Table of Contents

Ijaji limelela enye yezinsika ezintathu eziyinhloko zikahulumeni wentando yeningi, ezisebenza njengomgcini wobulungisa nokubusa komthetho. Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza futhi lisebenzise umthetho, liqinisekisa ukuba ngokomthetho kwezenzo ze-propati nomphathi futhi kanjalo livikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi zaseMelika. Ukuqonda indlela imisebenzi yejaji ebaluleke ngayo kunoma yisiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo emphakathini wentando yeningi futhi sivikele amalungelo aso angokomthetho. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola isakhiwo, imisebenzi, nokubaluleka okubucayi kwesimiso sokwahlulela ekulondolozeni ukwahlulela okuhle nobulungisa bomphakathi.

Iyini iJudiciary?

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichazwa njengendikimba kahulumeni enomthwalo wemfanelo wokuchaza imithetho futhi isebenzise izimo ezingokoqobo ukuze kuxazululwe izingxabano. Ngokungafani negatsha lemithetho elimisa imithetho noma igatsha eliphethe eliyiphoqelelayo, ijaji lisebenza njengomsizi ongakhethi onquma ukuthi imiphi imithetho esho ukuthini nokuthi kufanele isetshenziswe kanjani ezimweni ezithile.

Igatsha lokwahlulela liphethe ukunquma incazelo yemithetho, indlela yokuyisebenzisa ezimweni zangempela, nokuthi umthetho uyayephula imithetho yoMthetho-sisekelo. Lomsebenzi wokuchaza ubalulekile ngoba imithetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibhalwe ngokucophelela kangakanani, ayinakukwazi ukubheka kusengaphambili noma yisiphi isimo esingase sivele emphakathini.

Ijaji lisebenza njengegatsha elizimele likahulumeni, elihlukile kokubili emagatsheni emithetho nawabaphathi. Lokhu ukuzimela akuwona nje umthetho olandelwayo kodwa kuyimfuneko eyisisekelo yokuqinisekisa ubulungisa obulungile nobungenalubandlululo. Uma abahluleli bengenza izinqumo ngaphandle kokwesaba isijeziso sezombangazwe noma ukucindezela kwamanye amagatsha kahulumeni, bangagxila kuphela ekusebenziseni umthetho ngokungakhethi futhi bavikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Isimiso Sokuzimela Ekwahluleleni

Inkululeko yokwahlulela ingenye yezisekelo zesimiso sobudemokrasi esisebenzayo. Ukuzimela kokwahlulela kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zivikele amalungelo abantu, ziqinise izimiso zomthetho owentando yeningi, futhi ziqinisekise izimiso zesimiso somthetho-sisekelo sobushiqela. Lokhu ukuzimela kubonakalisa ngezindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nokumiswa kokuphila konke kwamajaji kahulumeni, ukuvikelwa ekuncipheni kweholo, nokukhululeka ekuphazanyisweni kwezombangazwe ekwenzeni izinqumo.

Ngaphandle kwayo, izikhulu zikahulumeni ezinamandla noma izikhundla ezidumile zingalawula isimiso somthetho ukuze zifeze izithakazelo zazo kunokuba zifeze ubulungisa. Ijaji elizimele liqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nabantu abangathandwa noma amaqembu amancane aphathwa ngendlela elungile ngaphansi komthetho.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, uHulumeni we-U.S. wakhiwa amagatsha amathathu: izishaya-mthetho, iziphathi-mthetho nokwahlulela. Ukuqinisekisa uhulumeni uyasebenza futhi amalungelo ezakhamuzi avikelwe, igatsha ngalinye linegunya nemithwalo yalo, kuhlanganise nokusebenza namanye amagatsha.

Igatsha lokwahlulela lisebenza njengesehlo egatsheni lase-Legislative nasegatsheni eliphethe ngendima yalo njengomtoli womthetho futhi linegunya lokubukeza izenzo zamanye amagatsha futhi liqinisekise ukuthi lezozenzo ziwumthetho ngokomthetho. Lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sivimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekutholeni amandla engeziwe nokusongela ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

Isakhiwo Sengoma

Ukuqonda lesi simiso kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zilawule isimiso somthetho futhi zazi ukuthi kuzwakala amacala ahlukahlukene.

Federal v. Izimiso zeNkantolo yoMbuso

Igatsha lokwahlulela likaHulumeni wase-U.S. liyinhlangano yezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso, ngalinye elinezikhundla nezindima ezihlukile. Lesimiso sokwahlulela sisingatha izimpikiswano ezihlukene ezingokomthetho, kusukela kumampikiswano amancane angokomthetho kuya ezindabeni zikahulumeni ezibalulekile. I-United States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso senkantolo ezimbili ezihlukene, okusho ukuthi kunezimiso ezimbili zezinkantolo ezihlukene kodwa ezihambelanayo: izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinkantolo e-United States — isifundazwe nesifundazwe. Ungacabanga ngazo njengeziwumzila ofanayo (nakuba akuvamile) uphelela eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. Kulezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene, kunamazinga amathathu ayinhloko: izinkantolo eziqulwayo, izinkantolo zenkantolo ezithatha icala nezinkantolo eziphakeme kakhulu zaleyo ndlela.

Lesimiso esimbaxambili sibonisa isimo sikahulumeni waseMelika, lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nemibuso. Isimiso ngasinye sinegunya laso, okusho uhlobo lwezimo esingazizwa, nakuba kukhona ukuhlangana.

Isimiso Senkantolo Yesifunda

ISiphakamiso III soMthetho - sisekelo simisa igatsha lokwahlulela, sinikeza amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme futhi sisho ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zamacala izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezingazezwa. Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sinezinga eliyinhloko ezintathu, ngalinye lifeza injongo ehlukile ekuqondiseni ubulungisa.

Izinkantolo Zesigodi ZaseUnited States

Izinkantolo zesifunda zase-United States ziyizinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala lenkantolo kahulumeni. Yilapho kuqulwa khona amacala kahulumeni, lapho ofakazi befakazelwa khona, futhi kusebenza khona izinkantolo zejaji zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zesifunda ezingu-94 noma zamacala zezwe zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zesifunda zase-U. izinkantolo zesigodi zixazulula izimpikiswano ngokunquma amaqiniso nangokusebenzisa umthetho kulawo maqiniso.

Izinkantolo zesigodi zisebenza njengendawo yokungena emacaleni amaningi kahulumeni. Lezinkantolo zinegunya lokuqala, okusho ukuthi zilalela amacala ngokokuqala ngqá kunokubukeza izinqumo ezenziwa ezinye izinkantolo. Ezinkantolo zesigodi, abahluleli nabejaji bahlola ubufakazi, balalele ubufakazi, futhi benze izinqumo zokuqala ngawo womabili amaqiniso ecala nendlela umthetho osebenza ngayo.

Izinkantolo zesifunda zesifunda zisingatha amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, izingxabano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene lapho izilinganiso ezinkulu zemali zisengozini khona, amacala ahilela uhulumeni wase-United States njengeqembu, nezindaba ezihilela imibuzo kahulumeni. Isifunda ngasinye okungenani sinenkantolo yesifunda kahulumeni eyodwa, nezifunda eziningi ezinamazwe amaningi okusingatha icala lazo.

Izinkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala Zase - United States

Kunezinkantolo ze-appellate eziyi-13 ezihlala ngaphansi kweNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zezicelo zase-U.S. Umsebenzi wenkantolo edlulisa amacala uwukunquma ukuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa kahle yini enkantolo enkantolo equlwayo noma enkampanini yokuphatha kahulumeni.

Izinkantolo zezikhalo zinegunya elilawulayo. Azizona izinkantolo eziqulwayo futhi aziqali ukuzwa amacala kuqala. Kunalokho, izinkantolo zihlola izinqumo zenkantolo yesifunda, futhi zinqume ukuthi zazilungile yini. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo zamacala, izinkantolo azizwanga ubufakazi obusha noma ubufakazi. Kunalokho, zibukeza umbhalo obhaliwe enkantolo ukuze zinqume ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho athinta umphumela.

I-United States ihlukaniswa yaba izifunda zesifunda eziyishumi nambili, ngasinye sineNkantolo yamacala. Kukhona nenkantolo yeshumi elinesithathu, iNkantolo Yezikhalo Zesifunda Sesifunda, esinegunya ezweni lonke lombuso olawula izinhlobo ezithile zamacala, njengezimpikiswano ezigunyaziwe nezisholo ngokumelene nohulumeni.

INkantolo Ephakeme Yase - United States

Inkantolo ephakeme kunazo zonke ezweni ifeza indima ebalulekile esimisweni sethu somthetho - sisekelo sikahulumeni. Okokuqala, njengenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni, iyinkantolo yokugcina yalabo abafuna ubulungisa.

Inani lamaJaji eNkantolo Ephakeme lishiyelwa eKhondlelweni — ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwaba nenani elifinyelela kusithupha, kuyilapho inani lamanje (elinoMahluleli Oyinhloko oyedwa noMahluleli abayisishiyagalombili) belikhona kusukela ngo-1869. INkantolo Ephakeme inegunya lokuqala kokubili eqenjini elincane lamacala negunya lokubukeza izinqumo ezicaweni eziphansi zikahulumeni nezinkantolo eziphakeme zesifunda ezindabeni ezihilela umthetho kahulumeni noma umthetho - sisekelo.

INkantolo Ephakeme ithola izinkulungwane zezicelo unyaka ngamunye kodwa yamukela ingxenyana encane kuphela ukuze ibukeze ngokugcwele.Inkantolo ikhetha amacala ahilela imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho - sisekelo, izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo zesifunda ezihlukahlukene, noma izindaba ezibalulekile zomthetho kahulumeni ezidinga ukucaciswa.

Izimiso Zenkantolo KaHulumeni

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokuyinhloko zisingatha amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izindaba zobugebengu, izindaba zomphakathi njengokuzilimaza komuntu siqu, izindaba enkantolo yomkhaya, ukugcinwa kwefa nezindawo kanye nezindaba zempahla. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya lokulalela izindaba zendawo, njengokwephulwa kwemithetho yesifunda nedolobha.

Nakuba izimiso zenkantolo zikahulumeni zihluka kuye ngombuso, eziningi zilandela inqubo efanayo yezinkantolo eziphethe izinkantolo eziphethe, izinkantolo eziphakathi nendawo, futhi inkantolo ephakeme ephakeme. Icala elikhulu kakhulu lamacala angokomthetho eUnited States liqulwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni kunokuba kuqulwe izinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala

Izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwamacala (okubizwa nangokuthi izinkantolo zokuqala) zingahlanganisa izinkantolo zezinkantolo ezilawula wonke umuntu ezingalalela izinhlobonhlobo zamacala, kanye nezinkantolo ezikhethekile ezinamandla alinganiselwe agxila ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezindaba.

Izinkantolo zemibuso elinganiselwe zingahlanganisa izinkantolo zikamasipala ezisingatha ukuphambana kwezimoto namacala amancane, izinkantolo ezincane ezimangalela izimpikiswano ezihilela izikhawu zemali, izinkantolo zemikhaya zezehlukaniso nezindaba zokuwinwa kwabantwana, nezinkantolo ezizimele zentando nezindawo. Izinkantolo zemithetho yemithetho elawulayo, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme, izinkantolo zesifunda, noma izinkantolo zesifunda, zisingatha amacala obugebengu angathi sína kakhulu namacala omphakathi ahilela izilinganiso ezinkulu zemali.

Izinkantolo Ezingenelayo

Ezifundazweni ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu, kunezinkantolo eziphakathi zokudlulisa icala. Kulezi zifunda inkantolo ephakeme yezwe ijabulela ukuqulwa kwamacala efuna ukuwabukezwa. Lezinkantolo eziphakathi zifeza umsebenzi ofanayo ezinkantolo zezicelo, zibukeza izinqumo zenkantolo zamaphutha angokomthetho futhi zisiza ekunciphiseni ukuqulwa kwecala lenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme ZoMbuso

Inkantolo ePhakeme yeSizwe inegunya lokulalela izimpikiswano phakathi kwezwe. Izwa amacala ahilela izincazelo zomthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke nomthetho kahulumeni. Njengenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu esimisweni sokwahlulela sombuso, izinqumo zenkantolo ephakeme yezwe ezindabeni zomthetho kahulumeni ziwukugcina futhi azinakudluliswa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ngaphandle kokuba zihlanganise imibuzo yomthetho-mthetho.

Umtapo womtholalwazi we Jidiciary

Ijaji lenza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubusa komthetho nokuvikela amalungelo abantu emphakathini wentando yeningi.

Ukuhumusha Imithetho

Enye yemisebenzi eyinhloko yejaji ukuchaza imithetho ukuze icacise incazelo yayo nohlelo lwayo. Imithetho edluliswa izishaya-mthetho ibhalwe ngokwemisindo futhi ayinakukwazi ukuphendula zonke izimo ezingase zivele. Abahluleli kumelwe bachaze le mithetho, banqume ukuthi isiphi isishaya-mthetho esihloselwe ukumiswa nokuthi umthetho usebenza kanjani ezimweni ezithile.

Le nqubo yokuchaza idinga abahluleli ukuba bahlole umbhalo wezimiso, bacabangele umlando wemithetho nenhloso engemva komthetho, babukeze indlela imithetho efanayo eye yachazwa ngayo esikhathini esidlule, futhi basebenzise izimiso ezimisiwe zokuchaza ngokomthetho. Ngalenqubo, abahluleli banikeza ukucaca nokungaguquguquki endleleni imithetho eqondwa futhi isetshenziswe ngayo.

Ukusebenzisa Imithetho Emacalani Ngamanye

Ngalé kokuchazwa, amajaji kumelwe asebenzise imithetho ekwakheni amaqiniso akhethekile ecala ngalinye. Lokhu kuhilela ukuhlola ubufakazi, ukuthola ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela empikiswaneni, bese kunqunywa ukuthi imithetho ehlobene nayo isebenza kanjani kulawo maqiniso. Lesi simo sisebenza ngesihloko siqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa buvumelana nezimo ezithile kunokuba busetshenziswe ngokwenqubo.

Abahluleli kumelwe bahlole ubufakazi obuphikisanayo, bahlole ukuthembeka kofakazi, bacabangele izenzakalo ezingokomthetho, futhi benze izinqumo ezicatshangelwe ngokusekelwe kokubili emthethweni nasezimweni eziqondile zendaba ngayinye.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ngenxa yamandla ayo okuhlola ukwahlulela, ikomiti yokwahlulela ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni liqaphela imingcele yamandla alo siqu. Ivikela amalungelo nenkululeko yomphakathi ngokushaya imithetho ephula uMthetho - sisekelo.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela------negunya lokunquma ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni ziyavumelana yini noMthetho-sisekelo − limelela omunye wemisebenzi yejaji ebaluleke kakhulu nenamandla. Umthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme wesizwe sethu. Uma izinkantolo zihlola, ziqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izenzo zikahulumeni, kungaba ngemithetho yomthetho, isikhulu, noma ngisho nezinkantolo eziphansi, zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Leligunya lokubukeza kokwahlulela alichazwanga ngokucacile eMthethweni kodwa lamiswa iNkantolo Ephakeme embonweni wecala likaMarbury v. Madison. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuye kwaba isisekelo somthetho - sisekelo waseMelika, ukuvumela izinkantolo ukuba ziqede imithetho noma izenzo zikahulumeni eziphula amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Nenkokhelo Kanye

Ijaji livikela amalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko ngokumisa imithetho ephula uMthetho-sisekelo. Libeka imingcele efanele kuhulumeni wentando yeningi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ezithandwayo azikwazi ukudlulisa imithetho elimazayo futhi noma zisebenzise kabi amaqembu amancane angathandwayo. Empeleni, liqinisekisa ukuthi imibono eshintshayo yeningi ayizilulazi izindinganiso eziyisisekelo ezivamile kuwo wonke amaMelika, okungukuthi, inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, nenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.

Le nkonzo yokuvikela ibaluleke kakhulu esimisweni sentando yeningi lapho ukubusa kweningi kuyinto evamile. Nakuba idemokrasi idinga ukuhlonishwa ngezinqumo eziningi, idinga futhi isivikelo ngamalungelo amancane kanye nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Ijaji lisebenza njengesehlo ngokumelene "nokwenqabela iningi," ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo awanakuvotelwa, ngisho nangezinto ezinkulu.

Izinkantolo zivikela amalungelo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho - sisekelo ugunyaziwe, ukuchaza imithetho yamalungelo abantu, ukubukeza izenzo zikahulumeni zokuvumelana nezimfuneko ezifanelekile, nokunikeza amakhambi lapho kuphulwa amalungelo.

Ukuxazulula Izingxabano

Ngezinga eliyisisekelo, inkantolo inikeza indlela enokuthula, ehlelekile yokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, izinhlangano, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ngaphandle kwezinkantolo, abantu bebengeke babe nendlela engokomthetho yokuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kwengxoxo yangasese noma, ngokunokwenzeka, ubudlova.

Ijaji lixazulula izinhlobo eziningi zezingxabano, kuhlanganise nezigebengu lapho uhulumeni emangalela khona abantu ngobugebengu, izimpikiswano zombango phakathi kwamaqembu ezibophanayo, impahla, ukulimala, noma ezinye izindaba, amacala angokomthetho abekela imithetho noma izenzo zikahulumeni inselele, kanye namacala okuhlaziya izinqumo ezenziwa izinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Ngokunikeza izinkantolo imvume yokukhipha isinqumo sempikiswano, zisiza ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka kwezenhlalo futhi zivimbele ukwanda kwezingxabano.

Ukumisa Izenzakalo Ezingokomthetho

Ngezinqumo zazo, izinkantolo zimisa izenzakalo ezingokomthetho eziqondisa amacala esikhathini esizayo. Ngaphansi kwemfundiso yokubheka nge-decisis (ngesiLatini okusho "ukuma ngezinto ezinqunywe"), izinkantolo zilandela izimiso ezimiswe ezicaleni zangaphambili lapho kunqunywa izindaba ezifanayo. Lokhu kwenza ukuba kuhlale kulungile futhi kubikezelwe esimisweni somthetho.

Izehlulelo eziphambili zisebenza ngokulandelana, nezinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphakeme ezibopha izinkantolo eziphansi eziphethe isilinganiso esifanayo. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zibopha zonke izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni, kuyilapho izinqumo zenkantolo eziphakeme zibopha zonke izinkantolo eziphansi kulesosifunda. Lesi simiso sezenqubo yasendulo siqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isebenza kanjani ezinkantolo ezihlukahlukene.

Nakuba izinkantolo ngokuvamile zilandela isibonelo, zingagumbuqela noma zilungise izinqumo zangaphambili lapho izimo zishintsha noma lapho izinqumo zangaphambili zinquma ukuthi azilungile.

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezisebenza Ngayo: Inqubo Yokwahlulela

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo ngempela kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise izimiso zomthetho futhi ziqaphele izinqubo ezicophelelayo eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa imiphumela elungile. Inqubo yokwahlulela iyahluka kuye ngokuthi icala liyicala lombango noma liyicala, kodwa izimiso ezithile eziyisisekelo zisebenza kuzo zonke izindaba zasenkantolo.

Amacala Angaphakathi

Icala lombango lihlanganisa izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele, ezingase zihlanganise abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngokungekho emthethweni.

Icala lomphakathi liqala lapho ummangalelwa ekhipha isikhalo enkantolo, eveza ukuthi ummangalelwa uye wabalimaza ngandlela-thile futhi wacela ikhambi. Ummangalelwa uthola isaziso samacala futhi unethuba lokuphendula, kungaba ukuvuma noma ukuphika izinsolo. Bobabili amaqembu bahlanganyela ekutholeni, inqubo yokudlulisela ukwaziswa nobufakazi obuvumelana nalelicala.

Icala lomphakathi lixazululwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, lapho abantu bezama ukuxazulula impikiswano yabo. Uma kungahlangani nempikiswano, icala liqhubekela ecaleni, lapho kokubili kunikeza khona ubufakazi nezimpikiswano kumajaji. Ngemva kokucabangela bonke ubufakazi, ijaji noma ijaji likhipha isinqumo, uma kuwukuthi ummangalelwa unecala futhi, uma kunjalo, ikhambi elifanele.

Iqembu elilahlekelwayo ecaleni lomphakathi lingase lidlulisele isinqumo enkantolo ephakeme, liphikisa ngokuthi amaphutha angokomthetho enziwa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala athinta umphumela. Izinkantolo zibukeza umlando wokuqulwa kwecala kodwa ngokuvamile azicabangi ngokuhlolisisa okuyiqiniso okutholwa inkantolo esingatha icala.

Amacala Ezigebengu

Ngokungafani namacala obugebengu, amacala obugebengu angaphumela ekuboshweni noma kwezinye izijeziso zobugebengu, futhi ahilela izinqubo ezihlukahlukene nezindinganiso eziphakeme zobufakazi.

Umuntu omangalelwayo, obizwa ngokuthi ummangalelwa, unelungelo lokuthola isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nelungelo lommeli, ilungelo lokuthula, nelungelo lokuqulisa icala ngokushesha nangomphakathi.

Ezicabeni ezingathi sína zobugebengu, ijaji elikhulu noma icala lokuqala linquma ukuthi kukhona yini ubufakazi obanele bokuqulwa kwecala. Ummangalelwa ube esebekwa icala, atshelwe ngokusemthethweni, futhi acelwe ukuba angene esivivinyweni. Amacala amaningi obugebengu axazululwa ngokufaka isicelo, lapho ummangalelwa evuma ukumangalela icala ngokushintshana ngamacala ancishisiwe noma isigwebo esilula.

Uma icala liqulwa, umshushisi kumelwe abonise icala lommangalelwa ngokunengqondo, indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu kunasezindabeni zomphakathi. Ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala futhi akanasibopho sokufakazela noma yini. Ngemva kokuzwa bonke ubufakazi, abahluleli (noma umahluleli ekuqulweni kwebhentshi) banikeza isinqumo sokuba necala noma ungenacala.

Abalweli ababoshelwe amacala banelungelo lokudlulisela icala, amaphutha angokomthetho aphikisanayo okungenzeka ayenzeka phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala noma bethi ubufakazi abunakusekela lokho kumangalelwa.

Ukubukeza Kwamaphupho

Uma iqembu likholelwa ukuthi isinqumo esenziwa inkantolo equlwayo asilungile, lingadlulisela icala enkantolo ephakathi. Uma kudingeka ukubukeza okwengeziwe, icala lingalethwa phambi kwenkantolo ephakeme. Lesisimiso sisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho angasingathwa futhi alungiswe, ukulondoloza ubuqotho benqubo yokwahlulela.

Izinkantolo eziphakamisi azibaphenduli amacala noma zizwe ubufakazi obusha. Kunalokho, babukeza umbhalo obhaliwe ovela enkantolo eqululweni, kuhlanganise namaphepha abhalwe ngobufakazi, imiboniso, nezifushaniso ezingokomthetho ezibekwa yiwo womabili amacala. Amajaji aphenduliswayo afuna amaphutha omthetho. /___ithatha ukuthi umahluleli wecala uchaza noma usebenzise kanjani imithetho engokomthetho, kunokuhlola izinqumo eziyiqiniso ezenziwa yinkantolo.

Ngemva kokubukeza irekhodi nokuzwa izimpikiswano ezivela kubameli, inkantolo edlulisa icala inikeza umbono obhaliwe echaza isinqumo sayo. Inkantolo ingasiqinisekisa isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo, isenze sibuye sibuyele enkantolo equlweni lokuqulwa kwecala, noma iphinde ilibuyisele emuva ukuze kuqhutshwe ezinye izimpikiswano ngokuvumelana nesinqumo senkantolo.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zesimiso Sokwahlulela

Izimiso eziningana eziyisisekelo zisekela isimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa buyalunga, buvumelana futhi bufaneleka ngendlela ubulungisa obusetshenziswa ngayo.

Inqubo Yomthetho Efanele

Inqubo elindelekile idinga ukuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba aphuce noma ubani ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lesi simiso, esifakwe ezinzisweni zesihlanu nezeshumi nane kuMthetho-sisekelo, siqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bathola isaziso nethuba lokuzwakala ngaphambi kokuba izinkantolo zenze izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo abo.

Inqubo elindelekile ihlanganisa kokubili iprocedural process (izinqubo) kanye nezici ezingaphansi (ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo). Inqubo efanelekile idinga isaziso esanele samacala angokomthetho, ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano, umenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi, nesinqumo esicatshangelwe esisekelwe ebufakazini. Inqubo edingayo eyisisekelo ivikela amalungelo athile ekuphazanyisweni nguhulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani izinqubo.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Ngaphansi Komthetho

Isimiso sesivikelo esifanayo, esiqinisekiswa iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane, sifuna ukuba uhulumeni aphathe abantu abasendaweni efanayo. Izinkantolo azinakukhetha ngokusekelwe ohlangeni, enkolweni, embusweni wesizwe, noma kwezinye izici ezivikelwe ngaphandle kokuzithethelela okunamandla.

Isivikelo esilinganayo siqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso somthetho sitholakala kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ingcebo yabo, isikhundla sabo emphakathini, noma amandla ezombangazwe. Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuthola isivikelo esifanayo esingokomthetho futhi kumelwe alandele imithetho efanayo engokomthetho. Lesi simiso siyisisekelo sombono wobulungisa nokubusa komthetho.

Umbono Wokungabi Nandaba

Ezicabeni zobugebengu, abamangalelwa babhekwa njengabangenacala kuze kube yilapho bethola ubufakazi obubodwa, okumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi banecala ngokungenakungabaza. Abavikeli abanasibopho sokufakazela ukuthi abanacala noma ukunikeza ubufakazi.

Ukucabanga ukuthi abantu abamsulwa kuvikela abantu ekukholelweni okungalungile futhi kubonisa isimiso sokuthi kungcono ngabantu abanecala ukuba bakhululeke kunokuba bajeziswe abantu abangenacala.

Ilungelo Leseluleko

ISichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuthola imvume engokomthetho emacaleni obugebengu.

Ilungelo leseluleko lidlulela ngalé kokuqulwa kwecala kwezinye izigaba ezibucayi zobugebengu, kuhlanganise nokuphenywa kwemibuzo, ukuqulwa kwecala kwangaphambili, nokudluliswa kwezicelo.

Ukuvivinywa Komphakathi Nokubona Ingaphandle

Lokhu kubonakala kufeza izinjongo eziningi: kuthuthukisa ukulandisa ngokuvumela ukuhlolwa komphakathi ngezinqumo zokwahlulela, kwakha ukuthembela komphakathi ezimisweni zomthetho, kuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwabahluleli nabameli, futhi kufundisa izakhamuzi ukuthi izinkantolo zisebenza kanjani.

Nakuba ukuqulwa kwecala okuningi kusobala, izinkantolo zingase zivale ukuqulwa kwezigwebo ezilinganiselwe ukuze zivikele ukwaziswa okubucayi, ziqinisekise ukuqulwa kwecala okufanelekile, noma zivikele ukufihla izindaba zomuntu ongavikelekile njengentsha noma izisulu zobugebengu obuthile.

Indima YabaHluleli

Abahluleli basebenza njengezikhulu eziyinhloko esimisweni sokwahlulela, beqondisa ukuqulwa kwecala, bechaza imithetho, futhi beqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa bunikezwa ngokungakhethi nangokungakhethi.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yokwahlulela

Abahluleli baqondisa amacala, bachaze imithetho, bakhiphe izinkantolo, futhi baqinisekise ukuqulwa ngokulunga. Izinga elihlukene lenkantolo linezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zabahluleli: abahluleli, abahluleli abaphethe, nabahluleli abakhulu.

Amajaji aqulwa enkantolo aphatha izinkantolo, anqume ukuthi ubufakazi abunakuqinisekiswa, afundise abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo, futhi lapho kuqulwa icala ebhentshi, athole kokubili amaqiniso nomthetho. Kumelwe aqiniseke ukuthi amacala aqulwa ngokulunga, ukuthi wonke amaqembu anethuba lokuveza icala lawo, futhi kulandelwa izinqubo ezingokomthetho.

Amajaji aqulula izinqumo zenkantolo, achaze imithetho nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, abhale imibono echaza izinqumo zabo, futhi amise izenzakalo ezingokomthetho eziqondisa amacala esikhathi esizayo. Ngokungafani namajaji amacala esikhathi esizayo, amajaji ashaya isigwebo asebenza kakhulu emabhodini abahluleli abathathu noma ngaphezulu futhi anqume amacala asekelwe emibhalweni ebhaliwe kunokuba anikeze ubufakazi obuhle.

Ukukhethwa Kokwahlulela Nokubhekana Nezimo

Amalungu eGatsha Lokwahlulela amiswa uMongameli futhi aqinisekiswa iSigele. Lokhu kusebenza kubahluleli bakahulumeni, abamiswa ukuphila konke phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, okusho ukuthi bangakhonza kuze kube yilapho bekhetha ukuthatha umhlalaphansi, ukufa, noma ukususwa ngokusola ukuziphatha okubi.

Ithuba lokuphila lamajaji kahulumeni likhuthaza ukukhululeka ekwahlulelweni ngokuvikela amajaji ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.

Nakuba amajaji kahulumeni emiswa ngumongameli, abahluleli bakahulumeni bakhethwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene: ukumiswa kombusi noma izishaya-mthetho noma ukhetho. Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa izimiso zokukhetha ezifanele, lapho abakhomishane abafanelekela ukumiswa kumbusi. Ezinye izifundazwe zitusa abahluleli abafanelekayo kukhetho oluyi-processiant noma olungekho ngxenye. Indlela yokukhetha ngayinye inezinzuzo nezingasizi uma kubhekiswa ekuthuthukiseni inkululeko yokwahlulela, ukulandisa, kanye nemfanelo.

Izimiso Zokwahlulela Nokuziphatha

Abahluleli banamathela ezindinganisweni eziphakeme zokuziphatha ukuze balondoloze ukuthembela komphakathi esimisweni sokwahlulela. kumelwe bagweme izingxabano zesithakazelo, balondoloze ukungakhethi, baphathe bonke abantu ngenhlonipho nangokungakhethi, bathathe izinqumo eziyisisekelo emthethweni nasemaqinisweni kunokukhetha komuntu siqu, futhi baziphathe ngesithunzi nangekhono labo kokubili ebhentshini nangaphandle.

Izimiso zokwahlulela zokuziphatha zinikeza isiqondiso esiningiliziwe ngezibopho zokuziphatha, futhi abahluleli abephula lezi zindinganiso bangase babhekane nesenzo sokujezisa, kuhlanganise nokususwa esikhundleni emacaleni angathi sína.

Abanye Abahlanganyeli Abayinhloko Esimisweni Sokwahlulela

Ukuqonda lezi zindima kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ubunkimbinkimbi nokubambisana kwenqubo engokomthetho.

Ama - attorney

Abamangaleli bamelela umbuso emacaleni obugebengu futhi baletha amacala abamangalelwa. ITerminalology iyahlukahluka ngokwezwe: babizwa ngokuthi abameli besifunda engxenyeni enkulu ye-U.S., abashushisi abaphezulu eNgilandi naseWales, nababusi kwezinye izimiso zomthetho wezwe.

Abamangaleli banokuhlakanipha okukhulu ekunqumeni ukuthi kufanele yini ibhaliwe, ukuthi iziphi izikhalo ezidingwayo, nokuthi yini okufanele ifake izikhangiso ezikhokhwayo. Kumelwe bafune ubulungisa kunokumane banqobe izinkolelo, ezihlanganisa ukuveza ubufakazi obamukelekayo kubamangalelwa nokwenqaba ukuqulwa uma ubufakazi bunganele.

Abameli bavikela bamelela abamangalelwa emacaleni obugebengu. Bavikela amalungelo amakhasimende abo, baveza icala lokuvikela, futhi badlulisele izikhalo lapho kusebenza khona. Emacaleni omphakathi, abameli bamelela abamangalelwa nabamangalelwa, basekela izithakazelo zamakhasimende abo kuyilapho benamathela ezibophweni zokuziphatha nemithetho yokuziphatha kobuchwepheshe.

IJuries

Amajaji amelela ukuhlanganyela komphakathi enqubweni yokwahlulela. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, iSichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa icala liqulwe abahluleli emacaleni amakhulu. Izikhulu zomphakathi zinamalungelo okuqulwa kwamacala ezigebengu ezimweni eziningi.

UJuries usebenza njengabatholi beqiniso, unquma ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwa enkantolo. Abahluleli bayala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo, futhi abahluleli basebenzisa lowomthetho emaqinisweni abawatholayo. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa komthwalo wemfanelo phakathi kwamajaji nabasizi kubonakalisa isimiso sokuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile kufanele zihlanganyele ekunikezeni ubulungisa.

Iziqu zamacala amakhulu, ezisetshenziswa esimisweni sikahulumeni nakwezinye izifundazwe, zinquma ukuthi kunobufakazi obanele yini bokumangalela othile ngecala elingathi sína. Ngokungafani nezigebengu zamajaji eziqulwayo, izigebengu ezinkulu azinqumi icala noma ubumsulwa kodwa kuphela ukuthi kukhona yini okungase kube nesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ubugebengu benziwa.

Staff

Omabhalane basenkantolo basingatha uhlangothi lokuphatha: ukuphatha amarekhodi, ukuhlela ukuqulwa kwecala, ukugcina iziteshi zenkantolo, ukuqoqa amaphepha angokomthetho, nokukhipha izimemezelo.

Ezinye izisebenzi zasenkantolo zihlanganisa izintatheli zenkantolo ezibhala amazwi aqinile aphathelene nokuqulwa kwecala, izikhulu eziqondisa izigebengu eziboshiwe futhi zilungiselele imibiko yesigwebo, nonobhala womthetho abasiza amajaji ngokucwaninga okungokomthetho nangokuhlela amaphuzu.

Icala: Ukunquma Ukuthi Yiliphi Inkantolo Ezwa Icala

Icala libalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi iliphi inkantolo elizosingatha icala phakathi kwesigaba senkantolo. Izinga ngalinye lenkantolo liye lamisa izindawo ezibusayo ezinquma ukuthi yiziphi izigilamkhuba ezingazikhipha.

Indaba Emangalelwayo

Izindaba zichaza ukuthi hlobo luni lwamacala inkantolo engawezwa, ngokusekelwe esimweni sendaba engokomthetho (ngomthetho womthetho, womphakathi, njalonjalo). Izinkantolo zeFederal zinegunya elilinganiselwe lendaba, zilalela kuphela amacala ahilela imibuzo kahulumeni (evela ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni noma uMthetho-sisekelo) noma ukubusa ngokwezinhlobonhlobo (izindikimba zezakhamuzi zamazwe ahlukene ezihilela uR35 000).

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivame ukuphatha imibandela futhi zingazwa izinhlobo eziningi zamacala, kuhlanganise nalezo ezihilela umthetho kahulumeni, izivumelwano, ama - tort, izindaba zomkhaya, nezindaba ezingekho emthethweni. Ezinye izindaba, njengokuwa kwamandla emali kanye nezindaba ezigunyaziwe, ziwela ngaphansi kwegunya elikhethekile lezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Ukumangalelwa Kwendawo Yonke

Izwe limisa imingcele yendawo yegunya lenkantolo. Lena kungaba izinkantolo zendawo (izikhulu zesizwe), isifundazwe noma isifundazwe, noma isifundazwe. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zingalalela amacala ahilela amaqembu noma izenzakalo ezisemingceleni yezwe lazo.

Esimisweni sikahulumeni, inkantolo ngayinye yesifunda iphethe indawo ethile, ngokuvamile efana nezwe noma ingxenye yezwe. Izinkantolo zezicelo zilawula izifunda ezithile ezihlanganisa izifunda eziningi. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe izwe lonke.

Isinqumo Sakho Siqu

Igunya lomuntu siqu libhekisela egunyeni lenkantolo embangweni. Izinkantolo kumele zibe negunya lomuntu siqu phezu kwabamangalelwa ngaphambi kokuba zikhiphe izahlulelo ezibophayo. Ukubusa komuntu siqu ngokuvamile kudinga ukuba abamangalelwa babe nokuxhumana okwanele nesifundazwe lapho inkantolo ikhona, kuqinisekwe ukuthi bafuna ukuba bavikele icala lapho kulungile futhi kunengqondo.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Ngaphandle kwesimiso senkantolo esivamile, imibuso eminingi iye yamisa izinkantolo ezikhethekile ukuze kusingathwe izinhlobo ezithile zamacala ngendlela ephumelelayo futhi enobuchwepheshe obukhudlwana.

Izinkantolo Ezingalawuleki

Kunezinkantolo zamacala emali ezingu-90 e-U.S. izinkantolo zeBhankipracy zisiza abantu namabhizinisi angakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu zabo ukuba baqale ngokusha. Lezi zinkantolo zisebenza njengeqembu lezinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni futhi zinegunya elikhethekile emacaleni awile.

Izinkantolo Zomkhaya

Izifunda eziningi ziye zamisa izinkantolo zemikhaya ukuze zisingathe isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukusekelwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa kwabantwana, kanye namacala obudlova asekhaya.

Izinkantolo Zezidakamizwa Nezinkantolo Ezixazulula Izinkinga

Izinkantolo zezidakamizwa nezinye izinkantolo ezisingatha izinkinga zithatha indlela yokwelapha izaphula - mthetho ezithile, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa noma ezisempilweni yengqondo. Kunokuba nje zijezise, lezi zinkantolo ziqondisa izinhlelo zokwelapha futhi zinikeze izinkonzo zokusekela ukuxazulula izinkinga ezicashile ezibangela ukuziphatha kobugebengu.

Izinkulumo Ezincane Ezishiwo Yizinkantolo

Izinkantolo ezincane zinikeza inqubo elula nethukela yokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezihilela imali elinganiselwe.

Ukubaluleka Kombutho Wezobuzwe

Indima yejaji idlulela ngalé kokuxazulula izimpikiswano zabantu ngabanye. Izinkantolo zifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubusa kwentando yeningi nokuvikela amalungelo enza ukuba idemokrasi ikwazi ukubusa.

Ukusekela Ukubusa KoMthetho

Ukubusa komthetho − isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe usebenze ngokuvumelana nemithetho emisiwe engokomthetho kunokuba usebenzise amandla azimele − kuxhomeke eqenjini lejaji elizimele elizimisele ukuphoqelela imingcele engokomthetho ezindinganisweni zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezikhulu zikahulumeni ezinamandla kumelwe zilandele umthetho futhi akekho ongaphezu komthetho.

Ngokumisa imingcele engokomthetho nangokomthetho emandleni kahulumeni, izinkantolo zivimbela ukugxilwa kwegunya elisongela ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Lo msebenzi wokuphoqelela udinga ukuzimela kokwahlulela nesibindi, njengoba ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo kumelwe zibuse ngokumelene nezenzo ezithandwayo zikahulumeni noma izikhulu ezinamandla.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Amancane

Intando yeningi idinga ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu abambalwa nenkululeko yabo. Ijaji lifeza lomsebenzi ovikelayo ngokumisa isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo esingenakungathintwa yivoti eningi.

Kuwo wonke umlando, izinkantolo ziye zafeza izindima ezibalulekile ekuvikeleni amaqembu amancane angaziwa namalungelo omphakathi anwetshwayo, ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kungqubuzana neningi elithandayo. Lo msebenzi owenqabela ukucindezelwa kweningi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi idemokrasi ihlonipha amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo.

Ukulondoloza Ukuqina Nokubikezela

Ngemfundiso yezimiso zomthetho ezilandelwayo nokusetshenziswa kwazo ngokungaguquguquki, izinkantolo zinikeza ukuqina nokubikezelwa kwezimiso zomthetho. Abantu bangahlela izindaba zabo bazi ukuthi imithetho izochazwa futhi isetshenziswe kanjani. Amabhizinisi angatshala imali ngokuqiniseka ekuvikelweni okungokomthetho. Lokhu kubikezelwa kubalulekile ekuchumeni kwezomnotho nasekuhlelekeni kwezenhlalo.

Ukunikeza Isinqumo Sokuthula

Ngokunikeza inkundla esemthethweni yokuxazulula izingxabano, izinkantolo zisiza ekulondolozeni ukuthula komphakathi futhi zivimbele ubudlova. Uma abantu bekholelwa ukuthi bangathola ubulungisa ngezinqubo zomthetho, cishe ngeke baphendukele ekuzisizeni noma ebudloveni. Lempi yokulungisa izigwegwe ibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini ophucuzekile.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nale - yudi

Naphezu kwendima yaso ebalulekile, isimiso sokwahlulela sibhekana nezinselele eziningi ezithinta ikhono laso lokukhipha ubulungisa ngokuphumelelayo futhi silondoloze ukuqiniseka komphakathi.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Ukumelelwa kwemithetho kuyabiza, futhi abantu abaningi abanamali yokuthenga abameli.

Imizamo yokuthuthukisa ukufinyelela kobulungisa ihlanganisa izinhlelo zokusiza ezingokomthetho, ukumelela i-bono abameli abavolontiya, izinqubo ezenziwe lula zezisebenzi ezizimele kanye nemithombo yezobuchwepheshe ukuze kusizwe abantu basebenzise izinqubo zomthetho. Nokho, izakhamuzi eziningi ezifuna amakhambi angokomthetho zisanezinkinga.

Izenzakalo Zecala Nezikhathi Zokulibala

Izinkantolo eziningi zibhekene namacala amaningi abangela ukubambezeleka okukhulu ekuxazululeni amacala. Lokhu kubambezela kungaphika ubulungisa emaqenjini alindele isinqumo futhi kululaze ukwethembela komphakathi esimisweni somthetho. Isisho esithi "ubulungisa obungamelwe buncishiwe" sibonisa imiphumela engathi sína yokuminyana kwenkantolo.

Ukukhuluma ngezigwebo kudinga ukuxhaswa kwemali okwanele ezinkantolo, amanani anele abahluleli nezisebenzi, izimiso eziphumelelayo zokusingatha amacala, kanye nezinye izinqubo zokuxazulula izimpikiswano ukuze kuphambuswe amacala afanelekayo ezinqubweni ezingokwesiko zasenkantolo.

Ukulondoloza Inkululeko Yokwahlulela

Uma amajaji enza izinqumo ezingathandeki, angase ahlaselwe abe abengosomabhizinisi, abezindaba noma amaqembu ezezithakazelo. Lokhu kucindezela kungathonya ukwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela futhi kululaze ukungakhethi okubalulekile ekulungiseni ubulungisa.

Ukuvikela inkululeko yokwahlulela kudinga ukuvikelwa kwezinhlangano njengokuzimela nokukhokha, imfundo yomphakathi ngendima yamajaji, kanye nempucuko engokomthetho ehlonipha izinqumo zokwahlulela ngisho nalapho zingavumelani nemiphumela.

Ukuqonda Nokwethemba Komphakathi

Lokhu kungaziqondi kahle kungaholela ekulindeleni okungenakwenzeka, ekuxazululeni izinqumo zokwahlulela, nasekuncipheni kokuthembela komphakathi ezimisweni zomthetho.

Ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda komphakathi kudinga imfundo yomphakathi ngemithetho, ukuveza izigwebo ezinkantolo, ukukhulumisana okucacile kwezinkantolo ngezinqumo nezinqubo zazo, nemizamo yokwenza izinkantolo zifinyeleleke kakhudlwana futhi zibe abangane bezakhamuzi ezivamile.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Nomculo

Nakuba abahluleli kumelwe bahlale bezimele futhi bengakhethi, izakhamuzi zifeza izindima ezibalulekile esimisweni sokwahlulela futhi zingahlanganyela ezinkantolo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

Inkonzo YaseJury

Ukukhonza ezinkantolo kumelela enye yezindlela eziqondile izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngazo esimisweni sokwahlulela. Inkonzo kaJury ivumela abantu abavamile ukuba basebenzise izindinganiso zomphakathi ekunqumeni izindaba futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi amandla okwahlulela awagxili kuphela ezikhulwini zikahulumeni.

Izakhamuzi eziwuthatha ngokungathi sína umsebenzi wokwahlulela zinikela ngokulunga nangokufanelekile kuyilapho zizuza ukuqonda komuntu siqu indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo.

Ukuqhubeka Kwenkantolo

Icala eliningi lenkantolo livulekele umphakathi, futhi izakhamuzi zingaqaphela ukuqulwa kwecala nokuqulwa kwecala ukuze zifunde indlela isimiso sokwahlulela esisebenza ngayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekukhetheni Ukwahlulela

Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokuhlola abazokhetha, ngokuvota okhethweni lokwahlulela, nangokubeka amajaji icala ngenqubo yazo.

Ukusekela Ukufinyelela Kobulungisa

Izakhamuzi zingasekela ukufinyelela ubulungisa ngokusebenza ngokuzithandela nezinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho, zinikele ekuthuthukiseni izinhlelo zosizo, zikhuthaze ukuxhaswa kwezimali ezanele enkantolo, futhi zisekele izinguquko ezenza isimiso somthetho sifinyeleleke kakhudlwana kuzo zonke izakhamuzi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zicebile kangakanani.

Ukuhlala Unolwazi

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo, ukulandela intuthuko ebalulekile engokomthetho, nokufunda ngendima yamajaji ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukubaluleka kwejaji elizimele futhi zenze izinqumo ezisekelwe olwazini ngezindaba ezingokomthetho nezingokombangazwe.

Ikusasa Le - yudicia

Isimiso sokwahlulela siyaqhubeka siguquka ukuze sibhekane nezimo zezenhlalo ezishintshayo, intuthuko yobuchwepheshe, nezinselele ezingokomthetho.

Ubuchwepheshe Ezinkantolo

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisa impumelelo nokutholakaliswa kwezinhlelo zemishini zivumela abameli ukuba bathumele amaphepha kuyi - Internet, i - video ifake izinhlelo ezibonisa izindaba ezikude, isinqumo sempikiswano etholakala kuyi - Internet sinikeza ezinye izindlela ezihlukile ezithathelwe indawo ukuqulwa kwenkantolo okungokwesiko, futhi izinqubo zokwenziwa zisiza ekucwaningeni ngokomthetho nasekuqondiseni amacala.

Nakuba ubuchwepheshe bunezinzuzo eziningi, bubangela nokukhathazeka ngokuthola labo abangenazo imithombo yezobuchwepheshe, izinto eziyimfihlo nokulondeka kwama - computer, kanye nekhono lobuchwepheshe lokuthatha indawo yokwahlulela kwabantu ngezindlela ezilulaza ubulungisa.

Enye Impi Engaxazululwa

Ukukhipha, ukudlulisa, nezinye izinhlobo zesinqumo sempikiswano esihlukile (ADR) kuya kuba okuvamile njengokusetshenziswa kwezinye izindlela esikhundleni sokusetshenziswa kwe-ligia. I-ADR ingashesha, ingabizi kakhulu, futhi ithambe kakhulu kunezindaba zasenkantolo, nakuba ingase ingakufanelekeli kuzo zonke izinhlobo zecala.

Izinkantolo zifaka i - ADR ezinquboni zazo, zifuna ukuba amaqembu azame ukukhipha izigwebo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala noma abhekisele emacaleni afanele ekuhlobanisweni kwe - ADR nezinqubo zenkantolo ezingokwesiko kungase kunciphe ukuthi zingakanani izingxabano ezixazululwayo.

Izinkantolo Ezixazulula Inkinga Ekhethekile

Ukwanda kwezinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zempilo engokwengqondo, izinkantolo ezingomakad ’ ebona, nezinye izinkantolo ezisingatha izinkinga kubonisa ushintsho ekusingatheni izimbangela eziyisisekelo zezinkinga zomthetho kunokuba nje zinikeze isijeziso. Lezinkantolo ezikhethekile zibonisa isithembiso sokunciphisa ukunquma kabusha nokusingatha izinkinga zezenhlalo ngokuphumelelayo kunezinkantolo ezingokwesiko zobugebengu.

Ukusingatha Ukungalingani Kwesimiso Sokwenza Izinto

Ukuqaphela okwandayo kokungalingani kwezinhlanga nezomnotho esimisweni sobulungisa kukhuthaza imizamo yokulungisa ehloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukwelashwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lemizamo ihlanganisa ibheyili yokunciphisa ukuboshwa kwamacala kwangaphambi kokwahlulela abamangalelwa abampofu, ukugwebela izinguquko zokukhuluma ngokungefani ngesijeziso, ukuqeqeshwa kobandlululo okungaphelele kubahluleli nabaphathi benkantolo, kanye nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa ukuze kubonwe futhi kunikezwe izinkulumo zokuphatha okungalingani.

Isiphetho

Ijaji lisebenza njengesisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi nesimiso somthetho. Ngokuchaza imithetho, ukuxazulula izingxabano, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu, nokuhlola amandla kahulumeni, izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa buqondiswa ngokungakhethi futhi bonke abantu baphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Ukuqonda indlela imisebenzi yezenkantolo enikeza ngayo izakhamuzi amandla okulawula isimiso somthetho, ukubusa ngentando yeningi nokuqaphela ukubaluleka kokuzibusa ngokwahlulela.

Njengezakhamuzi, sonke sinezigxobo ezisebenza kahle ejajini. Ngokukhonza enkantolo, ngokunakekela izinkantolo, ngokuhlanganyela ekukhetheni inkantolo, ngokusekela ukuvunyelwa kobulungisa, nangokuhlala sazi ngentuthuko engokomthetho, singanikela esimisweni sokwahlulela esikhonza wonke amalungu omphakathi ngokungakhethi nangempumelelo.

Indima yejaji ekuvikeleni amalungelo, ekulondolozeni umthetho, nokuqinisekisa ubulungisa yenza kube yimfuneko embusweni wentando yeningi. Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, izinkantolo kumelwe zivumelane nokulondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo zokulunga, ukuzimela, nobulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho obulokhu buchaza umsebenzi wazo obalulekile.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni, vakashela i- United States Courts website esemthethweni[. Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngokubophana kwezakhamuzi ngentando yeningi, ukuhlola imithombo yezezimali eMbusweni wesizwe [ . Ukuqonda amalungelo akho nesimiso somthetho kuyinqubo eqhubekayo, futhi imithombo eminingi yemfundo ikhona ukuze isize izakhamuzi zibe abahlanganyeli abanolwazi kakhulu esimisweni sethu sobulungisa bentando yeningi.