele kakhulu kumuntu siqu futhi sincike kancane emithethweni eqinile.
  • Indlu isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho eqinile enqanda ukuphikisana. ISigele sisebenza ngemvume evumelanayo futhi sivule impikiswano, sivumela abaHluleli ukuba bakhulume uma nje bethanda, ngaphandle kokuba kucelwe i-ambreater.
  • [[NT.0] Ukuvumelana:[ Ilungu lendlu limelela isifunda esithile sengqungquthela. I-Senator imelela sonke isimo. Lokhu kunikeza izimboni umbono obanzi ezindabeni ezinjengolimo, amandla, kanye nezentengiselwano zamazwe.
  • I-Prestige: ngenxa yamagama abo amade, i-constitue, namandla ayingqayizivele, abahlaziyi ngokuvamile banethonya elikhulu lomuntu ngamunye kanye nokubonakala kwesizwe kunamalungu endlu.

Isimiso SeKomiti YeSigele

Ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi womthetho wangempela weSigele seSishaya-mthetho iyenzeka kumakomiti. Lamabhodi akhethekile avumela amaSenator ukuba athuthukise ubuchwepheshe obujulile ezindaweni ezithile zezimiso.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zamakomiti:

  • Amakomiti amisayo: amabhodi ahlala njalo aphatha ingxenye enkulu yomthetho. Izibonelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa i-Appropriation Committee (ukulawula imali esetshenziswa nguhulumeni), iKomiti yezezimali (amathektha, intengiselwano, i-Social Security), iKomiti ye-J, i-nomiliations Committee (indlela zokuxhumana, izinxulumano), ne-Masivenge-eternational Committee.
  • [[QULT:0] Khetha noma amaKomiti akhethekile:[ amakomiti esikhashana aklanyelwe injongo ethile, njenge Komiti Ekhethiwe Yobuhlakani.
  • [ AmaKomiti ahlotshisiwe:[ Akhiwe amalungu avela kokubili endlu naseSigeqeni, lamakomiti ahlela ukuthatha isinyathelo ezindabeni ezithile noma ukwengamela izinhlangano ezinjenge- Library of Congress.

Isihlalo sekomiti sinethonya elikhulu. Banquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti eziqulwayo, baphathe inqubo yokukhama (lapho kulungiswa khona izikweleti futhi kuvotelwa) futhi babike izikweleti eziya eSigqeni esigcwele. Isihlalo sekomiti esinamandla singabulala isikweletu ngokwenqaba nje ukuhlela ukuqulwa kwecala.

Imithetho Eyinhloko: IFilibuster Neziqu Zamehlo

Akukho kuxoxisana mayelana neSigele okuphelele ngaphandle kokukhuluma ne-filbuster, icebo le-proceded elichaza iSigele sanamuhla. I-monicbuster ayibhalwanga eMthethweni-sisekelo kodwa yavela esikweni leSigele lengxoxo engenamkhawulo.

I-filbuster ivumela i-Senator (noma iqembu lama-Senator) ukuba ibambezele noma ivimbele umthetho ngokukhuluma ngokuqhubekayo. Indlela eyodwa yokumisa i-palbuster ukunxusa [ ukuveza [], okudinga ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu kwamashumi ama-60. Lokhu kuye kwaveza iqiniso lapho izikweletu ezinkulu zidinga ukudlula khona amavoti angu-60, ngisho noma iningi elivamile lingase lanele.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-finbuster kuye kwaqala emashumini eminyaka amuva. Emuva kwasetshenziswa kancane, kaningi ezimpikiswaneni zezimiso eziphakeme, kodwa kuye kwaba yithuluzi elivamile leqembu elincane ukuvimbela uhlelo lweningi. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuvuleni kwemithetho ephawulekayo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-Preciousbuster ithena amandla eSigeqe futhi iphula isimiso somthetho omningi. Abalweli baphikisa ukuthi ivikela amalungelo amancane namandla okwakha.

Isabela ekuxhashazweni kwe-finbuster ngokuncitshiswa kwe-nautimens, iSigele sasebenzisa "Indlela Yenuzi" ngo-2017 ukuhlisa umnyango we-actule ukuze udluliswe kaningi kubantu abavamile. Lokhu kwashintsha inqubo yokuqinisekisa ngokuphawulekayo, kuvumela iningi ukuba liqinisekise amajaji nezikhulu zekhatheyini ngaphandle kokusekela noma isiphi isiphazamiso.

ISigele Esenza Inqubo: Amasu, Ukulinganisela, Nokugxeka

Ukuhlola Amandla Okubusa

Amandla eSigele eseluleko nemvume yenza i-ether senze i-cheke engokwemvelo egatsheni eliphethe igatsha. Isigele esilawulwa yiqembu elihlukile kunalelo uMongameli angasebenzisa amandla amakhulu, sivimbe ukumiswa kokwahlulela futhi sifune ukuphenya. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuyisimiso esiyinhloko sesimiso somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika.

Ukugxekwa Nokucelwa Kwenguquko Kwanamuhla

Isakhiwo seSigele siye sagxekwa kakhulu ekhulwini lama-21. Ukugxeka okuyinhloko kugxile ekumeleni nasekuphumeleleni.

  • Ukuveza i-Imibala: Ukumelelwa okulinganayo kwezifundazwe kusho ukuthi abavoti ezifundazweni ezincane banamandla amakhulu kakhulu eSigeqeni kunabavoti ezifundazweni ezinkulu. Umninindlu omelela abantu abangu 600 000 uvota ngendlela efanayo ne-Senator emelela izigidi ezingu-40. Lokhu kulula amandla okuvota ezakhamuzi ezindaweni ezinkulu, ezihlukene njenge-Texas, New York, ne-Florida.
  • [[[NTL:0] I-Gridlock e-exect: Inhlanganisela ye-nfilbuster (umnyango onezigaba ezingu-60) kanye nokuhlukana okukhulu kwezindawo kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ngeSigele ukudlulisa umthetho omkhulu. Lokhu kuye kwakhungathekisa abavoti ababheka uhulumeni njengongakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga.
  • INkqubela Yenuzi: Ukuguguleka kwe-banbuster ngenxa yokuncishiswa kwemifantu kukhuphule izigxobo zesiqinisekiso sokwahlulela, kuguqule lenqubo ibe yindawo yempi ekhuphukayo kakhulu. Kuthene idumela leSigeqe njenge-"sososoli elifaka isikhala".

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo NeSigele

ISigele singase sibonakale sikude, kodwa sisabela kakhulu ekuqondiseni kwesakhamuzi. Kunezinyathelo eziqinile izakhamuzi ezingazithatha ukuze ziqonde futhi zithonye iSigele.

  • Ukhetho lwezigele: ukhetho lwesigele luyenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili, nakuba isifunda ngasinye sithatha unyaka owodwa kuphela. Ukhetho lwe Midterns luvame ukubona ukuthatha indawo ephansi kodwa lubalulekile ekunqumeni ukulawula iSigele.
  • Ukuhlangana nezingcingo zakho ze-Senators: Izingcingo zocingo, ama-imeyili, nezinhlamvu zilandelwa izisebenzi. Nakuba i-imeyili eyodwa ingayishintsha ivoti, umthamo omkhulu wokuxhumana nomniningwane oqondile uthola ukunakekela kwe-Senator.
  • AmaHholo eTown:[ Abahlaziyi baqhuba imihlangano yomphakathi ukuze bezwe abameleli. Lawa amathuba amahle kakhulu okubuza imibuzo eqondile futhi baveze imibono yakho.
  • Imithetho yomthetho nevotes: I-website njenge- Conreg.gov ikuvumela ukuba ufune izikweletu, bheka ukuthi i-Senator yakho yavota kanjani, futhi ulandele kanjani izimiso zekomiti. Ukuqonda umbhalo wokuvota we-Senator yakho kuyisisekelo sokuziphendulela kokhetho.
  • IKomiti elandela Ukulalela: Izindlebe eziningi zeSigele zigcwele ku-inthanethi. Ukubuka ukuzwa kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokubona inqubo yomthetho-mthetho isebenza futhi uqonde imibuzo ethile yesimiso edingidwayo.

Ukuhlukana Kwezigebengu Emhlabeni Wonke

ISigele sase - United States simane nje siyisibonelo esisodwa, amanye amazwe anezindlu eziphakeme ezinezakhiwo namandla ahlukahlukene.

  • Isigele sase-Australia: Abahlaziyi bakhethwa ngokumelela okulinganiselwe. Lokhu kuvumela amaqembu amancane ukuba awine izihlalo, okwenza iSigele sase-Australia sibe "indlu yokubukeza" okungavamile ukuba kube nohulumeni omningi. Lamandla ayekekela futhi axoxisa ngemithetho.
  • Isigele saseCanadia: Abahlanzi bamiswa nguNdunankulu, abakhethwanga. Bakhonza kuze kube iminyaka engu-75 futhi bamele izifunda. Lesisifanekiso siye sagxekwa njengomthombo wemali yokusekela, kodwa sinikeza i-ethernadiac i-checker ekhethelwe eNdlu yamaCommons.
  • IsiJalamani iBundesrat: Lena akuyona indikimba ekhethwe ngokuqondile. Yakhiwa izihambeli ezivela kohulumeni bezwe ( Länder[). Izithunywa zokuvota kuzwe ngalinye kumelwe zivote njengengxenye. IBundesrat imelela izithakazelo zohulumeni bezwe emthetho kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezithinta izifundazwe, njengemfundo nemithetho ye-Protoma.

Ngayinye yalezi zithombe ibonisa iqoqo elihlukile likahulumeni futhi iphendula umbuzo wokumelelwa kwezwe ngendlela ehlukile.

Isiphetho: Ukunconywa Okuhlala Njalo KweSigele

ISigele sisalokhu siyinhlangano enamandla futhi evame ukuphikiswa. Saklanyelwa ukuba sithathe kancane, ngamabomu, futhi sivikele izithakazelo ezincane − kokubili izithakazelo zezombangazwe ezimbalwa kanye nemiphakathi emincane yombuso. Nakuba sibhekene nokugxekwa okufanelekile kokuthuthukisa ukungalingani ekumeleni futhi sifake isandla ekuvuleni imvume yokushaya umthetho, umsebenzi waso oyinhloko wokuphoqelela ukucunula kwesizwe ezindabeni ezinkulu uyisivikelo esibucayi ekungcoleni kokubusa okuningi.

Kuzakhamuzi, ukuqonda iSigele akuyona indlela yokucabanga. Ukuqanjwa kweSigele kunquma isiqondiso sejaji, imingcele yamandla okubusa, kanye nesiphetho sezinyathelo ezinkulu zezimiso. Ukuhlanganyela neSigele, ukubeka abasizi ukuba balandise ngebhokisi le-colot, nokusekela imiphumela ethile yemithetho kuyizenzo eziyisisekelo zokuthatha i-general kuhulumeni wentando yeningi omelele. Amandla eSigebengu asuka kuMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ukufaneleka kwaso kuxhomeke evumelweni esiqondisiwe.