Enkathini ephawulwe ukuhlahla kwezombangazwe, ukungaqiniseki kwezenhlalayenza, nokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe okusheshayo, umbuzo wokuthi yini ehlanganisa ukubusa kwezimiso zokuziphatha awukaze ushiseke kakhulu. Izakhamuzi emhlabeni wonke zifuna abaholi abangalandeli umthetho kuphela kodwa futhi basekele izindinganiso zokuziphatha ezidlula imingcele engokomthetho. Ukubusa kwezesayensi akuyona inhloso engabonakali; ukukhona okungaqinisekile kokuthembana emphakathini, ukuchuma kwezomnotho, nokukhula okuqinile. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso eziyisisekelo zokubusa ngokokuziphatha, sihlola ukuthi kungani zikhomba izinselele eziphikelelayo, futhi zinikeza amasu asebenzayo okufeza imisebenzi. Ngokuqonda nasebenzisa lezizimiso, izinhlangano zingasondela eduze nenkolelo yesikhathi esizayo engoko yentando yentando yeningi.

Kuyini Ukubusa Kwezimiso Zokuhle?

Ukubusa kwe-Ethical kubhekisele ekusebenziseni izimiso zokuziphatha ekusebenziseni amandla, igunya, nasekwenzeni izinqumo ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi. Kudlulela ngalé kokulalela nje imithetho nezimiso ukuhlanganisa ukuzinikela ethembekweni, ekuthembekeni, ekuhlulekeni, nasekuphatheni okuhle komphakathi. Empeleni, ukubusa kwezimiso kucela abaholi nezinhlangano ukuba bangaphenduli nje kuphela "Lokhu kungokomthetho? kodwa futhi "Ingabe lokhu kulungile?" Lomehluko: isinqumo singavunyelwa ngokomthetho kodwa singaba okungabazeki, kunciphe ithemba lomphakathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ngokwe-Philosophy, ukubusa kwezimiso zokuziphatha kuthathwa emasikweni ahlukene , kusukela ku-Kantian deontology, egcizelela umsebenzi nemithetho yokuziphatha yendawo yonke, kukuziphatha okunobunzima benani elikhulu, ebuhleni, obugxila ebuntwini bomenzi wesinqumo. Ngokwesiko, kudinga ukulinganisela okuntekenteke phakathi kwamanani aphikisanayo: ukuphumelela ngokulinganayo kanye nokulingana, iningi lizophikisana namalungelo amancane, kanye nempumelelo emfushane ehambisana nesilinganiso eside. Amapulani anamuhla, njengalawo akhuliswa [FLT] [KO] [FLD], kuhlanganisa lemisuka efilosofi ngokwezimiso ezisebenzayo zezikhulu.

Izimiso Zokubusa Kwamakhoba

Nakuba imiphakathi ehlukahlukene igcizelela izindinganiso ezingafani, kuye kwavunyelaniswa izimiso eziningana eziyisisekelo, lezi zimiso zisebenza njengekhampasi yokuziphatha kwabaholi bazo zonke izigaba zohulumeni.

Ikhasi lokulandisa

Ukulandisa kusho ukuthi abaholi nezinhlangano zizakulandisa ngezenzo zabo, izinqumo, nemiphumela eziyenzayo. Zinezici ezimbili: isibopho (isibopho sokuchaza nokuthethelela izinqumo) nokuphoqelelwa (ikhono lokubeka izijeziso ngephutha noma ukuziphatha okubi). Ukulandisa okuphumelelayo kudinga imithetho ecacile, izinqubo ezicacile, kanye nemikhakha yokuqondisa ezimele njengezisebenzi ezihlola amahhovisi, nezimiso zokuziphatha. Ngaphandle kokulandisa, amandla aba yizenzisa futhi anciphe.

Ubuqotho

Ubuqotho buhilela ukunamathela ezimisweni zokuziphatha, ngisho noma kungekho muntu ozibukelayo. Kubaphathi bomphakathi, ubuqotho busho ukugwema izingxabano zesithakazelo, ukwenqaba ukufumbathisa, nokulondoloza ukwethembeka kuzo zonke izingcingo. Kudinga futhi ukuba abaholi bangasebenzisi isikhundla sabo ukuze bazuze bona siqu. Imithetho elandelwayo ye-International [ Ikhompucultures Perceptions Index ibonisa njalo ukuthi izinga eliphakeme lobuqotho lihambisana nezinhlangano zentando yeningi nesakhamuzi esiqinile.

Ubulungisa Nokungakhethi

Ukulunga kudinga ukuba izinqumo zokubusa zenziwe ngaphandle kokukhethana, ukucwasana, noma ubandlululo. Lesimiso sidinga ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, ukwabiwa ngokulinganayo kwemithombo, nobulungisa beze-produstions , okusho ukuthi izinqubo zisobala futhi zonke izigaba zinezwi. Ukungakhethi kubaluleke kakhulu ezimisweni zokwahlulela, izinhlangano eziqondisayo, nokunikeza inkonzo yomphakathi. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi ukungakhethi akukho, ukuphuka kwemifela-ndawonye namaqembu ahlukene alahlekelwa ukholo ezinhlanganweni.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokuhlanganyela

Ukubusa kwezezigebengu akuyona indlela eyodwa. Kuhilela izakhamuzi ezindleleni zokwenza izinqumo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi imibono ehlukahlukene iyazwakala futhi icatshangelwa. Ukuhlanganyela kungaba nezindlela eziningi: ukuhlola komphakathi, ukunikeza izimali, ukunikeza imvume, iziqu zomphakathi, nezinhlelo zikahulumeni ezivulekile. Ukubambisana kuqhubekela phambili ngokuzama ngokukhethekile ukufinyelela emiphakathini ekhona, enjengemiphakathi ekhona, njengabantu bomdabu, abesifazane, abantu abakhubazekile, nabantu abambalwa. I-United Nations Contestative Development Imbation 16 ihlobalula ukubusa ngokuthula nobulungisa.

Ukuhlonipha Ukubusa Komthetho

Ukubusa komthetho kusho ukuthi bonke abantu nezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nohulumeni ngokwawo, bangaphansi futhi banomthwalo wemfanelo ngaphansi komthetho. Kusikisela ukuqiniseka okungokomthetho, ukusebenza okuqinisekile, nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo. Ukubusa kwezikhulu kuqaphela ukuthi imithetho kumelwe ibe yizinto zokulawula ezilungile futhi hhayi nje izinsimbi zokulawula. Ukuhlonipha umthetho kuyiglue ehlanganisa ezinye izimiso ndawonye, ukulandisa, ukungaguquguquki, nobuqotho obudingekayo ukuze ibekezelelwe.

Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nezindaba Zokubusa Okungokobuqotho

Ukubaluleka kokubusa kwezimiso zokuziphatha kudlulela ngalé kwefilosofi ecatshangelwayo yokuziphatha, inethonya eliphawulekayo, elisobala esimweni sokuphila kunoma yimuphi umphakathi.

  • Ukuthemba nokungafundi: Lapho izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi abaholi benza ngokwezimiso, basengozini kakhulu yokuvumelana nemithetho, ukukhokha izintela, nokubambisana nezindlela zikahulumeni zokuthatha isinyathelo. Ukuthemba kunciphisa isidingo sokugcinwa kwemithetho ebolekisanayo nezindleko ezincishisiwe kwezomnotho.
  • Economic Security:[ amazwe anenkohlakalo ephansi kanye nezici eziqinile zikhanga ukutshala imali kwamanye amazwe, athole amazinga aphakeme ebhizinisi, futhi afinyelele ukukhula okungaguquguquki. IBhange Lomhlaba lilinganisela ukuthi ukonakala kubiza umnotho wembulunga yonke ongaphezu kwezigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-R3,5 ngonyaka ezintengo ezilahlekileyo nezingahambi.
  • Ukuqina:[[FT:1] Ukubusa okungokobuhlakani kunciphisa izikhalo ezingakhula zibe izingxabano. Ukuphathwa kahle nezinqubo ezihlanganisa impela kwakha inhloko - dolobha nenkani, okwenza imiphakathi ikwazi ukumelana kangcono nobhadane oluwubhadane, izinhlekelele zemvelo, noma ukushaqeka kwezomnotho.
  • Intuthuko yabantu: Ukubusa okungokobukhomba kuhlobene kakhulu nentuthuko empilweni, emfundweni, nasendaweni ezungezile. Uma imithombo isetshenziswa ngokukhanyayo futhi ukuze umphakathi uphumelele, ifinyelela kulabo abayidinga kakhulu. i-United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) ithola njalo ukuthi imfanelo yokulawula iyizimpawu ezinamandla zentuthuko yomuntu.

Izinselele Zokubusa Kwamahlelo

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo ezicacile, ukubusa kwezimiso zokuziphatha kubhekene nezithiyo eziphikelelayo.

Ukonakala Nokubanjwa

Inkohlakalo − ukusetshenziswa kabi kwesikhundla somphakathi ngenxa yenzuzo yomuntu siqu — kulokhu kuwusongo olubonakala kakhulu. Kungathatha uhlobo lokufumbathisa, ukuphambanisa, ukuphatha izikhundla, noma ukuthumba umbuso, lapho izithakazelo zomuntu siqu zinethonya elingafanele esimisweni nomthetho. Ukonakala kululaza zonke izimiso zokuziphatha nokungalingani. Ukumelana nakho kudinga kokubili izigwebo ezingokomthetho noshintsho lwempucuko.

Ukuntuleka Kokubona Kahle

Ubumfiliba ekwenzeni izinqumo zikahulumeni buvumela ukuziphatha okungamukeleki ukuba kuchume. Uma izimali, izivumelwano, nezinqubo zemithetho zifihlekile emphakathini, ukulandisa kuyawohloka. Ngisho nasebudemokrasi, izikhulu ze-democratial, i-compatialism eyinkimbinkimbi nokufihla okuyimfihlo kungavikela ukuziphatha okubi. Ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi emishinini ukuthuthukisa ukwaziswa okuvulekile nokubika ngokucace kunikeza amandla athembisayo.

Ukucindezela Kwezombangazwe Nokungabi Nalutho

Abaholi bavame ukubhekana nokucindezela okukhulu kokuveza imiphumela esheshayo, ikakhulukazi ezimisweni zokukhetha ezincintisanayo. Lokhu kungaholela ekusheshiseni kwezimiso zokuziphatha (ukuveza imiphumela emide yesikhathi eside, ukwanelisa izithakazelo ezikhethekile, noma ukusebenzisa ulwazi. Ukubusa kwezesayensi kudinga ukuzimisela ukucabanga isikhathi eside nokuzimisela ukwenza izinqumo ezingathandeki kodwa ezinezimiso.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwendlela Yokubhala Engokwesiko Nengokombhalo

Izimiso zezimiso azikho emhlabeni wonke; zibunjwa umlando, inkolo, namasiko endawo. Lokho omunye umphakathi okubheka njengomunye ukuthi kuwusizo oluvumelekile. Lokhu kuncintisana kwempucuko kuphakamisa inselele ezindinganisweni nakuzinhlelo zosizo zomhlaba wonke. Ikhambi alikho ukuphoqa izindinganiso zangaphandle kodwa ukusekela amasiko endawo angokokuziphatha kuyilapho kusekela amalungelo abantu kanye nezimiso zomthetho.

Ukusebenzisa Uhulumeni Owubuhlakani: Amasu Awusizo

Ukuhumusha izimiso kudinga ukuklanywa ngamabomu kwesimiso nentando yezombangazwe.

Yakha Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Eklanywe Ngobuciko

Ohulumeni kufanele bathathe imithetho ecacile yokuziphatha kwezikhulu zomphakathi, ihlanganise izingxabano zenzalo, izipho, umsebenzi wangaphandle, nemithetho enqatshelwa ngemva kokusebenza. Lemithetho kumelwe iphoqelelwe ngamakomiti ezimiso ezizimele anegunya lokuhlola nokugunyaza ukuphulwa kwemithetho. Isibonelo se-OECD '" "Izemfundo zezemfundo", esihlanganisa umthetho, ukuqondisa, nokuqeqesha, siyisilinganisi esisetshenziswa kabanzi.

Ukutshala Imali Ekuqeqesheni Nasekwakheni Izakhiwo Ezinamandla

Ukuziphatha okungokokuziphatha akuzenzakaleli; kumelwe kufundiswe futhi kuqiniswe. Ukuqeqeshelwa njalo izikhulu zomphakathi, izikhulu ezikhethiwe, namajaji kufanele kuhlanganise izimo zangempela zezwe nezibopho ezingokomthetho. Izinhlelo ezinjalo kufanele zikhuthaze ukucabanga ngezimiso zokuziphatha nesibindi sokuziphatha, kuqaphele futhi kumelane nokucindezela okungathembekile.

Vikela Abacuphi Bezintuthwane

Abacuphi badlala indima enzima ekudaluleni ukonakala nokuziphatha okubi. Nokho, ngokuvamile babhekana nokuphindisela, ukuxoshwa, noma ukuhlukunyezwa okungokomthetho. Isivikelo esingokomthetho esivikela abafuyi bempepho ekuphindiseleni, kanye nezindlela zokubika ezingaziwa, sibalulekile kwizimiso zezimiso zemvelo ezisebenzayo. I-Wistle pulce Protection Exective (209) inikeza isibonelo esiqinile somthetho amazwe amaningi manje asanda kuwuthatha.

Yenza Ukubona Okugqamile Ngezobuchwepheshe

Amathuluzi emishini angandisa kakhulu ukuvuleka kukahulumeni. Ama-opera asebenza nge-opera afuna uhlelo lokuhlela, ukuthengwa, nokulandelelwa kwemithetho avumela izakhamuzi nezintatheli ukuba zibone icala. Ubuchwepheshe beblockchain bunikeza ithuba lokugcina amarekhodi angenakungenwa gesi ezindaweni ezinjengokubhalisa indawo nokuvota. Nokho, ezobuchwepheshe zodwa akumelwe zanele, kumelwe zihlanganiswe nokufunda ngemishini kanye nempucuko yokuzibhala.

Ukuhlolwa Nokuhlola Kokuziphatha Njalo

Ukuncintisana kwezimali zikahulumeni, izinhlelo, nokuvumelana kwezimiso kusiza ekuboneni izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba zibe yisimiso. Ukuhlolwa kwezimiso, okuhlaziya izinga lokuziphatha lezinqubo zokwenza izinqumo, kuwumkhakha okhulayo. Izinhlangano ezinjengeNhlangano yomhlaba wonke ye-Spatmall Aditionstions (ING.NA) zithuthukisa imikhuba engcono kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwezindawo zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezimiso zokusebenza njengendawo egxile kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwesigebengu

Izakhamuzi azizona abamukela ukubusa ngaphandle kokuthatha izintambo; zisebenza nohulumeni ekusekeleni izimiso. Ohulumeni kufanele bakhiqize izinqubo zokunikeza izakhamuzi imvume, ukuqondisa umphakathi, nokuhlela isimiso sokuhlukanisa. Izinhlangano zomphakathi, imithombo yezindaba, ne-academia zisebenza njengezinja ezigade, zigcina uhulumeni enecala. Ukusekela imbulunga ephakeme kuyisenzo sokuziphatha ngokwaso.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ekubuseni Kwezimiso Zomphakathi

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zinikeza izifundo ezibalulekile ngokuqondene nokuthi yini imisebenzi naleyo engekho. Izibonelo ezilandelayo zibonisa izindlela ezihlukene zokuqinisa ukubusa kwezimiso zokuziphatha.

INew Zealand: Ukwakha Isiko Lobuqotho

I-New Zealand ilingana ngokungaguquki phakathi kohulumeni abonakele futhi abathembeke kakhulu emhlabeni. Impumelelo yayo isuka enhlanganiseleni yezici: izilungiselelo zemithetho eziqinile, umsebenzi wezemisebenzi yesizwe osemthethweni nofanele, uphicotho oluqinile lwezincwadi oluzimele, kanye nempucuko ekwazisayo ukuba sobala. I-Public Service Act (2020) iyazichaza ngokucacile izimiso zokungathathi hlangothi lwezombangazwe, ubuphathi, nokuziphatha okuhle. I-New Zealand yasungula futhi ukusebenzisa izimali ezingcono ezibeka phambili imiphumela yezenhlalo nezemvelo emibalweni elinganiselwe yezomnotho, ihlanganisa ukubusa ngezindinganiso ezingoko ezingokokuziphatha.

Isibonelo SaseScandinavia: Ukulingana Nokuhlanganyela

ISweden, iDenmark, iNorway, neFinland zihlala ziphezulu kakhulu embulungeni yonke. Indlela yazo igcizelela izinga eliphakeme lokuhlanganyela komphakathi, amanetha okuphepha komphakathi, nokubekezelela ukonakala. Lamazwe achitha imali eningi emfundweni nasemphakathini, adala izakhamuzi ezifundiswa futhi ezifuna abaholi bazo. Umqondo "wekhaya labantu) eSweden uveza izinga eliqinile lokuthatha umthwalo wemfanelo kanye nosizo oluhlangene. Nakuba kungekho simiso esiphelele, i-Nordic ibonisa ukuthi ukubusa okungokokuziphatha kungahlalisana nentela ephakeme futhi kungenele lapho ukukhokha intela okuqinile.

ISingapore: Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamandla Nenguquko Yempucuko

ISingapore yaguqulwa isuka edolobha elikhohlakele ngokwesifundazwe ngo-1960 yaba enye yezomnotho ezibonakala kakhulu emhlabeni. Lokhu kushintsha kwaqhutshwa yi-Ebiologic Practicles Investivation Bureau (CPIB), inxusa elizimele elinamandla okuhlola nokujezisa inkohlakalo. Uhulumeni waqinisekisa futhi ukuthi iholo lezisebenzi zomphakathi lalincintisana, ukunciphisa isilingo sokufumbathisa. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuhola kweSingapore kwakhuthaza isimo sengqondo sezero-tomu esisekelwe ekukhohliseni inkohlakalo, kusekelwa yimithetho esetshenziswa ekuhloleni izikhulu eziphethe izikhali kanye nama-baurecreaubacrates aphakathi. Isifundo: izinhlangano eziqinile zihlangene nezombangazwe ezibonakalayo zingashintsha ngisho nasekuzimweni okunzima.

IRwanda: Ukwakha Kabusha Ngemva Kwengxabano

Ngemva kokuqothulwa kohlanga ngo-1994, iRwanda yabhekana nomsebenzi omkhulu wokwakha futhi hhayi nje kuphela izimali zayo kodwa nezinhlangano zayo zezenhlalo. Ngaphansi kukaMongameli Paul Kagame, uhulumeni wamisa izilinganiso zokulwa nokonakala, ukuxoxa okuhlanganisayo (ngezindlela ezinjengo-"Umushychikrano" umkhandlu wengxoxo yesizwe), kanye nokukhubazeka kwabesilisa nabesifazane epalamente .[1]Rwanda manje kuqhayisa inani eliphakeme kakhulu labesifazane abasesigungwini sesizwe emhlabeni wonke. Nakuba abagxeki bekhomba ukulinganisela ngenkululeko yezombangazwe, ukuphumelela kweRwanda ekunciphiseni ubumpofu, ukuthuthukisa ukukhathalela impilo, nokusungula inkonzo yomphakathi engokomthetho kubonakalisa ukuthi izinguquko ezingokomthetho zingashintsha ngisho nasemphakathini.

Isiphetho: Ukuphishekela Ubulungisa Okuqhubekayo

Ukubusa kwe-ethical akuyona indawo eqashelwayo kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo. Kudinga ukuqapha njalo, ukujwayela, ukuhlanganisa, isibopho esihlangene phakathi kwabaholi, izisebenzi zomphakathi, nezakhamuzi. Izimiso ezibekwe lapha ``ukubalwa, ubuqotho, ukungalungi, ukuhlanganyela, nokuhlonipha ukubusa komthetho okungagodli noma ukugonyelwa, kodwa kunikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokwakha imiphakathi ephelele. Njengoba izwe libhekana nezinselele ezintsha, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuhlakanipha kokungalingani kwembulunga yonke ($] isidingo sokubusa ngezimiso ezingokomthetho nokungalingani kwembulunga yonke. Ngokufunda kokubili ukuphumelela nokuhluleka, nangokuziphatha okuhle, singenza izimiso ezisebenza kahle namuhla nezisukela ekufikeni.