Iyini Isifunda Se-Member Sodwa (SMD)?

Isimiso soMbuso Owodwa (SMD) singenye yezimo ezivame kakhulu ezisetshenziswa kuhulumeni wesizwe jikelele. Ngaphansi kwalesi sibonelo sombuso omkhulu, izwe lihlukaniswa ngokwezifundazwe, ngalinye likhetha inxusa elilodwa ngempela ukuba likhonze endikimbeni yemithetho, njengephalamende, ingqungquthela, noma ingqungquthela. Okhetha kakhulu kuleyo ndawo enqoba isihlalo, indlela evame ukubhekiselwa kuyo ngokuthi "eyokuqala-kamuva-kwesinye isifunda" (FTPP) noma "ethatha-alls"" lokhu kuphambene ngokuqondile nokumelelwa kwesigaba esiphakathi (PR), lapho abameleli abaningi bekhethwa khona ezindaweni ezinkulu nezihlalo ezihlelwe ngokwesilinganiso seqembu ngalinye.

Isimiso seSMD siyisisekelo sokuphila kwezombangazwe embusweni wentando yeningi onethonya, kuhlanganise neUnited States (Indlu Yabameleli), iUnited Kingdom (Indlu Yamakhorali), iCanada (Indlu Yabantu), iNdiya (Indlu YamaKhoma), namazwe amaningi avamile. Ubulula bayo nokuqondisisa kuye kwayenza yaba ukukhetha okuhlala njalo kwemiklamo yokukhetha, kodwa futhi iphethe nemisebenzi ehlukile ethinta ukuma, ukuqina kukahulumeni, kanye nezivumelwano zokuvota.

Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele lokho okushiwo i - SMD, kubalulekile ukuba singahloli nje kuphela abakhangisi bayo kodwa nemisuka yabo engokomlando, imiphumela yayo ewusizo ezinkabeni zezombangazwe, nezimpikiswano eziphikelelayo ngobulungisa nokusebenza kwayo.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nokutholwa Kwabantwana Bembulunga Yonke

Intuthuko Yasekuqaleni EGreat Britain

Umsuka wesimiso se-SMD ungalandelelwa ekudalweni kwesigaba sephalamende eNgilandi ephakathi. Ngaphambi kwekhulu le-19, abameli abaningi bakhetha amalungu amabili noma ngaphezulu, ngokuvamile enemingcele ehlukene futhi enobukhulu obungavumelani. Inguquko yango-1832, 1867, no-1884 kancane kancane yawulandela umqondo wobukhomanisi bomuntu oyedwa ukuze ithuthukise ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-atria nabameleli babo. U-1885 Redis of Seats Act ngokusemthethweni yamisa isimiso sezifunda zezifunda eziningi zeBritish House of Commons, umfanekiso owathunyelwa kamuva ezindaweni ezisebusweni nasebusweni obuseBrithani.

Ukusakazekela E - United States Naphesheya

E-United States, izigodi ezinezingxenye eyodwa zaqiniswa yi-Aportion Act ka-1842, eyayifuna ukuba amalungu eNdlu yabameleli akhethwe ezifundeni "eyakhanya futhi ahlanganiswe" lokhu ngokwengxenye kwakuyindlela yokusabela ezimisweni ezinkulu zokuvota ezavumela amazwe amakhulu ukuba alawule ukhetho olubanzi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amazwe amaningi athathe i-SMD njengengxenye yefa lawo noma avumelaniswe ne-Westminsternster-s smeo ulawulo lwe-ACElectoral Knote, cishe i-45% yezimiso zokhetho oluphansi lwezwe lonke esebenzisa izifunda eziseqenjini lokuqala, kuyilapho amanye ehlanganisa i-SDRD kanye neziciom zezinhlobo ze-octives.

Indlela Isimiso Se - SMD Esisebenza Ngayo

Ukukhishwa Kwemali Nemishini Yesigodi

Kusimo esimsulwa se-SMD, izwe lihlukaniswa laba yizifundazwe eziningi kunalezo ezinezihlalo zomthetho. Isifunda ngasinye sinenani elifanayo labavoti, nakuba ukushintshwa kwenani labantu nokugxambukela kwezombangazwe kungadala ukungalingani. Ngosuku lokhetho, abavoti baphonsa ibhola elilodwa kulowo oyedwa ozongenela isifunda sabo. Umfundi onengqikithi yevoti ephakeme kakhulu uzuza isihlalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bavikela inani eliphelele (ngaphezu kuka-50%) noma i-inani elivamile. Kwezinye izifunda, i-oseballcolot-evation isetshenziswa uma kungekho mtati womnyango othile, kodwa isiko se-SMD isekelwe ezindaweni eziningi kuphela.

Izigodi ze-Member eyodwa v. Izigodi eziningi-Member

Isici esichazayo se-SMD yisici "selungu elilodwa": isifunda ngasinye sinommeleli oyedwa. Lokhu kuhlukile kwezindawo ezinezingxenye eziningi (MMDs), lapho izihlalo eziningi zigcwaliswa khona zisuka endaweni eyodwa yendawo, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izindlela zokuvota ezilinganayo noma ezivimbelayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi i-SMD yenza ukulandisa komuntu siqu phakathi kwabavoti kanye nesikhulumi sabo, kuyilapho abagxeki bephikisana ngokuthi kunciphisa ukwahlukahluka kwamazwi esifundeni esithile.

Izinzuzo Zesimiso Semvelo

Ukumelelwa Okucacile Nokulandisa

Enye yezinzuzo ezikhonjwa kakhulu ze-SMD ukuhlobana okucacile phakathi kovoti nommeleli wabo. Abavoter bazi kahle ukuthi yimuphi umvoti onecala ngezindaba zendawo, izinqumo zezimiso, nokuthunyelwa kwenkonzo. Lokhu kulandisa komuntu siqu kungafaka izikhulu ezikhethiwe esabelweni esingcono ezidingweni zobuqotho, njengoba ukukhetha kwazo kuxhomeke ekulondolozeni ukusekela kwendawo. Ngokuphambene, izimiso ze-PR ezinezifunda eziningi zingasehlisa lobunye ubudlelwane, kukwenze kube nzima kakhulu ukuvotela impumelelo noma ukuhluleka kwesazi esithile sezombangazwe.

Ukuqina Kukahulumeni Omkhulu

Izimiso ze-SMD zithambekele ekukhiqizeni inani elincane kakhulu eliphumelelayo lamaqembu futhi ngokuvamile liholela kohulumeni abaningi abayingxenye eyodwa. Lokhu kuzinza kwaziswa abameleli bobuqondisi obunamandla: ohulumeni abaningi bangawudlulisa ngokushesha kakhulu umthetho, basebenzise izimiso ezithatha isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwezingxoxo ezihlangene, futhi banikeze imiphumela ecacile. Kubavoti abaningi, ikhono loku "khipha ama-rascal" bese bethatha omunye uhulumeni ngenye indawo iyisici esibalulekile sedemo-democrici enkulu. Amazwe anjenge-United Kingdom ne Canada aye ajabulela i-Magenical elungelelay, ohulumeni abaningi abaguquguqukayo ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-SMD.

Ukukhankasela Nokuqondisa Izingqondo Endaweni

Ngoba isifunda ngasinye sincane ngokwanele (isixhunyiwe kulo lonke izwe) abavoti abangahlangana nabo ngokwabo, i-SMD ikhuthaza indlela yezimpande zotshani zomkhankaso. Amakhandi kumelwe akhulume ngezindaba zendawo, ahlanganyele izenzakalo zomphakathi, futhi athuthukise uhlobo lomuntu siqu oluhlukile kwelwesizwe sawo. Lokhu kungabangela imikhankaso yokukhetha ibe yizehlela kakhulu endaweni futhi ikhuthaze abezombangazwe ukuba baqonde izidingo ezithile zesifunda sabo, kusukela emikhankasweni yezezimboni kuya kwezemfundo yesikole.

Imikhosi Edumazayo Neyempi Yempi Edumazayo

Kuleyo ndawo etholakele, amaqembu amancane anezikhundla ezisakazekile akuvamile ukuzuza izihlalo ngaphandle kokuba abasekeli bawo bagxile kakhulu ezifundeni ezithile. Lemisebenzi enamandla njengesithiyo esimelene nesinye futhi nesimiso sokulwa, ezama ukugqashuka phakathi kwe-SMD coset. Umphumela, ngokwenkolelo, ungohlu olusesilinganisweni sezombangazwe, njengoba amaqembu kumelwe anxuse umvoti womsakazi esifundeni ngasinye ukuba anqobe. Lokhu kusiza ekulinganiseleni kunciphe futhi kwenze kube lula uma kungekho qembu elizuza iningi.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwesimiso Se - SMD

Ukuwohloka Kwendlala Phakathi Kwemifula Nemikhumbi

Ukugxeka okuyisisekelo kakhulu kwe-SMD kuwukuthambekela kwayo ekuvezeni ukuphikisana okukhulu phakathi kwezihlalo ezithandwayo zeqembu kanye nengxenye yalo yezihlalo zomthetho. Lokhu kuphikisana kuwumphumela ongokwemvelo wokunqoba okungaqondakali: iqembu eliwinayo i-40% yavoti kodwa elihamba phambili kakhulu ezifundeni eziningi lingawina isigaba esikhulu kakhulu sezihlalo, kuyilapho iqembu elinamashumi amabili% evoti lisakazekele kulo lonke izwe lingase lingawineli zinhlalo zonke. Ngokwesifundo se-Electoral Reformation Society, i-UK jikelele yabona ukuthi i-Conservate Par iwina 36.9% ye-votiov kodwa ilondekile, kuyilapho i-UK Confusion Party yamukela isigaba esisodwa kuphela.[9]

Imisebenzi Yemfucumfucu Nemisebenzi Ehlelekile

Kukhetho lwe-SMD, ivoti ngayinye evotiwe ku-"wadume" ngomqondo wokuthi ayisizi ekukhetheni ummeleli. Lokhu kungaholela ekuvotelweni okusakazekile kwasebezayo [, lapho abavoti beshiya khona abakhetha ukusekela i-empeleni yabo engcono kakhulu ukuze basekele i-projectal engcono kakhulu ukuze nje bavimbele umuntu ongathandiyo ekuwini. Lokhu kucindezela kucindezela ukukhetha komvoti, ukusekela amaqembu amabili amakhulu, futhi ukuvota kwabe abasekeli beqembu labo elincane abanomuzwa wokuthi abakuvoti akunandaba. UVoter ujikisa ngaphandle kwezimiso ze-SDDD kuvame ukuncintisana kunezinqubo ze-PR, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaqembu azizwa ekhishwe ngokuphelele.

Ukumiswa Kwemincane Nabesifazane

Ngenxa yokuthi izigodi ze-SMD zikhetha ummeleli oyedwa kuphela, amaqembu amancane asakazeke kakhulu ngokuvamile awasatholakali inani labantu elidingekile ekukhetheni umuntu ozozikhethela. Ngisho noma amaqembu amancane enziwa aqine, angafakwa ezifundeni ezihlukanisa amandla awo okuvota noma anciphise ithonya lawo. Ukucwaninga kweBrennan Center for Justice kubonise ukuthi izifunda ezizimele ezise-United States ngokuvamile azizange zisebenziselwe ukunciphisa amandla okuvota abantu abambalwa abavela ezinhlanga nakwezinhlanga, umkhuba owenziwa yiSivumelo samaLungelo sonyaka ka-65 ohloselwe ukuxoxa ngawo. Ngokufanayo, abesifazane bathambekele ekuncishisweni kwezimiso ze-SDBD uma kuqhathaniswa nezimiso zePR, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi amaqembu awazimisele neze ukuba akhuthule abesifazane abancintiweyo, abahluli abahluli abanciphi kakhulu.

Gerrymandering

Umkhuba wokusebenzisa imingcele yesifunda ukuze kuzuze izombangazwe uyinselele engapheli ezimisweni ze-SMD. Ngokudweba izigodi ezithi "pack" abaphikisi babe izihlalo ezimbalwa noma "crack" abasekeli babo eziqeshini eziningi, amaqembu abusayo angafaka amandla awo ngisho nalapho elahlekelwa yivoti ethandwayo. Ukhetho lwango-2012 lweNdlu lweNdlu yeNdlu iyisibonelo esiqinile: naphezu kokuba amaDemocrates ewina ingqikithi yamavoti ngaphezu kwamaRepublican, amaRepublican agcina inani elingu-33 ngenxa yokuba nonyayo ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu ngo-2010. UGerryderman u-empering uthe ukwethemba umphakathi ekuhlanganeni kokhetho olusemthethweni nongawuyi-mdlaliphisayo, ukwenza ukuvota okuncintisana.

Ukushintsha Kwezindawo Nokushintsha Kwezezwe

Izimiso ze-SMD zingandisa ukuvaleka kwezindawo ngemibuthano evuzayo esekela kakhulu ngokwendawo lapho ijezisa labo abasekela kakhulu kodwa abangenalusizo. Lokhu kungaholela embusweni wezombangazwe olawulwa amaqembu ezifunda futhi kunciphise ukumelelwa kwemibono emincane ethandwayo ngokwesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, eCanada, i-Bloc Québébécois izuze izihlalo ezinkulu ezisuka eQuebec ngenani elingaphansi kwe 10% levoti yesizwe, kanti iGreen Party, ngokusekela kwesizwe okufanayo, iye yazuza izihlalo ezimbalwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ivota yayo iyahlakazeka. Amandla anjalo angenza ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yesizwe ukuba ikwazi ukuthandwa kakhulu futhi ingasabeli kakhulu ezindaweni ezingaphandle.

Ukuqhathanisa Nezimiso Zokumelela

Ukwehluka Okuyinhloko Kwemiphumela

Abagxeki be-SMD bavame ukukhomba ukumelelwa kwe-SD njengendlela engcono kakhulu. Izimiso ze-PR, njengophawu olulinganayo lweqembu noma ivoti eyodwa edluliswayo (STV), ihlela izihlalo ngokunembile ngokuhambisana nesabelo sokuvota, okuphumela ekutheni amavoti ambalwa alahlwayo kanye nokuchazwa okukhulu kwabesifazane namaqembu amancane. I-PR futhi ithambekele ekuvezeni izimiso eziningi, ezingakhuthaza ohulumeni abahlangene ababonisa isilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu semibono yezombangazwe. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi, i-PR igxekwa ngokuholela kohulumeni abangazinzisiyo, njengoba izinguquko eziqhubekayo zeqembu lezi zingenza isimiso somthetho zisheshe zifezeke futhi zingafinyele.

Ukulinganisela Nokuzivumelanisa

Abasekeli be-SMD baphikisa ngokuthi ukuxoshwa kokungahlangani kungukuhleleka kukahulumeni. Nakuba i-PR ingaveza amapalamende afana kakhulu namavolontiya ngokwenani labantu, futhi angenza amaqembu asondeleneyo athole izintambo futhi abambe ohulumeni abambisene. Ngokuphambene, izimiso ze-SMD, zithambekele ekubangeleni abanqobi abacacile nabahluli abaguqukele emandleni, ukunciphisa amathuba okukhetha i-grid locklock. Isinqumo phakathi kwe-SMD ne PR sihlanganisa futhi isahlulelo esiyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nemigomo ebaluleke kakhulu: ukumelela okunembile kwemibono ehlukahlukene noma ukubusa okuphumelelayo okungabekezeleki.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: I - SMD Iyaklanywa

United Kingdom

I-UK’s House of Commours iye yasebenzisa i-SMD kusukela ngo-1885, i-Smour, evumelana nomngcele ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze ivumelane nokushintsha kwenani labantu. Isimiso siye saveza ama-omalies aphawulekayo: ngo-1951, i-Conservative Party yawina izihlalo eziningi ngesikhathi ithola amavoti ambalwa kunaleyo i-Labour, futhi ngoFebruare 1974, iLabour wawina izihlalo eziningi kuyilapho abaxhasi bewina amavoti amaningi. Ngo-201959 nokhetho oluvamile oluye lwaboniswa ngokungahambisaniseki okukhulu. I-El'ectoral Reformation Society iye yasekela ngokungaguquki ukushintshwa kwesimiso se-lice, kodwa amaqembu amakhulu aye amelana ngenxa yokuzifunela i-Voumente (interport) kodwa ayihambisakali.

United States

I-US House of Declarations cishe iyisibonelo esivelele kakhulu se-SMD emhlabeni. Njalo eminyakeni emibili, izigodi ezingu-435 ezikhethwe ngamalungu ahlukene ngokuvota ngobuningi. Isimiso sifakwe emthethweni kahulumeni nomthetho womthetho, nakuba ilungiswe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi i-Voting Rights Act ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-redigingmentings. I-Gerryndering ilokhu iyimpikiswano ephikisana kakhulu, nazo zombili izigaba ezinkulu zisebenzisa amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi okuveza amabalazwe alungile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi i-Regarryman ingumbuzo wezombangazwe ongenakufinyelela izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ishiye inguquko yezwe ukuba ithathe izinyathelo zokuthatha izinyathelo kanye nezindawo ezizimele.

Canada

Ukhetho lwaseCanada lusebenzisa i-SMD olunezingxenye ezilula, isici esikhishwe efeni layo laseBrithani. Ukhetho lwango 2015 lwabona iLiberal Party iwina 39.5% yevoti futhi 54.4% yezihlalo, kuyilapho iNew Democratic Party yathola i-19,7% yamavoti kodwa i-10% kuphela kodwa izihlalo, kanye neGreen Party, enezi-3,4% zevoti, yawina isihlalo esisodwa (0). I-2019% ye-ovotestings 2021 yaqhubeka iveza ukudluliswa kwesifunda se-Blocquebéis futhi ngaphansi kwe-partlesss. Ekuphenduleni kweqembu lesobunxele. Undunankulu uJustin Dustin u-sova wathembisa ukuguqula isimo ngo-2015 kodwa kamuva washiya isibopho esisobala.

Izinguquko Nezindlela Ezihlukile Zesimiso Se - SMD

Izimiso ze - MEmber Proportigal (MMP) ezixubile

Amazwe amaningana aye athatha izimiso ezixubene nezingxenye ze-SMD kanye nezihlalo ezinamaqoqo ezihlalweni zohlu ukuze alungise ukuncishiswa kweqembu. IJalimane, iNew Zealand, neScotland ziyizibonelo ezivelele. AmaVoter afaka amabhola amabili: esinye sazo kumfundi wendawo eSMD kanye nesinye sohlu lweqembu. Izihlalo zohlu zabelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwabiwa kwezihlalo kuhambisana nengxenye yeqembu ngalinye levoti. I-MMP igcina ukuxhumana kwendawo lapho igwema ukuhlanekezelwa okubi kakhulu kwe-SMD. I-MMP yamukelwa ngemva kokubhekisa izintambo zeqembu ngo-1992 nango-1993, futhi ihlolwa yi-New Zealand Elector Commis ibonisa ukuthi ukwaneliseka nokumelelwa kweqembu ngalinye ne-Māray ethuthukisiwe ngaphansi kwesimiso esisha.

I-Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV) e-Members

Enye inguquko isetshenziswa ekuvoteni okungalinganiyo, futhi amavoti abo adluliselwa ekukhetheni okulandelayo, kuze kube yilapho oyedwa ethola inani elikhulu. Kulesi simiso, abavoti basusa i-"spoiler" ngokulandelana kwentando yabo. Uma kungekho mvoti wokhetho lokuqala, onciphile kakhulu uqeshiwe uqedwe, futhi amavoti abo adluliselwa ngokuthanda okulandelayo, kuze kube yilapho omunye umfundi enenani elikhulu. RCV isusa i-"spoiler proce" futhi ikhuthaza ukuvota okungcono, njengoba abameleli befuna ivoti yesibili esekela abaxhasi. Isetshenziswa e-Australian House ofspreadssssssssssss nasemadolobhananjeni ambalwa, kuhlanganise ne-San Francisco kanye ne-New York. I-RC ithuthukisa i-SCC i-SC i-tratempport, njengoba iveza i-tratempers enkulu yesizwe.

Izimemezelo Zokulungisa Izindawo Ezizimele

Ukuze kulwiwe nokulawulwa kwe-gerrymanider, izifunda eziningi ziye zamisa izinhlangano ezizimele zokuhlela izifunda eziveza imingcele engekho hlangothi zisebenzisa imingcele engathathi hlangothi njenge-scromeding, ukulingana, ukulingana kwenani labantu. iCalifornia, i-Arizona, neMichigan e-US ziye zamukela inqubo enjalo, futhi iCanada isebenzisa i-quasi ezimele ngemingcele ye-odation contifics yesifunda ngasinye. Nakuba kungashintshwanga ku-SMD ngokwayo, lemiyalo isiza ukubuyisela ukulunga nokuncintisana ezifundeni ezingxenyeni eyodwa ngokususa imingcele ehlukene.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sombutho wesigodi we-Menber eyodwa sisalokhu sinamandla futhi sisetshenziswa kabanzi, siyigugu ngenxa yokulula, ukulandisa kwaso okucacile, nekhono lokuveza ohulumeni abaqinile. Nokho, lezi zinzuzo zivela ngezindleko: ukuhlukana okukhulu phakathi kwamavoti nezihlalo, amazinga aphakeme evoti elahliwe, ukubekwa phansi kweqembu elincane nabesifazane, ukuchayeka ekubekeni imingcele eqinile, kanye nokuqiniswe kwezimiso zezombangazwe ezihlukene. Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-SMD kanye nezinye izimiso, njengokumelela noma ukuvota okulinganiselwe, kuxhomeke kulokho izindinganiso zomphakathi ezingcono kakhulu kukhetho lwazo.

Ukuqonda omakhenikha, amandla, nobuthakathaka be-SMD kubalulekile ekuthembiseni umphakathi ngolwazi. Abaqondisi kanye nabakhiqizi bezimiso ngokufanayo kufanele bahlole indlela isimiso sabo sokukhetha esinesimo ngayo hhayi nje kuphela ukwakheka kwendlu yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho kodwa futhi nobungako bentando yeningi yabo. Ukuqhubeka befunda, i-ACE Electoral Knowlectal Knote inikeza imithombo ebanzi emklamweni wesimiso sogesi, [[FLT] i-ellerman kanye nezinzuzo zayo eUnited States. Lemicebo ingasiza ekuhlaziseni i-SMD trapectportionty, futhi inikeza i-Propolatempymentoctive syt syst ye-Promesssssssssss.[FLct:] Inikeza i-Actenetic Center ye-FLDwaright [FFal:3] i-ipyndromential.]