Isingeniso: Izindlela ezimbili zesimiso somthetho

Ukugweba kungenye yezigaba ezilandela kakhulu kunoma isiphi isigwebo esingokomthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusenkantolo yecala noma ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi, umphumela awunqumeli imiphumela esheshayo kuphela kumaqembu ahilelekile kodwa futhi uhlela futhi izinqubo zomphakathi namathemba. Kubafundi nothisha abafunda umthetho, umlando, noma isayensi yezombangazwe, ukuqonda umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kokugwetshwa komphakathi nobugebengu kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ubulungisa obuqondwa ngayo futhi budluliselwe ngayo ezimisweni zomthetho zanamuhla.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okujulile kokugwetshwa kokubili ezindaweni zomphakathi nezezigebengu. Sizohlola izinjongo ezihlukene, izinqubo, izinhlobo zemiphumela, kanye nezici ezithonya izinqumo zokwahlulela. Ekupheleni, abafundi bayoba nokuqonda okucacile, okucacile ukuthi kungani isenzo esifanayo singaholela ekuboshweni kwelinye icala futhi siholele ekukhokheleni ngokwezimali kwelinye, nokuthi lokhu kungafani kubonisa kanjani imigomo eyisisekelo yegatsha ngalinye lomthetho.

Siyini Isigwebo Sesigebengu?

Isigwebo sesigebengu senzeka ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa eboshiwe ngecala elinecala noma ngesinqumo sokuqulwa kwecala. Injongo eyinhloko yokugwetshwa kwecala yisijeziso, ukunqanda ukunqatshelwa kwecala, ukuphaphazanyiswa, ukubuyiselwa komthetho wesizwe, okugxile ekuxazululeni izimpikiswano zangasese, amakheli omthetho wobugebengu abhekwa njengolimaza umphakathi uwonke. Umbuso umangalela umenzi wobubi, futhi isigwebo siklanyelwe ukubonisa ukulahlwa komphakathi nokuvikela umphakathi.

Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokugwetshwa Kwesigebengu

Isisekelo sokugweba ngecala sisekelwe ezimisweni eziningana eziyinhloko:

  • Izehlakalo: Isijeziso kufanele sifanele ubugebengu. Amacala amakhulu afuna izijeziso eziqinile, kuyilapho iziphambeko ezincane zithola izijeziso ezilula.
  • Ukufana:[ ubugebengu obufanayo, obenziwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, kungaphumela emibhalweni efanayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile.
  • Ukuhlanganisa: Naphezu kwesidingo sokufana, abahluleli bacabangela umlando womuntu siqu, isimo sengqondo, kanye nokwenzeka kokuvuselelwa.
  • Imvumela:[ Izinqumo zokujezisa kufanele zichazwe, futhi kukhishwe iziqondiso, ngakho umphakathi ungaqonda ukuthi kungani izijeziso ezithile zibekwa.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zesigwebo Sezigebengu

Izigwebo zobugebengu ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokulawula, ukuhlasela ngobugebengu, nomlando wobugebengu.

  • Ukuhlanganisa: Owenze iphutha uvalelwe ejele (ngokuvamile ngenxa yemisho emifushane) noma ijele (kweminye imisho emide). Isigwebo singasukela ezinsukwini kuya ekuphileni ngaphandle kokweqisa. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ukuthuthukisa [ ukuphinda izigebengu noma ubugebengu obuhilela izibhamu.
  • Isivumelwano: Owenze isono uhlala emphakathini oqondiswa kodwa kumelwe avumelane nezimo ezithile, njengokuhlola njalo, ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa, noma izimfuneko zemisebenzi. Ukuphula umthetho kungaholela ekuboshweni.
  • Finers:[ Izijeziso zezemali ezikhokhwa esifundazweni. Amahle ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa amacala aphansi njengokwephulwa komgwaqo noma amaphutha. Angahlanganiswa neminye imisho.
  • Inkonzo ye-community: Owenzela amaphutha umsebenzi ongakhokhelwayo ukuze kuzuze umphakathi, njengamapaki okuhlanza noma ukuzinikela ngokuzithandela ezinhlanganweni ezingazuzisi. Lokhu kuvamile emacaleni angenabudlova.
  • I-Restitution:[ iminikelo eyenziwa ngokuqondile kuyisisulu ukuze kukhokhelwe ukulahlekelwa, njengezindleko zezokwelapha noma umonakalo wempahla. Ukubuyiselwa kubhekwa kokubili njengesilinganiso sokubuyisela nokubuyisela.
  • Isigwebo sokufa: Isijeziso esinzima kakhulu, esibekelwe ezinye izizwe namazwe ngenxa yobugebengu obunyantisa kakhulu, njengokubulala kokuqala okunezici eziphazamisayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwaso kuphikisana kakhulu futhi kufanelwe ukuqhubekisela phambili kwenkulumo-mpikiswano engokomthetho nengokokuziphatha.

Iziqondiso Nengqondo Yokwahlulela Ejezisayo

Izikhulu eziningi zisebenzisa iziqondiso zokugweba ukuze zinciphise ukuhluka. Lezi ziqondiso zinikeza uhlu lwemisho etuswayo esekelwe ezingeni lobugebengu nasemlandweni wobugebengu wommangalelwa. Nokho, amajaji ayazimela iziqondiso ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, njengalapho owonile ebambisana nabashushisi noma uma kuyimfuneko ukusebenza. Ukuxhumana phakathi kweziqondiso nokuhlakanipha kuyindawo ecebile yokutadisha okungokomthetho.

Kuyini Ukugwetshwa Kwabantu Ngomphakathi (Izinqubo Zomphakathi)

Kumthetho wesizwe, igama elithi "imvume" ngokwezobuchwepheshe liyiphutha; inkulumo enembile kakhulu yithi "ikhambi le-civil" noma "ukwahlulela". Icala lomphakathi lihilela izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu angawomuntu siqu [1] amabhizinisi, noma ngezinye izikhathi izinhlangano zikahulumeni (amalungelo aphakeme, izibopho, noma amaphutha. Umgomo awukho ukujezisa kodwa ukuxazulula impi futhi, uma kungenzeka, ukwenza iqembu elilimele liphinde libe yingxenye. Izahlulelo zombango kungaba yimali noma izimali.

Izinhlobo Zezixazululo Zomphakathi

Amakhambi avamile aklanyelwe ukubuyisela i - caltiff esimweni ebekuyoba kuso ukube bekungenzeki iphutha. Amakhambi avamile ahlanganisa:

  • [[NTL:0] Imiphumela engathi shubisiwe: Ikhambi elivame kakhulu. Imiphumela ingaba impoqo (ukukhokha izindleko zangempela njengezindleko zezokwelapha, ukulahlekelwa, noma ukulungisa impahla) noma isijeziso (esihloselwe ukujezisa ukuziphatha okubi okungalawuleki nokunqanda ukuziphatha okufanayo). Ukujezisa ivela kancane futhi ngokuvamile kugcinelwe amaphutha ahilela ukukhohlisa noma ukulimala ngamabomu.
  • I-Injctions: Isinqumo senkantolo esifuna ukuba umbambi wecala enze (noma awenqabe ukwenza) isenzo esithile. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo ingakhipha umyalo wokunqanda inkampani ekungcoliseni umfula noma ukuvimbela isisebenzi sangaphambili ukuba singasebenzisi izimfihlo zebhizinisi ezebiwe.
  • Specific Accounting: isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ezimpikiswaneni zesivumelwano, lelikhambi liphoqelela iqembu ukuba lifeze izibopho zalo lapho ukulimala kwemali kunganele, njengasendalini yempahla lapho indawo ihlukile.
  • Izahlulelo zesinqumo: Isaziso senkantolo esinegunya emalungelweni angokomthetho amaqembu ngaphandle kokuyala noma yisiphi isenzo. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo ingamemezela ukuthi isivumelwano siyize, sicacisa izibopho zamalungu ngaphandle kokukhokhwa.
  • [[NT.0] Ukuguqula kanye neNguquko: Ukuxosha isivumelwano futhi kubuyisela amaqembu ezikhundla zawo zangaphambi komthetho. Inguquko iphinda ibhale isivumelwano sokuveza izinhloso zangempela zamaqembu uma kwenzeka iphutha noma ukukhwabanisa.

Indima Yomonakalo Obangelwa Ukujeziswa

Isijeziso sifiphaza umngcele phakathi komthetho wesizwe nowesigebengu ngoba uklanyelwe ngokuqondile ukujezisa nokuvimbela. Nokho, zinikezwa kuphela uma ukuziphatha kommangalelwa kunecala elikhulu, njengasecaleni lokunganaki okukhulu noma ukwenza okubi ngamabomu. INkantolo ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ibeke imingcele engokomthetho emalini yokujezisa ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi ayikho ukujezisa noma ukuqisa, njengoba kuxoxwa emacaleni anjengase BMW of North America v. Gore

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kokugwetshwa Kwezakhamuzi Nesigebengu

Nakuba zombili lezi zingxenye zomthetho zinemiphumela, umehluko ujulile futhi ubonisa imisebenzi yazo ehlukile yezenhlalo. Ngezansi kuqhathaniswa okuningiliziwe:

Injongo Yokuqhubeka

  • Icala: Ukujezisa owonile, ukuvimbela ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo, ukuqeda abantu abayingozi, ukuguqula uma kungenzeka, nokuveza ukulahla komphakathi.
  • I-Civil:[ Ukunikeza ikhambi kulowo olimele, ukuphoqelela amalungelo, nokuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kokuzisiza. Ukunikeza usizo, hhayi isijeziso, kuwumgomo oyinhloko.

Imicimbi Ehilelekile

  • 'umthetho:[ uhulumeni (umbuso noma uhulumeni) umangalela ummangalelwa. Isisulu asilona iqembu kodwa singahlanganyela ezithebeni zokuhlasela izisulu. Umshushisi umelela isithakazelo somphakathi.
  • ICivil:[ I-pacttiff (iqembu elibolewe) imangalela ummangalelwa (umenzi wobubi owenziwe). Bobabili bayiqembu langasese, nakuba uhulumeni engase futhi abe yisithakathi ezicabeni zomphakathi (umk., ezimpikiswaneni zesivumelwano).

Umthwalo Wobufakazi

  • 'umthetho:[ Umshushisi kumelwe afakazele icala "ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo," indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu emthethweni. Lokhu kuvikela abantu ekukholweni okungalungile okunikezwa imiphumela enzima.
  • ICivil:[ I-paltiff kumele ifakazele icala labo nge-"ubufakazi obuqanjiwe," okusho ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba ummangalelwa abe necala. Indinganiso ephansi ngoba imali noma ukukhululeka okulinganayo kuphela kusengozini.

Imiphumela Nemiphumela

  • 'ubugebengu:[ Isigwebo singahlanganisa ukuboshwa, ukugcinwa, amafa akhokhelwa uhulumeni, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma, kwezinye izifunda, isigwebo sokufa. Icala lobugebengu futhi linehlazo elihlala njalo futhi lingase lithinte umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, namalungelo okuvota.
  • Izahlulelo: zihilela ukulimala kwemali, iziyalo, noma umsebenzi othile. Iqembu elilahlekelwayo aliboshelwa ejele (ngaphandle kwezehlakalo ezingavamile zokudelela ukwenqaba umthetho wenkantolo). Akukho miphumela yezephulamthetho.

Amalungelo Abamangalelwa

  • : Abalweli banezivikelo ezinkulu zomthetho-sisekelo: ilungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi, ilungelo kummeli (omisiwe uma ekhona), ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, kanye nesivikelo ekuzifakeni ezingozini eziphindwe kabili nasejezisweni elingavamile.
  • ICivil: Abalweli banezivikelo ezingokwemvelo ezimbalwa. Akukho lungelo lokululeka ngezindleko zikahulumeni, akukho lungelo elimelene nokuzijezisa (nakuba izimpendulo ezingokwezentengiselwano ngezinye izikhathi zingasetshenziswa ezicini zomthetho), futhi akukho siqobo esimelene nokumangalelwa kabili ngenxa yephutha elifanayo (ngaphandle kokuba liphula izimiso zangaphambi kokubusa).

Izibonelo Ezibonisa Umehluko

Cabangela isenzo esifanayo .Icala lobugebengu lingahlanganisa ukuqulwa kwecala le-DUI noma lokuhlaselwa ngemizwa, liholela emajele, ekuthunjweni kwemvume, ekuhlawulweni, nasekususweni. Ngokungazelele, iqembu elilimele lingafaka icala lomphakathi ngenxa yokunganaki, lifune ukukhokhwa kwemali ekhokhelwayo, iholo elilahlekile, nobuhlungu. Imiphumela ingatholakala izimele: umuntu angatholakalelwa icala enkantolo yecala lobugebengu (uma ubufakazi bungahlangani nendingaqiniseki ngendinganiso enengqondo) kodwa lisekhona elifaneleka enkantolo yomphakathi (ngoba indinganiso yangaphambi kokudayiswa kulula ukuhlangabezana nayo).

Izici Ezibangela Izinqumo Ezibangela Isigwebo

Ukuqonda lezi zici kunikeza ukuqonda ukuthi kungani amacala abonakala sengathi afana nawengaba nemiphumela ehlukile.

Izici Ezibangela Isigwebo Sesigebengu

  • Ububi be-offene: Uma ubugebengu bungathi sína kakhulu, isigwebo sinzima kakhulu. Isigwebo sinezintambo zejele ezinde nezihlawumbi ezinkulu kunezezephutha. Ubugebengu obuhilela ubudlova, izikhali, noma ukulimala okukhulu kuphathwa kabi kakhulu.
  • [[QUT:0] Irekhodi lesigebengu: Izaphula-mthetho eziphindaphindwayo zibhekene nezijeziso ezikhuliswe ngaphansi "kwemithetho emithathu" noma imithetho engokomthetho esemthethweni. Umlando ohlanzekile ungaholela ekuyekeleleni, njengokuzindela noma umusho omfushane.
  • Izimo eziguquguqukayo nezishintshayo: Izici eziphazamisayo (umzk., izinkinga zempilo, ukuphoqelelwa, ukungahloniphi, ukuzisola, ukubambisana neziphathimandla) zingawandisa isigwebo. Izici ezibangela ukuhlahlela, unya, izisulu ezichaphazelekayo, ukusebenzisa isikhali).
  • ithonya ezisuluni:[ izinkulumo ezithiywa yizisulu, ukulimala ngokomzimba noma ngokomzwelo, nesidingo sokubuyisela isijeziso sesinqumo somahluleli. Ezinye izizwe zivumela izisulu ukuba zikhulume enkantolo ngokuqondile.
  • Ukuhlakanipha okungaqondakaliyo kanye ne-Sendending Guide lines: Izindawo eziningi zisebenzisa iziqondiso zokuqondisa imisho, kodwa abahluleli banokuhlakanipha kokushiya ngokusekelwe emaqinisweni ayingqayizivele alelicala. Izinga eliphansi lokulawulayo lingalinganisela lelo khono, liholele ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokulunga.
  • [ Imithetho esemthethweni: Ingase idinge imisho ethile engekho emthethweni, njengokuphila okuphoqelelwe ngaphandle kokubulala, noma imigwebo ebophekile yokushushumbisa izidakamizwa.

Izici Zokwelapha

  • [[[NT:0] Imali kanye nokuncishiswa kwengozi: isilinganiso semali ewohlokile sinqunywa ngokuyinhloko ukulahlekelwa okungokoqobo okubangelwa yi-paltiff, kuhlanganise nemali engokwezimali (izindleko zezokwelapha, ezilahlekile) kanye nokulimala okungekho kwezomnotho (ukuhlupheka nokuhlupheka, ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo).
  • Icala lokweqisa: Ecaleni lokunganaki, izinga lommangalelwa lokwephulwa elihlobene nomnikelo womphathi noma ukunganaki okuqhathaniswa kuthinta umklomelo. Ezinye izigungu ziveza ukuvuseleleka uma ummangalelwa enecala elingaphezu kuka-50%.
  • [ Ukuziphatha kommangalelwa: Uma ummangalelwa enza ngenzondo, ukukhohlisa, noma ukunganaki okukhulu, inkantolo ingakhipha isijeziso sokujezisa nokunqanda. Isimo sezimali sommangalelwa singacatshangelwa futhi ekubekeni isijeziso.
  • Izimiso ezingalinganiyo:[ Ezimweni ezifuna iziyalo noma umsebenzi othile, izinkantolo zicabangela ukulinganisela kobunzima, isithakazelo somphakathi, nokuthi amakhambi angokomthetho awanele yini. I-Equity idinga izandla ezihlanzekile ``''' i-athoptiff akumelwe yenze ngokungenabulungisa.
  • [ I-Sta mudzidzisi we-Caps neMikhawulo: Izifunda eziningi ziphoqelela izikhonkwane emonakalweni ongengongokomnotho noma wokujezisa, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zezokwelapha ezingasebenzi kahle. Lezi zigqoko ziyaphikisana futhi ziye zabekelwa inselele enkantolo.

Ukuhlola Okuqhathanisayo: Ukunwebeka Nokungenelana Kwemidlalo

Nakuba umthetho wezembubhiso nowezelele uhlukile, ngokuvamile bayasebenzelana. Isenzo esisodwa esingalungile singabangela kokubili ukumangalelwa ngecala lobugebengu namacala omphakathi. Icala likaSimpson liyisibonelo esivelele: ukukhululwa ekubulaweni enkantolo yobugebengu, kamuva watholakala enecala lokufa okungalungile enkantolo yomphakathi. Lokhu kubonisa imithwalo ehlukene yobufakazi nokungabikho kwengozi ephindwe kabili enkantolo yomphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziyalezo zokubuyisela isijeziso zisebenza njengohlobo lwekhambi lomphakathi, ifuna olwenziwa yisisulu ukuba akhokhelwe ngokuqondile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isijeziso ezicabeni zomphakathi sifeza umsebenzi owenziwe ngokungemthetho wesijeziso nokunganqandeki. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi ukujezisa kufiphaza umngcele phakathi kwezimiso ezimbili futhi kuphakamisa izinkathazo ezifanele, njengoba zijezisa ngaphandle kwezivikelo eziningi ezingokwemvelo ezisekulingweni zobugebengu.

Izenzo zamuva zibonisa ukwanda "kobugebengu" bokuziphatha komphakathi, lapho abaphathi bemithetho besebenzisa khona izijeziso zobugebengu emisebenzini ephathwa ngokwesiko, njengokuphambana kwendawo ezungezile noma ukukhwabanisa kwezinhlangano. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokuthatha isigwebo ngokweqile nokukhukhuleka kwendima ehlukile yomthetho wezwe.

Izicelo Ezibanzi ZeNhlangano Nemfundo

Ukuqonda ukungafani kwemiphumela yomphakathi neyobugebengu akuyona nje indlela yemfundo. Imiphumela yangempela yezwe ekuboneni ukuthi ubulungisa bubonwa kanjani futhi buphathwa kanjani. Ngokwesibonelo, inhlangano ye- #Me Too yaqokomisa igebe phakathi kwecala lobugebengu lokuhlasela ngokobulili (ngokuvamile kunzima ukulifakazela) kanye necala lomphakathi lokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili (okungaphumelela ngisho nalapho amacala obugebengu engalethwa). Ukukhomba kwezentengiselwano kuvame ukudida abantu ababili, okuholela ekuxabaniseni umphakathi lapho umuntu "engavumelekile" enkantolo yomphakathi" noma ethola ukuthi unecala"enkantolo enecala lobugebengu.

Ngokuhlola amacala avelele nokuqhathanisa imiphumela ekhona ezindaweni ezihlukene, abafundi bangaqonda ukuthi izimiso zomthetho ziyinkimbinkimbi nokuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kwamafilosofi agwebayo kuyaqhubeka.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni ngokujulile, imithombo enjenge U.S. inikeza ukwaziswa ngezimiso ze-paltimes, kuyilapho i-National Center for State Courts inikeza ukuqonda emikhubeni yenkantolo. Omagazini be-Academic njenge- Journal of Law and Society njalo] inyathelisa imiphetho ehambisana nemithetho.

Isiphetho

Ukugwetshwa komthetho wobugebengu namakhambi emithetho yomphakathi kufeza izinjongo ezihlukene kakhulu, kodwa zombili zibalulekile esimisweni somthetho esisebenzayo. Ukugwetshwa kweselango kuhloselwe ukuvikela umphakathi nokujezisa ububi ngaphansi komthwalo onzima kakhulu wobufakazi, ngemiphumela esukela ekuhlolweni kuya ekubulaweni. Amakhambi omphakathi agxila ekufuneni izisulu ezidalekayo nasekuxazululeni izingxabano zangasese, ngokwezahlulelo ezihilela imali noma imithetho esemthethweni. Umehluko oyinhloko (injongo, amaqembu, umthwalo wobufakazi, imiphumela, kanye namalungelo ahlukene phakathi kwegatsha ngalinye ()

Ngokuqonda lokhu kungafani, abafundi nothisha bangaqonda kangcono izindaba ezingaphezulu, izimiso zokwahlulela, futhi banikele ezingxoxweni zolwazi ngenguquko yomthetho. Umthetho awusona isimiso esihlukile esivumelana nohlobo lwengxabano nezithakazelo ezisengozini. Ukuqaphela uma indaba isenkantolo yecala lobugebengu iqhathaniswa nenkantolo yomphakathi, nokwazisa imiphumela yendlela ngayinye, kuyisisekelo sokufunda okungokomthetho.