Esimisweni sezombangazwe saseMelika, zimbalwa izinhlangano ezibumba ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi ngokuqondile kunamaqembu ezombangazwe. Kusukela ekukhethweni kukamongameli kuze kufike eqenjini lesikole lendawo, amaqembu anikeza uhlelo lokuhlela oluguqula izintando zomuntu ngamunye zibe yizenzo ezihlangene. Nakuba abafuna ukubhaliswa kanye nabaphethe beyaleza, kuyisimo seqembu elibafaka imvume, imikhankaso yezimali, futhi lisho iziteji ezichaza izinqumo zabavoti. Ukuqonda ukuthi amaqembu ezombangazwe asebenza kanjani abalulekile kunoma yisiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukungenela embusweni sentando yeningi futhi agcina abaholi benecala.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uchaza ukuthi ungumuntu ongowezinga lokudla, okhululekile, onakekela intela, noma okunye okuphelele, imishini yezombangazwe zeqembu ithonya yonke into kusukela ekushintsheni kwezempilo kuya esimisweni sentela kuya ekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile. Lesi sihloko sihlola incazelo, izindima, umlando, isimo sokuhlelwa kwenhlangano, izinselele, nokubaluleka okuvezayo kwamaqembu ezombangazwe ezombangazwe eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi, igxile ekusizeni abafundi babe abahlanganyeli abanolwazi ngokwengeziwe enqubweni yezombangazwe.

Iyini Imikhosi Yezombangazwe?

Iqembu lezombangazwe liyiqembu elihleliwe labantu abahlanganyela iqoqo elifanayo lezindinganiso, imigomo, kanye nemiqondo ngendlela uhulumeni okufanele usebenze ngayo. Amadili ajoyinwa futhi athathwe ehhovisi lomphakathi, umkhankaso wokunqoba ukhetho, futhi abese esebenzela ukusebenzisa izinqubo zawo ezihleliwe zamandla. E-United States, amaqembu amabili ayinhloko ayi- i-DEmocratic Party [ ne-[FLT]Republican Par , kodwa izinhlangano ezincane ezibizwa njalo izigaba zesithathu ze-[FLT] futhi zibizwa ngomncintiswano nokhetho.

Izindawo zemidlalo zihlukile emaqenjini enzalo noma amakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe (PAC) ngoba abamelelwa izikhundla futhi bafuna ukulawula izintambo zikahulumeni ngokuqondile. Ngokuphambene, amaqembu anesithakazelo asekela izimbangela ezithile ngaphandle kokuzifunela izithakazelo zawo. Imikhosi futhi ifeza indima eyingqayizivele ekuhlukaniseni izintando zezigidi zezakhamuzi ezisezikhungweni ezizimele, yenza kube lula ukukhetha abavoti.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwezimpi Zezombangazwe ZaseMelika

Abasunguli be-United States babesola amaqembu ezombangazwe. UGeorge Washington waxwayisa “ngemiphumela emibi yomoya weqembu” e-Adirese yakhe yase-Farewell. Kodwa phakathi neminyaka embalwa, kwavela isimiso sokuqala, sifaka amaFederali (kanye ngu-Alexander Hamilton) ngokumelene ne-Democratic-Republicans (kanye kukaThomas Jefferson). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, indawo yeqembu iye yathatha izinguquko eziningana, ngasinye siveza izinguquko ezijulile zezenhlalo nezomnotho.

Isimiso Seqembu Lokuqala Nelesibili

Kusukela kuma-1790 kuya kuma-1820, amaFederalist nama-Democratic-Republican balwa ngombuso kahulumeni, ibhange lesizwe, nenkambiso yangaphandle. AmaFederali awa ngemva kweMpi ka-1812, engenisa “Imizwa Emihle” ngaphansi kwe-Democratic-Republican. Kodwa ekupheleni konyaka wama-1820, izigaba ezintsha, intuthuko yangaphakathi, nobugqila babangela iDidemocratic Party ngaphansi kwe-And Jackson neWhig Party ngaphansi kukaHen Henry Clay. Lenhlangano yesibili yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-1850, lapho umbuzo wobugqilal.

Impi Yangaphakathi Neqembu Lanamuhla LaseRepublic

Kusukela ekuwohlokeni kweWhig Party, iRepublican Party yasungulwa ngo - 1854 njengenhlangano emelene nezigqila. Ngaphansi kuka - Abraham Lincoln, yawina umongameli ngo-1860, yabangela inhlekelele ye-session neMpi Yombango. Ngemva kwempi, amaRepublican abusa ezombangazwe zesizwe amashumi amaningi, kuyilapho amaDemocrat aba iqembu “eliqinile laseNingizimu” futhi, kamuva, i-New Decurementment ngaphansi kuka-Frank Franklin D. Roosevelt. Ukuhlelwa kwanamuhla (ngeqembu elithuthukayo neRepublican Republics njengeqembu elinamasukthe kakhulu, kuyilapho i-Democrat phakathi nekhulu leminyaka lika-19620, igcwele amaLugliselobust of Covin Act ka-19646656, kanye ne-Orces Act ka-19666.

Izindlela Zamuva Zokulungisa Imvelo Nokuzihlaziya

Kusukela kuma 1970, amaqembu aye ahlelwa ngokuvumelana kakhulu ngokwemibono kanye nezindawo. AmaDemocracy aye ahamba eshiyekile ezindabeni zomphakathi nezezomnotho; amaRepublicans aye ahamba ngakwesokudla. Lokhu kuthambekela, ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi ipetransization[, iye yalungisa futhi i-Congress, i-judicariary, ngisho nedesishopurecial. Ngokwe- Ukucwaninga , igebe phakathi kwe-Democrat ne-Riphabliki ngemibuzo yemibono yemibono engokwesilinganiso se-Riphabliki, manje ibuye ihlelwe kakhulu kunanoma yiliphi iphuzu emlandweni wokuhlola kwanamuhla.

Imisebenzi Yemikhosi Yezombangazwe

Ukuqonda lezi zindima kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani amaqembu ezombangazwe ephikelela naphezu kokukhungatheka komphakathi okusakazekile ngenxa yokuvukela umbuso.

Ukubuyisela Nokukhipha Amagama

Ngaphandle kwamaqembu, ukhetho lungaphazamisa. Izinkonzo zifaka abantu abazothatha isikhundla esiphezulu (kusukela emkhandlwini wedolobha lendawo ukuya kudemoniyu,) futhi zinikeza ukuqeqeshwa, ukuqoqa izinhlanganisela, nokusekela komthetho. Zilawula futhi inqubo yokukhipha izithonsi ngeprimens kanye nama-caucuuse, zinikeza abavoti ukukhetha okunenjongo phakathi kwabancinti.

Ukukhetha Ukuhambisa Imali Ngomoya Olula

Abavoti abaningi abanaso isikhathi noma ulwazi lokuhlola isimo sawo wonke umuntu ocela ukuvotelwa kumagazini ngamunye. Amalebula eqembu asebenza njengendlela yokunqamula yokwaziswa. Uma ocela ukuvota ebhacelwa ngaphansi kwefulegi leqembu, abavoti bangasho ngokunengqondo ifilosofi evamile nesimiso. Lokhu kunciphisa umthwalo wokuqonda wokuvota futhi kwandise ukuvota.

3. Ukuhlela Uhulumeni

Esimisweni samagunya ahlukene, amaqembu asiza ekuqondiseni ukuhlangana kwamagatsha aphetheyo nawabezimthetho. UMongameli namalungu eSishayamthetho ahlanganyelayo ngokuvamile bayabambisana ekudluliseleni umthetho, baqinisekise abamisiwe, futhi bamise uhlelo lwesizwe. Iqembu elikhulu egumbini ngalinye leSishaya-mthetho likhetha izihlalo zamakomiti, lilawula isimiso sobuso, futhi lihlela izikweleti ezithola ukuvota.

4. Izinqubo Zokusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Somthetho Esathuthuka

Njalo eminyakeni emine, amaDemocrates namaRepublicans ahlela iziteshi ezinemininingwane eminingi ebeka imigomo yawo yezimiso kuzo zonke izinto kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo kuya ekushintsheni isimo sezulu kuya ekulondekeni kwesizwe. La mapulatifomu awayona imithetho ebophayo, kodwa aphawula izinto eziza kuqala neziqondiso zomthetho. Anikeza futhi isisekelo sokubeka izikhulu ezikhethiwe isibopho sokulandisa: uma umbuthano uthembisa into ethile futhi wenza enye, abavoti bangawujezisa ebhokisini le-boloti.

Ukuthumba Izimoto

Izindawo zinikela kakhulu emizamweni yokuphuma eqhweni (GOTV), kuhlanganise nokulayishwa kweminyango engaphakathi, ukugcinwa kocingo, ukuthunyelwa kweposi okuqondile, nokukhangisa ngemishini. Zifundisa izakhamuzi ngezikhathi zokubhaliswa, izindawo zokuhlola, nezindaba eziyinhloko. Lokhu kuhlongoza kubaluleke kakhulu emaqenjini anciphile ngokomlando, njengasentsha nemiphakathi emincane.

Ukunikeza Ukuphikiswa Nokulandisa

Kuyintando yeningi enempilo, iqembu eliphumayo egunyeni lisebenza njengokuphikiswa okuqotho, lihlola izenzo zeningi futhi linikeza ezinye izinqubo. Lendima egunyaziwe iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zezimiso ziphikiswana obala nokuthi iningi alinakwenza ngaphandle kokugxekwa. Linikeza abavoti enye indlela ecacile yokukhetha.

Inhlangano Yeqembu: Ukusuka Ekubeni Isikhulu Sasekomitini Yesizwe

Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kusisiza ukuba sichaze ukuthi kungani amaqembu ezombusazwe ekhuluma ngendlela ehlukile kuye ngokuthi sikuphi isimo.

Imikhosi Yezindawo Neyesifunda

Izinga eliphambili lenhlangano liyikomiti yesifunda noma yesifundazwe. Lamaqembu endawo ajoyina abazofuna amahhovisi kamasipala namasifundazwe, abamenywa bahlangana nezenzakalo, futhi baqoqa izisebenzi zokuzithandela phakathi nokhetho. Ngokuvamile ziyisici sokuqala sokuxhumana nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuhileleka kwezombangazwe.

Imikhosi Kahulumeni

Umbuso ngamunye unekomiti eyinhloko ehlela imikhankaso yamahhovisi kazwelonke (isikhulu, isishaya - mthetho, ummeli omkhulu) futhi uphatha abameleli bombuso emhlanganweni wezwe. Amaqembu oMbuso futhi afeza indima eyinhloko ekulungiseni imingcele ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu, ukudweba amabalazwe emithetho angahlela ukulingana kwamandla iminyaka eyishumi.

Imikhosi Yesizwe

I-Democratic National Committee (DNC) neRepublican National Committee (RNC) engamele imikhankaso yobumongameli, ukuqoqa izinhlanga ze-constational, nokumisa imithetho yemihlangano yesizwe. Isebenzisa futhi imininingwane eminingi nemisebenzi, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zomvoti eziyinkimbinkimbi. Eminyakeni yamuva, amaqembu esizwe aye aba namandla kakhulu esihlotsheni sezwe namaqembu endawo, ngenxa yeminyango yezezimali nemithombo yezindaba.

Indima Yemihlangano

Njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine, iqembu ngalinye elikhulu liba nomhlangano wesizwe wokumisa ngokusemthethweni umlandeli walo ongumongameli, lamukele isikhulumi seqembu, futhi lihlanganise abathembekile. Nakuba umphumela wokukhishwa kwemijovo ngokuvamile waziwa kusengaphambili ngenxa yemiphumela eyinhloko, imihlangano ibalulekile ukuze kuhlanganiswe leliqembu futhi kuqhutshekwe ngamandla ezindaweni zokukhetha ezivamile.

Imikhosi Yesithathu Nezinhlangano Ezizimele

Nakuba iUnited States inesimiso sokuzivumelanisa esidumaza kakhulu impumelelo yesithathu, amaqembu amancane aye aba nendima ebalulekile emlandweni ekuthuthukiseni izindaba amaqembu amakhulu azishaya indiva. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iQembu LePopulist kuma - 1890 (eliye lasekela abalimi nesimiso sesitimela), iNhlangano Yentuthuko ngo - 1912 (eyakhuthaza inhlalakahle nezokugcinwa kwezenhlalakahle), kanye neGreen Party neLibetarian Par emashumini eminyaka amuva nje.

Izithiyo Zempumelelo Yesithathu 76

Iqembu lesithathu libhekene nezithiyo zokwakha eziwumqansa, kuhlanganise nokhetho oluthatha lonke , imithetho yokungena evimbelayo, ikhishwa ezimpikiswaneni zomongameli, nesimiso sezezimali esivumela imicimbi emisiwe. Ngokwe Libary of Congress, lezici zihlangana ukwenza isithathu se-litracty recationalismstings kunendlela engokoqobo yokulwa. Nokho, amaqembu amathathu angathonya ukuvota ngokukhipha amavoti kusuka emfundweni omkhulu we-Cerress [[FLT][FLT] [ill:3] [icectivesss], leziciends ze-partedss tracystingss 2016.

Ama - candidete Azimele Nezintanjana Ezingafifi

Ngaphezu kwesithathu, inani elandayo labavoti libizwa ngokuthi ama-Independent. Ngokusho kukaGallup, cishe amaphesenti angu-40 amaMelika manje azibona ezimele ngokwezombangazwe, nakuba ngokuvamile encike eqenjini elilodwa elikhulu. Abavoti abazimele, njengo-Angus King of Maine noma Bernie Sanders (oye wazuza isikhundla ngaphandle kwegama elisemthethweni leqembu, kodwa bahlukile ekuveleleni kokubusa kwesimiso sobuhlanga.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezidili Zezombangazwe Namuhla

Naphezu kokuzivumelanisa kwazo, amaqembu ezombangazwe aseMelika abhekana nezinselele eziningana ezingathi sína ezisongela ukuphumelela nokufaneleka kwawo.

Ukwehla Kwelanga Ne - Gridlock

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ukuhlukana kwemibono phakathi kwamaqembu kuye kwanda ngokuphawulekayo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekubeni imvume yokushaya umthetho, ikakhulukazi eSigele, lapho i-banbuster inikeza khona iqembu elincane ikhono lokuvimbela izikweletu eziningi. Ukuhlehla kubhekwa njengokungathembeki abashisekeli beqembu, okwenza kube nzima ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi njengenguquko yokufuduka, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nesikweleti sesizwe.

Ukuncipha Kokwethembana Nokuhlanganyela Kwesivumelwano

Ukwethembela komphakathi emaqenjini ezombangazwe kuye kwancipha kakhulu. Ukuhlola [kungu 2022] kuka- Ukucwaninga kwathola ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angu-17 kuphela amaMelika athi athemba uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba enze okulungile isikhathi esiningi. Izakhamuzi eziningi zinomuzwa wokuthi amaqembu abonwa abantu abacebile abanikelayo nabathakazelelwa ngokukhethekile kunokuba bavoti abavamile.

Ithonya Lemali Neziphakamiso Eziphambili

Ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2010 i-CIIINS [U-United v.FEC, amaqembu angaphandle angaphakamisa futhi achithe imali engenakulinganiswa ekukhangiseni kwezombangazwe. Ama-PAC avame ukuhlangana nabaholi beqembu, kodwa futhi angasunduza abafuna ukubuswa ezikhundleni ezingaphezulu. Lemali eningi iye yajulisa umbono wokuthi isimiso seqembu sobuphini sonakele futhi asisabeli kumaMelika avamile.

Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko Nezinkulumo Ezizeqisayo

Ukhetho oluyinhloko oluphansi luvame ukulawulwa abashisekeli abazinikele kakhulu ngokwemibono, abangasusa izintambo ezikhungethe isikhungo. Lokhu kuye kwaveza inani elikhulu labafuna ukuhlukanisa abazama ukunqoba okhethweni oluvamile, okunezela ngokwengeziwe ekuvuseleleni nasekudumazekeni kovoti.

Ukushintsha Isimiso Seqembu

Izazi nabashisekeli bezinguquko bezakhamuzi baye basikisela izinguquko eziningana ukuze baxazulule izinkinga zokuhlukana, imali, nokuthembana okuphansi.

Ukuvula Imishini Nezimboni Ezivulekile

Izindawo zokuvula zivumela bonke abavoti − ngaphandle komfantu wokubhalisa kweqembu − ukuba bahlanganyele ekukhetheni ama-nomeine. Uvoti (RCV) uvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe izikhundla ezingcono, okunganciphisa ukusekela okuphambene futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi abanqobi banesisekelo esiningi. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengo-Alaska noMaine, kakade seziye zamukela i-RCV yokhetho lukahulumeni, kanye nemiphumela ethembisayo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemikhankaso Yomphakathi

Ukuze kuncishiswe ithonya labanikeli abakhulu, amanye amadolobha nezifundazwe ziye zasungula izinhlelo ezifanayo ezincane. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhwama esihambelanayo saseNew York City sinikeza i-621to291 yeminikelo ngaphansi kuka-R250. Esigabeni sikahulumeni, iNgxoxo ye-Presidential Evolution Campaign, kodwa abanye abazothatha i-accom (njengobama ngo- 2008) baye bakhetha ukukhetha. Ukuthengwa kwemali yomphakathi kungasiza izakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba ziphinde zingene.

Ukuqinisa Imikhosi Yasendaweni

I-patina elithatha indawo ebuyela ezinsimini zotshani ingasiza ekuvuseleleni ukuthembana. Amakomiti eqembu lendawo alula kakhulu kubavoti abavamile futhi angasebenza njengezindawo zokuqeqeshela abazothatha izikhundla eziphezulu kamuva. Ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganyela emakomitini esifunda nakwemibuthano kungavuselela isimo seqembu kusukela phansi.

Indima Yezigigaba Zezombangazwe Ekuphazamiseni Ukuziphatha Kwezimbali

Izindawo zokubhalisa azimane nje zisabele ekukhetheni okuthandwayo − ziwalololonga. Ngemiyalezo, ukukhangisa, nemithombo yezindaba, amaqembu achaza ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano ezibalulekile futhi izingxoxo ezivumelanayo ngezindlela ezisekela uhlangothi lwawo. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu lingase ligcizelele ukukhathazeka kwezomnotho ngonyaka owodwa namasiko kwelinye, kuye ngokuthi imuphi umyalezo osekela isisekelo salo.

Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlukanisa kweqembu kungenye yezilinganiso ezinamandla kakhulu zokukhetha ukuvota .Inkinga, ebizwa ngokuthi “isigaba sokukhetha,” isho ukuthi abavoti ngokuvamile bamukela imibono yesimiso yeqembu labo elikhethiwe kunokuba babe ngomunye umzila. Nakuba lokhu kungalula ukwenza izinqumo, futhi kunengxenye ekunameni nasekwandeni kokungaqondi kahle.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Amadili Asenendaba

Amaqembu ezombangazwe awaphelele neze. Angahlukanisa, abe nobuze, futhi aphuze ukuguqula. Nokho ahlala eyizimoto eziyinhloko izakhamuzi ezihlela ngazo iqoqo ukuze zithonye uhulumeni. i-protoba yamaqembu ezombangazwe e-Melika yentando yeningi yentando yeningi[ ingeyokuthakazelelwa izithakazelo ezididayo, abaholi abajoliswe, okhethweni, futhi banikeze ukulandisa. Ngaphandle kwabo, isimiso singaba nesiphithiphithiphithiphithi futhi singaba yizisulu kakhulu kubantu abacebile noma abaholi abathakazeli abathayo.

Ngokuqonda ukuthi umlando wabo, imisebenzi, ukuhleleka, namaphutha asebenza kanjani, bangahlanganyela nabo ngokuphumelelayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuya emhlanganweni weqembu lendawo, ngokuvota, noma ngokufuna izinguquko eziyinhloko, izakhamuzi zinamandla okuhlela isimiso somcimbi ngokwawo. Ngesikhathi sokungathembani kakhulu nokuncishiswa kwezindawo, isithembiso singaba sibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.