Ukuqonda Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni Wendawo Ngokukhetha

Izakhiwo zikahulumeni wendawo zisebenza njengesisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi emiphakathini yomhlaba wonke. Lezizinhlangano zivala igebe phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo, zinikeza izinkonzo ezibalulekile futhi zenze izinqumo ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Izinhlelo ziseyinqubo eyinhloko izakhamuzi ezikhetha ngayo abameleli bazo futhi zihlele indlela ehleleke ngayo imiphakathi yazo. Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni bendawo abahlelwa ngayo, indlela okhetho abasebenza ngayo, nokuthi iziphi izindima ezikhethwe ezizidlalayo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni komphakathi kanye nokuhlangana komphakathi.

Izakhiwo Ezihlukahlukene Zohulumeni Wendawo Emhlabeni Wonke

I-United States inesinye sezikhungo zokubusa eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nezihlukene kakhulu emhlabeni ezinezimo ezingafani nezisebenzayo hhayi kuphela kuhulumeni kuya esifundazweni, kodwa ngaphakathi kanye nasezifundazweni. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kubonisa isimiso esikhulu sokuthi izakhiwo zikahulumeni wendawo zihluka kakhulu ezifundeni nasemazweni ahlukene, akhiwe amasiko angokomlando, izisekelo ezingokomthetho, kanye nokudinga komphakathi.

Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko Zohulumeni Wendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo bahlanganisa izifunda, omasipala, amalokishi, nezigodi ezikhethekile, ngayinye enemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile nezindawo ezihlukahlukene.

Ohulumeni bamasifunda bachazwa njengohulumeni abaphethe izinjongo ezivamile abasiza ezindaweni ezibanzi ezivame ukuhlanganisa omasipala nezifunda ezikhethekile. E-United States, izifundakazi zinezinombolo ezihlukene emazweni athile. ELouisiana, zibizwa ngokuthi amasifunda amasonto nase-Alaska, zibizwa ngokuthi ama-borough. Ama-Counia avame ukusebenza njengezikhali zokuqondisa uhulumeni kuyilapho futhi enikeza izinkonzo eziqondile ezakhamuzini.

Ohulumeni bachazwa njengedolobha, idolobhana noma idolobhana elinezikhundla zezebhizinisi nohulumeni wendawo. La mazwe ngokuvamile anenkululeko enkulu kunasekunqumeni izakhiwo zawo siqu nezimiso. Ohulumeni bagxila ekunikezeni izinkonzo ezikhungweni zomphakathi ezigcwele futhi ngokuvamile basebenzelana ngokuqondile nezakhamuzi ngezindaba zosuku nosuku.

Izifunda ezikhethekile zinohulumeni abazimele abanezinjongo ezilinganiselwe ngokuvamile ezigxila ekwakheni okuthile okunjengamanzi nendle.

Imikhumbi Nezikhundla Zikahulumeni Wendawo

Ukuhlolwa kweUN Women kwathola ukuthi emazweni angu-111 anohulumeni wendawo, amaphesenti angu-48 anezinhlu ezimbili, angu-3% anezitezi ezintathu, angu-15% anezitezi ezintathu, kanti angu-3% anezinhlalo ezine. Lokhu kuveza izindlela ezihlukene zokulinganisela ukuzimela kwendawo ngokusebenza nokubambisana.

Iqembu likahulumeni wendawo lihlanganisa indikimba ehlukanisayo (inqunywe noma inqunywe), ngokuvamile ekhethwa nge-athomo yembulunga yonke, enamandla okwenza izinqumo, kuhlanganise nekhono lokuphikisa ngemithetho, ezicini zendawo zezindaba zomphakathi, nendikimba ephetheyo, ekhethwe noma enqunywe, njengekomiti ephethe noma umphathi we-meya olungisa futhi enze izinqumo ezenziwa yindikimba ekhubazekayo. Lesi sakhiwo esimbaxa-mbili semisebenzi yezemithetho nezezikhulu sivamile ezisezimisweni eziningi zikahulumeni zendawo emhlabeni wonke.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zikahulumeni Kahulumeni

Phakathi kwesigaba sikamasipala, kuye kwavela izinhlobo eziningana ezihlukene zikahulumeni, ngamunye unezigaba ezihlukene zamandla nomthwalo wemfanelo phakathi kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe nabaphathi abangochwepheshe.

Ifomethi yeMayor-Council

Imeya-council yombuso inguhlobo lokuqala lukahulumeni kamasipala e-United States, lapho umphathi we-meya esebenza khona njengomphathi wemisebenzi yansuku zonke nokuphathwa kukahulumeni. Lendlela ingahlukaniswa ngokuqhubekayo ibe "imeya enamandla" ne-"meya ebuthakathaka", kuye ngesilinganiso segunya lokuphatha elinikwe umphathi-maya.

Ezimisweni zemeya eziqinile, imeya inegunya elikhulu ekulungiseleleni imali, ekumiseni iziphathi zemishini, nasekulawuleni izinqumo zomkhandlu. Ezimisweni zemeya ezibuthakathaka, amandla okubusa asakazwa kakhulu phakathi komkhandlu, ngokuyinhloko umphathi wedolobha esebenza njengesikhulu sezemikhosi nesikhulu somkhandlu.

Isimo somphathi-Mkhandlu

Ohulumeni banezakhiwo eziyisihlanu eziyinhloko: i-Mayor-Council, i-Mayor-Council, iKhomishane, uMhlangano weTologu noMhlangano woMmeleli we-Dawula. Isakhiwo somkhandlu-Makameli simelela ukusuka okuphawulekayo kwesibonelo sendabuko semeya ye-conuncil ngokungenisa abaphathi abangochwepheshe kuhulumeni wendawo.

Umphathi-meya (noma umphathi wedolobha lomkhandlu-mantshi) ungumphathi omkhulu wenhlangano, obekwe icala lokufeza izinqubo ezimiswe umkhandlu, eqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yendawo iyaphoqelelwa, futhi aqondise imisebenzi yezinhlangano zosuku lonke, kuhlanganise nokuqondisa zonke izikhulu ezimisayo nezisebenzi ekufezeni imisebenzi yazo engokomthetho. Ezimisweni zomkhandlu wezikhulu, umkhandlu okhethiwe umisa umthetho kuyilapho umphathi wedolobha oqeqeshiwe ephethe imisebenzi yokuphatha.

Indlela Yomhlangano Wasedolobheni

Ukuhlangana kwedolobha nohlobo lukahulumeni ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengohlobo olumsulwa lwentando yeningi, ngoba kuvumela bonke abavoti abafanelekayo ukuba babe nezwi ezinqumweni zesimiso sendawo, nakuba kwenziwa cishe ngamaphesenti amahlanu kuphela omasipala. Loluhlobo lwentando yeningi eqondile luvame ukutholakala emiphakathini emincane yaseNew England lapho wonke amavota ehlangana khona ngokunengqondo ukuze enze izinqumo zeqembu.

Endleleni yemihlangano yedolobha elimele, abavoti bakhetha inani elikhulu lezakhamuzi ukuba zibamelele emihlanganweni yedolobha, lapho zingavota khona kuphela, futhi lolu hlobo lukahulumeni lutholakala cishe engxenyeni eyodwa yekhulu yamadolobha, cishe kuphela kumasipala amancane, amaNew England. Lokhu kushintsha kuvumela izinzuzo zokuhlangana kwedolobha ukuba kubuswe kuyilapho kuhlalisa abantu abaningi.

Izinhlobo Eziluhlaza Nezizivumelanisa Nesimo

Ukuhlola kwamuva nje kwesakhiwo sikahulumeni kubonisa ukuthi lezizinhlobo zikahulumeni azihlukile kakhulu kunakuqala, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yomkhuba ovamile wokuhlanganisa izici zokwakha ezisuka kwezinye izakhiwo zibe isimo samanje, futhi lokhu kuxubana kubangelwa futhi ukusabela kwendawo ekuhlaseleni kwezenhlalo, inani labantu, nezombangazwe, nezinguquko ezivame kakhulu ezenzeka ezindleleni ezimbili ezivamile, imeya yesakhiwo kanye nomkhandlu we-conuncine.

Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni Wesifunda

Ohulumeni bezigodi, abakhonza izindawo ezibanzi kunomasipala, nabo basebenzisa izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene zenhlangano ukuze balinganisele ukumelela kwabo nokuqondisa okuphumelelayo.

Uhlelo lokusebenza

Ezinye izakhiwo zikahulumeni wesifunda esivamile zihlanganisa isimiso seKhomishoni, isimiso soMkhandlu-Administrator, isimiso soMkhandlu-oMkhandlu noMkhandlu owenziwe nge-Profethi. Isimiso sokukhomba siyisimo esingokwesiko nesisakazeke kakhulu sikahulumeni wesifunda, lapho amakhomishane akhethiwe enza khona kokubili imisebenzi yemithetho nemisebenzi yezikhulu.

Kuhlelo lwe-Choral Commission (uhlelo oluvame kakhulu), izilinganiso zithembele kumphathi wemisebenzi yokuphatha yezinsuku zonke. Lokhu kuhlukile kuzimiso zesimanje ezisebenzisa abaphathi abangochwepheshe ukuze baqondise imisebenzi yesifunda.

Isimiso sokuhlanganisa i-Bhunga

Isimiso soMkhandlu-Administra kulapho umkhandlu okhethiwe umisa khona umphathi wemisebenzi yokuphatha ukuze adale ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla, njengebhodi lenkampani yabaqondisi ne-CEO enkampanini yomphakathi. Lendlela yokuphatha umsebenzi iye yathandwa kakhulu njengoba abaphathi bemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu bethatha imithwalo yenkonzo.

Isimiso sokuqondisa soMkhandlu

Icebo loMkhandlu ogunyaziwe liyilapho abavoti bekhetha khona kokubili umkhandlu nomphathi. Lesimiso sinikeza ukulandisa okuqondile kokubili emagatsheni emithetho nabaphathi be-conorate, okufana nefomu elinamandla lemeya-council elisetshenziswa emadolobheni amaningi.

Isimiso seshadi

I-Los Angeles County inesimiso somthetho we-Charter, uhlobo oluyingqayizivele lukahulumeni lapho i-Board of Superviser iphethe isikhulu, izikhulu zomthetho, nezinye izikhulu zokwahlulela, kanye nezinye izikhulu ezikhethiwe kanye neziholi zesifunda, futhi esimisweni seTshadi, uhulumeni unikeza izinombolo zokulawula okwengeziwe kwendawo nokuvumelana nezimo ekuhleleni ohulumeni bazo. Izifunda zamatshalo zinenkululeko enkulu yokuklama izakhiwo zikahulumeni wawo siqu uma kuqhathaniswa nezilinganiso ezisebenza ngaphansi komthetho wombuso jikelele.

Inqubo Emangalisayo Kuhulumeni Wendawo

Izinqubo nezindlela eziqondile ezisetshenziswayo zingaba nethonya elikhulu kakhulu ekumeleni nasekubuseni kwemibuso ebusayo.

Ukukhetha Isikhathi Nokuphindaphinda

Okhetho bendawo luvame ukuthatha izikhawu zokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulandisa ngezikhathi ezithile kuyenzeka futhi kuvumele ukushintshwa ngokuthula kwegunya. Isikhathi esiqondile siyahluka-hluka ngokwezikhundla nangendlela yokuphatha. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo benza okhetho njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili kuya kwemine, nakuba ezinye izikhundla zingaba nobude obuhlukene.

Amanye amagunya enza ukuba ukhetho lwezwe luvumelane nombuso noma nokhetho lwesizwe ukuze lwandise umvoti, kuyilapho amanye ehlela ngokwahlukana ukuze agxilise ukunakekela ezindabeni zendawo kanye nabazofuna ukuvota. Okhetho ngaphandle kwemishini lunganciphisa ithonya lezwe lezombangazwe ezizweni zendawo kodwa ngokuvamile luphumele ekuthatheni iqhaza eliphansi kumavoti.

Izindlela Nezimiso Zokusakaza

Indlela amavota afakwa ngayo futhi abalwe ngayo ingayithonya kakhulu imiphumela yokhetho nokuhlangenwe nakho kovoti. Izinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zokuvota − ukuvota /ubuningi, iningi, i-conoced, kanye nokumelelwa ngokwesilinganiso, kunikeza izinzuzo eziyingqayizivele nezinselele ezithonya ukuhlanganyela nokwema kwe-odoli.

Ukuzwana

Kubuningi bendlela, ovota kuqala unqoba ukhetho. Lena indlela yokuvota evame kakhulu esetshenziswa kukhetho lwendawo eUnited States. Ngaphansi kobuningi, ovota angawina ngokukhetha okungaphansi kweningi uma inkundla ihlukaniswa nabavoti abaningi.

Nakuba ukuvota ngobuningi kulula futhi kuqondakala, ngezinye izikhathi kungaveza abawini abangameleli lokho okuthandwa iningi labavoti, ikakhulukazi emasimini aminyene nabafuna ukuzuza.

Ukusakazeka Kwezulu

Kusetshenziswa ngokuvamile okhethweni lwendawo, njengemijaho yemeya, ukuvota okuningi kugunyaza ukuba umuntu athole amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu - 50 evoti ukuze anqobe, futhi uma kungekho mnyunyunyu ofinyelela kulomnyango, kwenziwa ukhetho lokuzinyulela. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi owinayo usekelwa kabanzi yivoti.

Isimiso sokubaleka yileso lapho umuntu ongenela ugwayi ethola khona amavoti amaningi ukuba akhethwe, kungaba okhethweni oluphoqelelwe noma ekhonweni lokugcina lokuvota, futhi ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kubhekiselwa kukho njengendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi owinayo kumelwe abe namavoti amaningi.

Ilayisishi elishiwe-Choice

Ukuvota okunezehlo kuvumela abavoti ukuba bahlele izinketho zabo ngokuthanda, futhi uma kungekho mbhalisa okhetha ikhokha eliphezulu, ozokhetha ongonganyelwanga kakhulu uqedwe, futhi amabhola abo awekho awenziwa alondeke kuze kube yilapho oyedwa ocela ukuvota eqongelela iningi. Lendlela iye yathandwa eminyakeni yamuva njengendlela yokuqinisekisa ukusekela okukhulu kuyilapho ukugwema izindleko nobunkimbinkimbi benkomfa yokhetho oluhlukene.

Ukuvota okunemali kuvumela abavoti ukuba baveze izintando zabo ezihlukile futhi kunganciphisa umkhankaso ophambene, njengoba abazofuna ukuvota benogqozi lokunxusa abasekeli babaphikisi babo ukuba bazuze amavoti wesibili.

Ezinye Izindlela Zokusakaza Imikhiqizo

Ngaphansi kokuvota okugunyaziwe, abavoti bangavotela abaningi ngendlela abafisa ngayo, futhi ozovota athole imvume ewinile.

Isimiso esiphezulu esingu-2 sisetshenziswa manje ekukhetheni okuphezulu kwe-cornional ne-tecomenti yezwe eWashington nase California futhi sisetshenziselwa nokhetho ku-Nebraska sishaya-mthetho, i-Alaska manje isebenzisa umehluko ophezulu-4 emahhovisi e-cordional naku-odministration, futhi ama-primes aphezulu asetshenziswa futhi kukhetho lwendawo nekhethekile kulo lonke elase-United States.

I-partisan vs. Ukukhetha okungesi-Partisan

Kungase kube nokhetho lwendawo, kanye nabazothatha i-partinal, lapho abazobhapathizwa bevela khona ebhodini ngaphandle kwedili. Ukhetho olungena-partisan luvamile kumahhovisi kamasipala, amabhodi esikole, nezinye izikhundla zendawo, okusekelwe emfundisweni yokuthi izindaba zendawo zidlula ezombangazwe zeqembu.

Nokho, ngisho nakukhetho olungekho ngxenye ngokomthetho, amaqembu ezombangazwe angafeza indima ethile ngokusekela, ngokusekela umkhankaso, nangokuzilungiselela ukuvota. Ukuphumelela kokhetho olungewona amaqembu ekunciphiseni ithonya lokususa amaqembu kuseyindaba yempikiswano eqhubekayo phakathi kososayensi bezombangazwe nabezokwelapha.

Kubukhulu vs. Ukukhetha kwesifunda

Umkhandlu wedolobha ungakhethwa endaweni enkulu noma engxenyeni eyodwa, noma exubene nezimbili. Okhetho olukhulu lufuna ukuba abazosebenza edolobheni lonke noma esifundeni sonke, kuyilapho ukhetho olusekelwe esifundeni luhlukanisa imingcele yaba sendaweni ethile, indawo ngayinye ikhethe ummeleli wayo.

Kukhetho olukhulu kungakhuthaza abazothatha i-oversity ukuba bacabangele izithakazelo zalo lonke izwe kunokuba bagxile ezindaweni ezithile. Nokho, bangakwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngemiphakathi emincane ebanzi yendawo ukukhetha abameleli bayo abakhethayo. Okhetho lwesigodi lunikeza ukuma okuqondile kwendawo kodwa lungakhuthaza ukulawulwa kwezwe futhi lunciphise ukunaka ezindabeni zokulawula umhlaba wonke.

Indima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yezikhulu Zendawo Eziqanjiwe

Ukuqonda izindima nemithwalo yemfanelo eqondile yezikhundla ezihlukene ezikhethiwe kubalulekile kubo bobabili abavoti abakhetha ngolwazi nezikhulu ezisebenzisa igunya lazo ngokufanele.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

Umkhandlu unamandla okumisa imithetho nezimiso, ngokuvumelana nomthetho wezwe, ukuqondisa izindaba zendawo nomasipala, ngokuvamile ngokumiswa kwezimiso nezinqumo. Leligunya lomthetho limisa umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wemikhandlu ekhethiwe namabhodi.

Amaqumrhu emithetho yendawo anegunya lokuhlela izimali, ukusebenzisa indawo nokulungisa indawo, intela yendawo, izindinganiso zokunikeza inkonzo, nezindaba zokuqondisa. Umkhandlu ugunyazwe ukumisa imithetho elawula izinqubo zawo siqu, kuhlanganise nemihlangano yomphakathi kanye nokuzwa. Le mithetho yemithetho yomthetho isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuba sobala nokuhlanganyela komphakathi ekwenzeni izinqumo zendawo.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

Umphathi-maya/mphathi uphethe ukuqasha nokudubula zonke izikhulu ezimisiwe nezisebenzi, ngaphansi, lapho kusebenza khona, emithethweni ephathelene nenkonzo kahulumeni. Izikhulu eziphethe zinomthwalo wokusebenzisa izinqubo ezimiswe yindikimba yezemithetho futhi ziqondise imisebenzi yohulumeni yosuku lonke.

Ukwehlukana phakathi kwemisebenzi yemithetho nemithetho ephetheyo kubalulekile ekubuseni okuphumelelayo. Ngokuvumelana nokuhlukaniswa kwemfundiso yemibuso, umkhandlu awugunyaziwe ukuphazamisa ukuphatha idolobha noma uhulumeni wedolobha, futhi amalungu omkhandlu angase anganikezi iziyalezo emakhanda eminyango noma kwezinye izisebenzi zezinhlangano.

Izikhundla Ezivamile Ezivezwayo

Ohulumeni bendawo banezikhundla ezihlukahlukene ezikhethiwe, ngayinye enemithwalo yemfanelo eqondile:

• Amalungu oMkhandlu weSikhamu noma aldermen: Isebenza njengendikimba yemithetho kamasipala, ukumisa imithetho, ukuvumela uhlelo lwemali, nokuhlela indlela yokuqondisa umphakathi.
• Imisebenzi ye-Commissiony or shoress: Ibhodi ebusayo yezindawo, ukwengamela izinkonzo zesifundazwe, ukusekela izimali, nokwenza izinqumo zezimiso zezindawo ezingahlanganisiwe nezinkonzo zesifunda.
• Izisebenzi eziphetheyo: zisebenza njengesikhulu esiphethe kumphathi-maduzane wesimiso se-council, noma njengesikhulu semikhosi nesikhulu somkhandlu ezimisweni zomkhandlu. Imithwalo yemfanelo iyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngohlobo lukahulumeni.
• Amalungu ebhodi yezemfundo: Abusa izifunda zendawo, amise uhlelo lwemfundo, agunyaze ukuhlelwa kwemali, abaqashi, futhi aqondise ukuhanjiswa kwezinkonzo zemfundo zomphakathi.
• Ilungu leSigodi seSifunda: Ujonga izinkonzo ezikhethekile njengezindawo zamanzi, izifunda zomlilo, izifunda zemitapo, noma iziphathimandla zezokuthutha, ugxile ekudluliseni inkonzo ethile ezindaweni ezichazweyo.
• Izibalo zeClerks, Treasurers, nenye i-Aleant Office: iphatha imisebenzi ethile yokuphatha enjengezinqumo, amarekhodi empahla, ukuqoqwa kwentela, nezinqubo ezingokomthetho, ukunikeza amasheke nezilinganiso phakathi kukahulumeni wesifundazwe.

Izinkonzo Ezinikezwa Ohulumeni Bendawo

Izinqumo ezenziwa izikhulu zendawo ezazikhethwe zithinta ngokuqondile izinga nezinkonzo ezibalulekile izakhamuzi ezithembele kuzo nsuku zonke.

Izinkonzo Zomasipala Eziyikhorali

Ohulumeni bendawo bahlelekile emphakathini futhi ngokuvamile banemisebenzi emibili eyisisekelo: ukuhlangabezana nezidingo nokuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo yendawo nokunikeza izinkonzo eziyisisekelo zokuvikela ukuphila njengamanzi, indle, imigwaqo, umlilo, amaphoyisa, nezakhamuzi.

Ukunikezwa kwezinkonzo ezakhamuzini zabo kusemqoka kwemisebenzi kahulumeni wendawo, kuhlanganise nezinkonzo ezivamile ezinjengokuphuza amanzi nokuchitha amanzi, ukulahla iminikelo nokuphatha imfucumfucu okuqinile, ukuvikelwa nokuvinjelwa komlilo, ukuthuthwa nokuvinjelwa kwemililo, ukuthutha nokuhamba emigwaqweni, imisebenzi yokuzilibazisa, izenzakalo nemidlalo, imfundo nezikole zomphakathi nezinkonzo zabahluphekile.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi

Amaphoyisa nezomlilo zimelela imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni egxekayo. Izikhulu zendawo ezikhethiwe zinquma amazinga okuxhasa imali, zimise izinqubo zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho nokusabela okuphuthumayo, futhi zengamele ukusebenza kweminyango yokuphepha yomphakathi.

Izinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo, ukulungiselela inhlekelele, nokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo nakho kusezansi kukahulumeni wendawo emikhakheni eminingi. Izikhulu eziqashelwe kumelwe zilinganisele izidingo zokuphepha zomphakathi kanye nezingahleleki ezifunwayo zemali nomphakathi.

Izakhiwo Nemisebenzi Yomphakathi

Ohulumeni bendawo banomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha nokugcina isisekelo esibalulekile kuhlanganise nemigwaqo, amabhuloho, izimiso zamanzi, izimiso zokukhuculula indle, kanye nokuphatha amanzi asesiphephweni. Lezi zinkonzo eziyinhloko zidinga ukuhlelwa isikhathi eside nemithombo yezimali eshisiwe.

Izikhulu eziqaphile zenza izinqumo ezibucayi mayelana nokutshala izakhiwo, ukulungisa izinto eziza kuqala, nokusekela imali. Izinga lezakhiwo zendawo lithinta ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho, inzuzo yempahla, nokuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi.

Ukuhlela Nokuzilungisa

Izwe lisebenzisa imithetho yokuhlela izakhiwo nokuhlela izindlela zokuthuthukisa umphakathi. Izikhulu zendawo ezikhethiwe zivumela izinguquko ekwakhiweni kwazo, iziteshi ezihlukene, nezivumelwano zokuthuthukisa ezinquma indlela imiphakathi ekhula ngayo futhi ivele ivele.

Lezi zinqumo zilinganisela inzuzo encintisanayo ehlanganisa amalungelo empahla, isimo somphakathi, ukuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile, ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho, nokuhlelwa kwezindlu negunya lokwakha imelela elinye lamagunya abaluleke kakhulu asetshenziswa ohulumeni bendawo.

Amapaki Nokuzijabulisa

Ohulumeni bendawo bathola futhi balondoloze amapaki, basebenzise izikhungo zokuzilibazisa, bahlele amaqoqo emidlalo nezinhlelo futhi banikeze izinkonzo ezingokwesiko.

Izikhulu eziqaphile zinquma ukusekela imali ephambili elungiselelweni lamapaki nezokuzilibazisa, zilinganisele lezinkonzo ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezinye izidingo eziphuthumayo. I-aucception of the windss ingenza umphakathi uphile kahle futhi ube nempahla engcono.

Imfundo

Nakuba izakhiwo zemfundo zihlukahluka, imiphakathi eminingi ikhetha amalungu ebhodi lesikole eqondisa izifunda zendawo.

Imfundo isho ingxenye enkulu kakhulu kahulumeni wendawo echitha imali ezindaweni eziningi. Ukhetho lwebhodi yesikole, nakuba ngokuvamile lungenandawo enkulu, lunemiphumela emikhulu ezingeni lemfundo nasemithonjeni yomphakathi.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho

Ohulumeni bendawo bafeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni intuthuko yezomnotho ngokukhanga kwezebhizinisi nangemizamo yokuzinza, izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa izisebenzi, ukutshala izakhiwo, nezimiso zokuqondisa. Izikhulu eziqaphile zavumela izisusa zentuthuko yezomnotho, ukusungula izimiso zobungane, nokudala izimo zokwakha umsebenzi nokukhula kwezomnotho.

Ukubambisana Kukahulumeni Nezindlela Zokuxhumana Nezindawo

Ukubusa kwendawo kwanamuhla kuhilela ukubambisana ngokuqhubekayo ngalé kwemingcele elawulayo ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele zesifunda futhi kufinyelele izinga lezomnotho.

Izivumelwano Zenkonzo Ezihlangene

Izinkonzo ezivamile ezihlanganyelwayo/ezihanjwayo cishe zihlanganisa zonke izinkonzo zendawo: amajele/izinkonzo zokulahla indle, ukuhlanzwa kwendle, ukuhlaziywa kwentela, ukulawulwa kwezilwane, ukulahlwa kwamanzi, ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu eqinile, ukusetshenziswa kwentela, ukuhlelwa kwentela, imitapo, ukucishwa kwemitapo, ukukhishwa komlilo, ukugcinwa kwemililo yezokwelapha, ukulawulwa kwezilwane nezindawo zokuzilibazisa, kanye nokufakwa kwezimpawu zezimpawu zezimoto/indawo yomgwaqo.

Lamalungiselelo okubambisana avumela imibuso emincane ukuba ikwazi ukungena ezinkonzo ngokunenzuzo engenakuzilungiselela, kuyilapho enza ukuba imibuso emikhulu ifinyelele ezomnotho.

Izinhlangano Zokuhlela Izifunda

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zendawo e-U.S. zivame ukwakha "izikhawu zohulumeni", "imikhandlu yesifunda se-metropolitan", noma "izinhlangano zohulumeni" ezisebenza njengezinhlangano zokuhlela zesifunda futhi njenge-unum ezidingida izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu zendawo, kodwa ngokuvamile azinamandla ahlobene namalungu azo.

Lezi zindikimba zendawo zisiza ekuxhumaneni kwezimo zokuhamba, ukuvikela imvelo, nokuthuthuka kwezomnotho okudlula imingcele kamasipala nezifunda, nakuba ngokuvamile zingenalo igunya lokuqondisa ngokuqondile.

Ukuqinisa Nokuhlanganisa

Inani elincane lokuhlanganiswa kwezindawo zedolobha liye lahlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi kahulumeni wendawo yaba i-Miami-Dade County eyodwa, Florida; i-Nashville-Davidson County, iTennessee; iSan Francisco City nesifundazwe saseCalifornia; iPhiladelphia City nesifundazwe, iPennsylvania; futhi, muva nje, iLouisville-Jefferson County, eKentucky.

Kunzima ukufinyelela lezi zinqumo ngisho noma zingase ziholele ekusebenziseni inkonzo eminingi ngoba ziphikisana ngezombangazwe futhi zisongela izikhulu zendawo, futhi ngaleyondlela zingezwakali kakhulu kwezombangazwe kunokulungisa izakhiwo.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kukahulumeni Wendawo NoMbuso

Ukuqonda ubuhlobo obungokomthetho phakathi kohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni bendawo kubalulekile ekuqondeni izinga nemingcele yeziphathimandla zendawo.

Ukubusa kuka-Dillon

Ngokungafani nobuhlobo bombuso wombuso obukhona phakathi kukahulumeni wase-U.S. nemibuso (lapho kugunyazwa khona), ohulumeni bakamasipala abanawo amandla angaphezu kwalawo abawanikezwa yimibuso yabo, futhi lemfundiso engokomthetho, ebizwa ngokuthi iDillon’s Rule, yamiswa uMahluleli uJohn Forrest Dillon ngo - 1872.

Ngaphansi koBusa bukaDillon, ohulumeni bendawo bayizidalwa zikahulumeni futhi banalawomandla anikezwa ngokuqondile umthetho kazwelonke, ashiwo emandleni agunyaziwe, noma abalulekile ekumemezeleni izinjongo. Lemfundiso icindezela kakhulu inkululeko yendawo ezizweni eziningi.

Ukubusa Kwasekhaya

Lapho idolobha selifinyelela ku - 5 000 enanini labantu, lingase lithumele isicelo sokubhala ifomu lokubumba u "idolobha" futhi lisebenze ngaphansi kokubusa kwasekhaya futhi lingase likhethe uhlobo lwalo lukahulumeni, kuyilapho kungenjalo lelidolobha lisebenza ngaphansi komthetho ovamile onalawomandla agunyazwe uMbuso kuphela.

Amalungiselelo okubusa ekhaya emithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni anikeza ohulumeni bendawo inkululeko enkulu yokusingatha izindaba zendawo ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni. Izinga lombuso wokubusa ekhaya lihluka kakhulu phakathi kwezifundazwe, ezinye zinikeza amandla abanzi kanti ezinye zinikeza izindlela ezivimbela ngokwengeziwe.

IMibuliso KaHulumeni Nentengo

Ngokuvamile ohulumeni boMbuso banikeza iziqondiso kohulumeni bendawo, befuna ukuba banikeze izinkonzo ezithile noma bahlangabezane nezindinganiso ezithile, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphandle kokunikeza imali eyanele. Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zingase zilahle igunya lendawo ezicini ezithile zesimiso, zivimbele ohulumeni bendawo ukuba baqondise izindaba ezithile.

Ukungezwani phakathi kokulawula kwezwe nokuzibusa kwendawo kuseyinkinga engapheli ebuhlotsheni bohulumeni, nezimpikiswano zokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kokuvumelana kwezwe nokuvumelana kwendawo.

Ukuhlanganyela Nesibhamu

Ukubusa ngentando yeningi okuphumelelayo endaweni kuxhomeke ezakhamuzini ezinolwazi futhi ezihlanganyela okhethweni nasezinqubweni zokubusa.

Izinselele Zokukhetha Kwendawo

Uvoter ungena okhethweni lwendawo ngokuvamile uthatha isinyathelo esiphawulekayo ekuhlanganyeleni ekukhetheni uhulumeni nombuso. Izici eziningi zinezela ekunciphiseni ukuphuma zihlanganisa nokungasaphathwa kakhulu kwemithombo yezindaba, ukuncishiswa kwemali esetshenziselwe umkhankaso, ukukhathala kwamavoti ngenxa yokhetho oluvamile, futhi ukuqashelwa komphakathi izindaba zendawo kanye nabazobhapathizwa.

Uma ucima kukhetho lwezibhakela, oluthathwa ngokwehlukana nempi yezwe nezwe, luvame ukubona i-partiod ephansi kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ezinomboloni eyodwa zokhetho olukhethekile lwesifunda. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokumelelwa kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe ezikhethwe ngezingxenyana ezincane ze-votated efanelekayo.

Ukwanda Kwesikhathi Somsebenzi

Amasu ahlukahlukene angathuthukisa ukuthembisana komphakathi ngohulumeni wendawo kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zemfundo zabavoti, izikhungo zokuvota, ukuhlaziywa kwezindaba okuthuthukisiwe kwezindaba zendawo, ukwenza ukubhaliswa kwabavoti kube lula, ukuvota nokuvota kwandisa ukuvota ngokushesha, nokumiswa kwezinsuku zokhetho ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhathala kwabavoti.

Amathuluzi emishini nemithombo yezokuxhumana kunikeza amathuba amasha ohulumeni bendawo okuxhumana nezakhamuzi kanye nezakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele nezikhulu ezikhethiwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Kungaphezu Kokujabula

Ukuthembisana okuphumelelayo kwezakhamuzi akuhlanganisi nje ukuvota ukuba khona emihlanganweni yomphakathi, ukuhlanganyela emabhodini agunyaza ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukuhileleka ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi nokuthembisana ekuhleleni umphakathi.

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo baye bamisa izimiso ezihleliwe zokwaziswa komphakathi kuhlanganise namakomiti okuqondisa izakhamuzi, izinqubo zokuhlela uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, kanye nama-prom yomphakathi. Lamathuba avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithonye izinqumo zemithetho phakathi nokhetho futhi zinikeze iziphakamiso eziwusizo ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Kuhulumeni Wendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo babhekana nezinselele eziningi ekhulwini lama - 21 ezivivinya izakhiwo ezingokwesiko zokubusa futhi ezidinga izindlela ezintsha zokuzilawula.

Izinqamu

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo basebenza ngaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu ngenxa yemithombo yemali elinganiselwe, intela elinganiselwe nezindleko zikahulumeni, imiyalelo engagunyaziwe, izindleko ezikhuphukayo zezisebenzi nezinkonzo, kanye nokugcinwa kwezakhiwo zezezimali. Lamandla anzima alawula izinga lenkonzo nezinto eziza kuqala.

Umqedazwe we -COVID - 19 wabangela ukucindezeleka okwengeziwe kohulumeni abaningi bendawo ngezimali ezincishisiwe nangezindleko ezengeziwe, okuqokomisa ukuwohloka kwezimali zendawo ngenxa yokuwohloka kwezomnotho.

Izinguquko Zesimo Somzimba

Ukwenyuka kwenani labantu kuhlanganise nokuguga, ukuhlukahluka, nokushintsha kwezakhiwo zekhaya kudinga ukuba ohulumeni bendawo bavumelane nezinkonzo nokulawula. Ukuveza ukuhlelwa kwenani nokuthunyelwa kwemisebenzi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kuletha izinselele eziqhubekayo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokuzinza

Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe benze izimiso zobuchwepheshe zanamuhla zithuthukise ukuthunyelwa kwemisebenzi nokusebenza kahle kuyilapho bevikela ekusongelwani nge - Internet.

Izindaba zokuhlukanisa ngezinombolo zithinta kokubili ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo nokuhlanganyelwa kwemisebenzi yomphakathi, njengoba kungezona zonke izakhamuzi ezikwaziyo ukuthola izinkonzo nemininingwane etholakala kuyi - Internet.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokuzibamba

Ohulumeni bendawo babhekana ngokuqhubekayo nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okuhlanganisa izenzakalo zezulu ezimbi, ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle, isomiso, nengozi yomlilo. Ukwakha izakhiwo kudinga ukutshala imali nokuhlela isikhathi eside, ngokuvamile okungaphezu kwamandla ombuso ngamunye.

Ukungabi Nangozi Kwezindlu

Imiphakathi eminingi ibhekene nezinkinga zezindlu eziqinile zokuhlala lapho ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe balungise izinguquko ezikhona, izimiso zezindlu ezibizayo, nezimiso zezindawo.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokubusa Kwendawo

Ukucwaninga nokuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwaveza imikhuba eminingana ebangela ukuba uhulumeni wendawo aphumelele nokulandisa ngentando yeningi.

Ukubona Ingaphandle Nokuvula Kukahulumeni

Imisebenzi kahulumeni evezayo yakha ukwethembana komphakathi futhi ilula ukulandisa. Imisebenzi engcono kakhulu ihlanganisa amarekhodi omphakathi afinyelelekayo, ukugcinwa nokugcinwa kwemihlangano yomphakathi, ukuxhumana okucacile nokufike ngesikhathi ngezinqumo zikahulumeni, ukudalulwa kokwaziswa, kanye namawebhusayithi kahulumeni anobungane.

Ukuhlela Okuhlelekile

Ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo isikhathi eside kusiza ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bahlele izinto eziza kuqala, bahlele imithombo yengcebo ngokuphumelelayo, futhi bathuthukise intuthuko ekwakheni imigomo yomphakathi. Izakhamuzi ezihlelayo ezihlelayo zithuthukisa ukuthenga futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi amapulani abonisa izindinganiso zomphakathi.

Ukulinganiswa Kwemisebenzi

Isilinganiso esiqinile somsebenzi wokuhambisa umsebenzi senza ukuba imininingwane efakwayo ikwazi ukwenza izinqumo nokulandisa. Imishini yokunyathelisa ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuphumelela kukahulumeni nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba zibone izindawo ezingathuthukisa kuzo.

Ukuphathwa Kwezingcweti

Ukusebenzisa abaphathi abaqeqeshiwe ukuba balawule imisebenzi yansuku zonke kuvumela izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba zigxile ekwenzeni isimiso kuyilapho ziqinisekisa ukubulawa ngekhono. Izinhlangano zabaphathi bamakhono zinikeza ukuqeqeshwa, ukujwayeza okuhle, kanye nezindinganiso zokuziphatha kubaphathi bakahulumeni bendawo.

Ukubusa Okunethonya Elikhulu

Ukuhlanganyela ababambene nezinkinga ezihlukahlukene nokwenza izinqumo kungaveza imiphumela engcono nokusekela komphakathi okuqinile. Ukuthatha izinhlelo ezibanzi kuyaqaphela ukuthi uhulumeni kuphela ngeke axazulule izinselele zomphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ikusasa Lokukhethwa Nokubuswa Kukahulumeni Wendawo

Izakhiwo zikahulumeni wendawo nezinqubo zokuvota kuyaqhubeka kuguquka ngenxa yezimo ezishintshayo nezinselele ezivelayo.

Izinguquko Ezibalulekile

Kuqhubeka ukuhlola ezinye izindlela zokuvota, kuhlanganise nokuvota okunesikhundla esiphezulu nokuvuma ukuvota, kungase kuqale ukuveza indlela okhetho lwendawo olusebenza ngayo. Lezinguquko zizimisele ukwandisa ukwaneliseka kovoti, ukunciphisa umkhankaso ophambene, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zisekelwa kabanzi.

Imizamo yokwandisa umvoti ngokuvota iposi, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni nokubhaliswa kosuku olufanayo iyaqhubeka ishintsha. Ubuchwepheshe bungenza izindlela ezintsha zokuvota, nakuba ukuphepha nokuthola imvume kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela.

Izinqubo Zokwakha

Eminye imiphakathi ihlola izakhiwo ezintsha ezibonisa kangcono izidingo zanamuhla, kuhlanganise nezindlela zezifunda zokuhambisa inkonzo, ukuthuthukisa ukubambisana kohulumeni, nezinhlobo zikahulumeni ezithuthukisiwe ezihlanganisa abantu abavamile.

Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Ngezinombolo

Ubuchwepheshe bungenza abantu bahlanganyele ngentando yeningi ngezimiso zomphakathi zokuphawula, amahholo asemadolobheni asebenzisa izinombolo, amapulatifomu okuhlela imali yokusebenzisa imali nokuthuthukisa indlela yokuthola ukwaziswa kukahulumeni.

Ukulingana Nokuhlangana

Ukunakwa okukhulayo kokulingana nokufakwa kuhulumeni wendawo kugxile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi wonke amalungu omphakathi anezinkonzo ezikhona ezibusayo nezitholakalayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlola izimiso zokukhetha, izinqubo zokuhlela nokuhambisa inkonzo ngelens elinganayo.

Imithombo Yezinto Ezidingekayo Ukuze Sifunde Okwengeziwe Ngohulumeni Wendawo

Izakhamuzi zinesithakazelo sokujulisa ukuqonda kwazo uhulumeni wendawo futhi zihileleke ngokwengeziwe ziyakwazi ukuthola izinto eziningi.

Abangane Abangochwepheshe

Izinhlangano ezinjenge- iNational League of Cities, International City/Coverty Management Association, National Association of Counties, nezinhlangano zikamasipala zinikeza ukucwaninga, ukuqeqesha, nokwaziswa ngohulumeni wendawo. Lezizinhlangano zivame ukunyathelisa imibiko, ukuhlola, nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuqondisa ezitholakala emphakathini.

AmaWebhusayithi Kahulumeni namadokhumende

Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni wendawo anikeza izinqumo zemihlangano nemizuzu, uhlelo lokuhlela, izimiso, amapulani ahlanganisa yonke imininingwane yezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Amazwe amaningi manje angena noma avula ividiyo yemihlangano yomphakathi, avumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele uhulumeni usebenza.

Izikhungo Zokufundiswa Nokucwaninga

Imisebenzi engekho nezindawo zokucwaninga zihlola uhulumeni wendawo futhi zinyathelisa okutholwe ukuphumelela kokubusa, kwezimiso zokuvota, nesimiso somphakathi. Lemithombo inganikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngendlela uhulumeni wendawo asebenza ngayo nobufakazi bokuthi iziphi izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu.

Imithombo yezindaba yendawo

Naphezu kwezinselele ezibhekene namaphephandaba endawo, amaphephandaba, iziteshi zethelevishini, neziteshi zezindaba eziwumshini zisaqhubeka zihlanganisa uhulumeni wendawo.

Izinhlangano Zomphakathi

Izinhlangano ze - pic, izinhlangano zomphakathi namaqembu okukhokha izimvume ngokuvamile zinikeza ukwaziswa ngohulumeni wendawo namathuba okuthembisana.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Uhulumeni Wendawo

Izakhiwo zikahulumeni wendawo nokhetho zakha isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi emiphakathini emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni bendawo abahlelwe ngayo, indlela okhetho abasebenza ngayo, nezindima ezithathwa izikhulu ezizozifezayo kunikeza izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni komphakathi. Izinqumo ezenziwa izikhulu zendawo ezikhethiwe zithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngezinkonzo ezizenzayo, izimiso ezizenzayo nezinto eziza kuqala ezizakhele zona.

Njengoba ohulumeni bendawo bebhekana nezinselele ezihlanganisa ukuvinjelwa kwenani labantu, ushintsho lwenani labantu, ukuphazamiseka kwezobuchwepheshe, nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izakhamuzi ezinolwazi nezithembisene kuba okubaluleke nakakhulu. Ngokuqonda izakhiwo zikahulumeni wendawo nokuhlanganyela okhethweni, izakhamuzi zingasiza imiphakathi esabelayo, ephumelelayo, nengalingani.

Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zohulumeni bendawo zibonisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulinganisela ukumelelwa, ukusebenza kahle, nokulandisa. Akukho sakhiwo esisebenza kangcono kuyo yonke imiphakathi, futhi amagunya amaningi ayaqhubeka evumelanisa amalungiselelo awo okubusa ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo ezishintshayo. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kubonisa amandla entando yeningi yendawo nokubaluleka kokubopha izakhamuzi ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokhetho, ngokuya emihlanganweni yomphakathi, ngokusebenza emabhodini okuhlola, noma ngokumane nje athole ulwazi ngezindaba zendawo, wonke umuntu unezingxenye ezikhona angahlanganyela ekubuseni kwendawo. Lokhu kuhlanganyela kuqinisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi, kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni, futhi kwakha imiphakathi eqinile. Ukuqonda izakhiwo zikahulumeni zendawo ngokhetho akusona nje isisekelo semfundo kodwa isisekelo esiwusizo sokuthembisana izakhamuzi nomphakathi.

Kulabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngohulumeni wendawo, isiqalo esingcono kakhulu ngokuvamile ingosi kahulumeni wendawo, enikeza ukwaziswa ngezikhulu ezikhethiwe, izimiso zomhlangano, nendlela yokuhileleka. Ukuya emkhandlwini wedolobha noma ibhodi lesifunda kunikeza ukuqonda komuntu siqu ukuthi uhulumeni wendawo usebenza kanjani kanye nezimpikiswano ezibhekene nomphakathi. Ukuzama ukukhetha izikhulu ngemibuzo noma izinkathazo kusiza ukuba zikwazi ukwakha ukuxhumana futhi zibonise ukufinyelela kukahulumeni wendawo.

Njengezinga likahulumeni oseduze kakhulu nabantu, uhulumeni wendawo unikeza amathuba aqondile ethonya lezakhamuzi nokuhlanganyela. Ngokuqonda indlela lezi zikhungo ezihlelwe ngayo nendlela zokuhlela, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokuphumelela kakhulu nohulumeni wazo futhi zibe neqhaza empumelelweni yemiphakathi yazo. Ukuzinikezela kwesikhathi nomzamo wokuqonda uhulumeni wendawo kuletha inzuzo ezinkonzweni ezingcono, ukubusa okusheshayo, nezinhlangano zentando yeningi ezinamandla.