Iyini Imibono Yezombangazwe?

Imibono yezombangazwe iyiqoqo elihlangene lezinkolelo, izindinganiso, nezimiso ezihlela indlela umphakathi okufanele uhlelwe futhi ulawulwe ngayo. Inikeza uhlelo lokuqonda indima kahulumeni, umnotho, namalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yabantu. Izinqumo zezezombangazwe zemithetho yemithetho, amapulatifomu, ngisho nendlela izakhamuzi ezichaza ngayo izenzakalo. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqaphela lemiqondo kubalulekile ekuhloleni intuthuko engokomlando nasekuhlanganyeleni nezimpikiswano zezombangazwe zamanje.

Imibono ayimi ndawonye; iguqukela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ekusabeleni ezimweni zezenhlalo, zezomnotho, nezempucuko. Ikhona futhi ngokwehlukahluka kunokuba ibe emabhokisini aqinile. Ukuqonda izinkolelo eziyisisekelo zemibono ngayinye kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi kungani amaqembu ahlukene esekela izimiso ezihlukene ezindabeni ezisukela ezinhlabeni zentela nasempilweni esukela emalungelweni omphakathi nakuwo amanye amazwe.

Imibono Emangalisayo Yezombangazwe

Imibono yezombangazwe ivame ukuchazwa ngokuhlukahluka kusukela kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla, nakuba lokhu kuvinjelwa kulinganiselwe. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi yanamuhla inezikhundla zemibono ezithonya impikiswano yomphakathi. Ngezansi kucatshulwa kwemibono eyinhloko yezombangazwe eye yathonya ukubusa kwanamuhla:

  1. - - igcizelela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, idemokrasi, nokulingana.
  2. Ikhonsostam – amagugu isiko, ukuzinza, futhi ushintsho kancane kancane.
  3. I-socialism[ - - abasekeli benhlangano noma ubunikazi bukahulumeni bezindlela zokukhiqiza nokwabiwa kwemithombo yemali okulinganayo.
  4. [ UbuLubérianism – ibeka kuqala inkululeko yomuntu siqu ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngokuvamile isekela ukungenela okuncane kukahulumeni kokubili ezindabeni zomuntu siqu nezezomnotho.
  5. [ UbuFascism – umqondo wempoqo yempoqo ekhazimulisa isizwe futhi ngokuvamile icindezela ukungavumelani ngenkani.

Nganye yale mibono inemibono engafani ngaphakathi kanye nezikole ezisezingeni eliphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhululeka kwanamuhla kuhluke kakhulu kukhulu nokukhululeka kwakudala, futhi ukulondoloza imingcele kuyahlukahluka emongweni wesizwe. Ingxenye elandelayo ihlola ukukhululeka nokungaguquguquki okujulile, njengoba lemibono emibili imelela izisekelo eziyinhloko ezisebuningini obubusa ngemibuso ebusayo yaseNtshonalanga.

Ukukhululeka: Imvelaphi, Izimiso, Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Inkululeko yavela phakathi neNqanda Yokukhanyiselwa ngekhulu le-17 nele-18 njengendlela yokusabela ekwakheni umbuso ophelele nakubufandanda. Abantu abacabanga njengoJohn Locke, owayelwela amalungelo emvelo ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla, babeka isisekelo sefilosofi sentando yeningi ekhululekile. UJean-Jacques Rousseau wanikeza imibono ngesivumelwano somphakathi nobukhosi obuthandwayo, kuyilapho kamuva abaxhasi abanjengoJohn Stuart Mille basekela inkululeko nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Lemibono yathonya ngokuqondile iSimemezelo senkululeko neSimemezelo sezenkululeko saseMelika sase-French Samalungelo Abantu neSimemezelo SaseSizwe.

Inkululeko iye yaguqukela ekubeni imifula emibili ebanzi: ukuvuleka kwenkululeko yakudala nokuzikhulula kwanamuhla (noma). Ukuzimela okungokobuhlanga kugcizelela izimakethe ezikhululekile, uhulumeni olinganiselwe, nomthwalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu. Ukuzikhulula kwanamuhla, okwazuza ukuvelela ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka, kusekela indima kahulumeni ekhuthele kakhulu ekusingatheni ukungalingani kwezenhlalo, ukuqondisa umnotho, nokunikeza izinkonzo zomphakathi njengemfundo nezokusiza kwezempilo. Zombili izigelebhili zihlanganyela ekuzibopheleleni amalungelo omuntu ngamunye nesimiso sokubusa sentando yeningi, kodwa zinciphisa izinga lokungenela kwezwe.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokukhululeka

  • Amalungelo omphakathi:[ Wonke umuntu unamalungelo efa angenakuthathwa ngokuthanda. Lokhu kuhlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yokuhlangana, nenqubo efanelekile engaphansi komthetho.
  • Ukulingana: Bonke abantu bafanelwe ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho nethuba elingalinganayo lokuphishekela imigomo yabo. Lesimiso sisekela imithetho elwa nokungahlangani nezimiso zomphakathi ezihloselwe ukulinganisela umkhakha wokudlala.
  • Uhulumeni wezwe: kufanele alandise kubantu ngokhetho olukhululekile nolungakho, izinhlangano zabameleli, kanye nesivikelo samalungelo amancane ngokumelene nobushiqela beningi.
  • Izimiso zezomnotho ezikhululekile: kufanele zivumele ukuncintisana nohwebo, nakuba imithombo yanamuhla ekhululekile isekela imithetho ukuze ivimbele imicimbi eyodwa, ivikele abathengi, futhi ikhulume ngezinto zangaphandle njengokungcola.
  • Intuthuko engokwenkululeko: Inkululeko ihlanganisa ushintsho kanye nokusungulwa kwamathuluzi okuthuthukisa umphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusekela izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, ukulingana kwabesifazane, nentuthuko yezesayensi.

Ukuze ifundwe ngokuqhubekayo ngentuthuko engokomlando yokucabanga okukhululekile, i-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy inikeza ukucubungula okubanzi kwe-erpablisism ̱ inikeza izingqondo eziyisihluthulelo.

Ukuzivumela Ukuba Zihambele Phambili: Ukuhlola Izifo

Ithonya lemibono ekhululekile lingabonakala ezimisweni ezinkulu phakathi nekhulu lama-20 namashumi amabili nanye. I-New Deal e-United States, eyamiswa nguMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt ngenxa yokuncintisana kwe Great Depression, yandisa uhulumeni wezwe i-’ indima yesimiso sezomnotho, inhlalakahle yezenhlalo, nemisebenzi yomphakathi. Izinhlelo ezinjengokuKhulekela Izenhlalakahle, umshuwalense, kanye nesivikelo sezisebenzi zabonisa izibopho zanamuhla ezikhululekile ekunikezeni inzuzo yokuphepha kwezakhamuzi.

Ngokufanayo, inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi ka-1950 nawo-1960 yasebenzisa kakhulu izimiso ezikhululekile zokulingana namalungelo abantu. Umthetho we-Londmark njengomthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 noMthetho we-Voting Rights ka-1965 ohloselwe ukuqeda ubandlululo lwezimiso zezinhlanga nokuqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lemizamo ibonisa indlela umbono ovuthayo ongabangela ngayo ushintsho lwezenhlalakahle ngezindlela ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe.

Kusukela kuleso sikhathi, ohulumeni abakhululekile bavame ukusekela ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukuthatha isinyathelo esingokwesimo sezulu, nentela eqhubekayo njengendlela yokusingatha ukungalingani nokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle ehlangene. Nokho, izimpikiswano phakathi kokuzivumelanisa okulungile phakathi kwenkululeko yomuntu nokungenela kukahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengezigunyazo zempilo yomphakathi nomthetho wezomnotho.

Ukukholelwa KuNkulunkulu: Isiko, Ukuhleleka, Nenguquko Eqhubekayo

UbuConservatism bavela ngokwengxenye njengendlela yokusabela ezinguquko ezinkulu ezalethwa yiNguquko yaseFrance nokusakazeka ngokushesha kwemibono ekhululekile. Isikhulu sezwe lamaNgisi u-Edmund Burke, ngokuvamile esibhekwa njengoyise wesayensi yokulondoloza ingcebo yanamuhla, saphikisa ngokuthi umphakathi uyinto eyinkimbinkimbi eyakhelwe ekuhlakanipheni okunqwabile, amasiko, nezinhlangano. Waxwayisa ngezinguquko ezisheshayo ezingaphazamisa ukuzinza kwezenhlalo futhi ziholele esiya esiyaluyaluyalu.

I-Conservatism ayiphikisani nje nokushintsha; iyifilosofi eqondile yokuthi uhlelo lwezindinganiso, igunya, umphakathi, nokuqhubeka. Nakuba izinhlangano ezithatha indinganiso zihlukahluka emazweni onke, ngokuvamile ziyaphikisana ngobunjiniyela bezenhlalakahle obungokomphakathi futhi zithanda izinhlangano eziqinile njengomkhaya, izinhlangano zenkolo, nezindawo zendawo. Ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka, i-datatism ihlelelwe ukuphakama kwezwe lenhlala - kahle, ngezibalo ezifana noRonald Reagan eUnited States noMargaret Thatcher eUnited Kingdom isekela imithetho ekhululekileyo, ukunqanda uhulumeni, nokunciphiswa kwendima kahulumeni.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokulwela Ukuzivumelanisa Nenkolo

  • Traditional:[ Amasiko, izindinganiso, nezinhlangano eziye zamelana nokuhlolwa kwesikhathi zibhekwa njengezici zokuhlakanipha okusebenzayo. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi isiko linikeza ukuzinza nomqondo wokwazi ukuchaza okungathandeki okungathandeki.
  • [ Igunya: Igunya elingokomthetho kuhulumeni, umthetho, nakubucukubhede bezenhlalo libhekwa njengesidingo ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka. Izinhlangano zisekela izinhlangano eziqinile njengejaji, amaphoyisa, nebutho lezempi ukuze zisekele ukubusa komthetho.
  • Ukushintsha okungaguquguqukiyo: Ukuguqula izenhlalo kufanele kube nokuqapha nokwehlukahluka. Izinguquko ezisheshayo noma ezinkulu zingabangela imiphumela engalindelekile futhi zingayikhukulisanga indwangu yomphakathi. Lesi simiso ngezinye izikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi i-“ i-injini yezenjnitha yezenhlalo i-& #821; ngokuphikisana noshintsho oluguqulayo.
  • Abantu ababona abantu ababodwa kodwa amalungu emikhaya, izindawo, nezizwe. Ama-Conservative agcizelela izibopho zomphakathi, umthwalo wemfanelo, nokubaluleka komphakathi womphakathi ngaphezu kwezici zobuntu.
  • [ Amalungelo empahla alondekile abhekwa njengesisekelo senkululeko engokomnotho, umthwalo wemfanelo, nokuhleleka komphakathi. Abathathi bezindawo bavame ukuphikisa intela ephakeme noma umthetho owephula impahla yangasese.

Ukuze kuhlolwe kakhulu umcabango othatha isikhathi eside, i-Encyclopedia Britannica ingeniswa kuyi- Contadatism inikeza ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe komlando nefilosofi.

Inqubo Yokuzihlola Kwezigwegwe:

Inkathi kaReagan e-United States (1981-1999) yanikeza isibonelo sezimiso eziningi eziyisisekelo ezithatha imingcele ezisebenzayo. UReagan waphishekela ukunqanyulwa kwentela okukhulu, ukuncishiswa kwezimboni, nokuncishiswa kwemali engokwenhlalo. Iziphathimandla zakhe zasekela futhi ukuvikela kwesizwe okuqinile nokumelana neSoviet Union, okubonisa ukugcizelela okungaguquki ekubuseni kwesizwe nezindinganiso ezingokwesiko. Ekhaya, u-Reagan ̱ izinkambiso ezihloselwe ukuthuthukisa ukukhula kwezomnotho ngokunciphisa umthwalo kahulumeni emabhizinisini nakubantu ngabanye.

EUnited Kingdom, uMargaret Thatcher ’ uhulumeni (1979-199) waphishekela izimiso ezifanayo zokuhlaziywa kwe-privatating, ukususwa kwemithetho, nokugcinwa kwe-fiscal ukulondoloza i-aldat. U-Thecher wamemezela ngokudume kakhulu ukuthi i-#8220; ayikho into efana nenhlangano engokwakhe i-” ngomqondo weqembu elingaqondakali, liphikisana esikhundleni sokuphikisana ngomthwalo wemfanelo nezindinganiso zomkhaya ngamunye. Izinguquko zakhe zaguqula izomnotho zaseBrithani futhi zathonya izinhlangano ezingokwezingalawuleki emhlabeni wonke.

Muva nje, amaqembu abambelele eqophelweni elivamile aye aphikisana nemibuzo yokufuduka, ubuzwe, nendima yezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke. Ukwanda kwesimiso sobupopulist kuma-2020 nasemuva kwezango-2020 kuye kwaletha izingxabano ezintsha phakathi kwesiko elithatha imingcele engokwesiko, ukusekela izimali zezomnotho ngokumelene namasiko. Naphezu kwalezimpikiswano zangaphakathi, imibono engaguquki iyaqhubeka ithuthukisa izimpikiswano zemithetho ezindabeni ezinjengenguquko yentela, izinqumo zokwahlulela nemfundo.

Ukuqhathanisa Inkululeko Nokukhulekela

Nakuba ukuvumelana nenkululeko nokungathathi hlangothi ngokuvamile kuphikisana nemibuzo yesimiso, ukuqhathanisa ngokucophelela kwembula kokubili umehluko oyisisekelo nezici eziwumphumela wokuhlangana.

Umehluko Okhona

Dimension Liberalism Conservatism
View of Human Nature Optimistic; people are capable of reason and improvement through education and reform. Realistic or pessimistic; humans are fallible and need established institutions to guide behavior.
Role of Government Active in promoting equality and protecting rights, especially for marginalized groups. Limited in scope, focused on maintaining order, security, and economic freedom.
Attitude Toward Change Embraces progressive reform to address social injustices and adapt to new circumstances. Cautious; prefers preserving existing institutions and changing only when necessary.
Individual vs. Community Prioritizes individual autonomy, rights, and personal fulfillment. Emphasizes social bonds, duty, and the well-being of the community.
Economic Approach Supports regulation, redistribution, and public investment to reduce inequality. Favors free markets, low taxes, and minimal government interference.

Indawo Ehlanganyelwe

Naphezu komehluko, ukuvuleka kwenkululeko nokungathathi hlangothi kunezici eziningana ezibahlukanisayo nemibono eyeqisayo. Womabili amasiko ngokuvamile azinikele ekubusweni kwentando yeningi, ekubusweni komthetho, nasokuhlonipha impahla yomuntu siqu. Kokubili aqaphela ukubaluleka kokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala nomthwalo wemfanelo, ngisho noma ewabela ukubaluleka okuhlukile kulezizindinganiso. Kusetshenziswa imibuso yombuso wentando yeningi yaseNtshonalanga eminingi, kusebenza njenge ̴ ukuphikisa kokwethembeka i ̵ emukela isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo somthetho wezwe lapho iphikisana nezimiso ezithile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, zombili izingqondo ziye zavela ngokuvumelana. Ubukhomanisi banamuhla buye bamukela imibono ethile ekhululekile ngezimakethe zamahhala namalungelo abantu, kuyilapho ukuyekethisa kwanamuhla kuye kwahlanganisa ukuqonda okungokwesiko ngokubaluleka kokuzinza komphakathi nomphakathi. Umphumela uyisimo sezombangazwe esinamandla lapho imingcele ephakathi kwemibono ivame ukuncintisana khona.

Ukubukeka Kwemvelo Okubanzi

Nakuba ukuvunywa kwenkululeko nokulondoloza uhulumeni kubusa izinkulumo zezombangazwe emazweni amaningi, eminye imibono futhi ifeza izindima ezibalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Socialism igcizelela ubuni obuhlangene nokulingana kwezomnotho futhi iye yathonya amaqembu ezenhlalo entando yeningi eYurophu nakwezinye izindawo. ILibertrianism igcizelela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokweqisa, isekela ukuqedwa kwemisebenzi eminingi kahulumeni. Ngokufanele, ubufasci kanye nentando yobukhomanisi ilahla izindinganiso zentando yeningi ezisekela ukubusa okunamandla nombuso wobuzwe.

Ukuqonda lemibono ehlukile kusiza ekuhleleni izikhundla zenkululeko nokulondoloza. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho abagxeki bechaza inkambiso njenge-̴ i-socialism, i-̵ idweba isiko elihlukile lemibono elihlukayo kulokhu kukhetha ukukhululeka nokusekela ukulondoloza. Ngokufanayo, ukukhula kwezinhlangano ze-populistsism ekhulwini lama-21 kuye kwafiphaza imigqa phakathi kwenkolo yokwane nemibono yesizwe eguquguqukayo, okwakha imigqa emisha emisha empikiswanoni yezombangazwe.

Ukuze uthole umbono obanzi ngendlela imibono esebenzelana ngayo nezimiso zezombangazwe, ungeno lwe-Oxford Bibliographies emfundisweni yezombangazwe lunikeza ukucaciswa kwemfundo yalendawo.

Isizathu Sokuba Abafundi Nothisha Baqonde Izindaba Ezithinta Ingqondo

Ukutadisha imibono yezombangazwe akuyona indlela ecatshangelwayo, kuhlomisa abafundi ngamathuluzi okuhlaziya izimpikiswano zezombangazwe, iziphakamiso zezimiso, nokuqonda amandla angokomlando aye athonya izwe lanamuhla. Othisha abafaka ukuhlolwa kwemibono bafake ezifundweni zabo zangemva kwesikole abasiza abafundi ukuba bangazihlanganisi ngokugcona izenzakalo zamanje futhi bahileleke imibuzo ejulile ngobulungisa, amandla, kanye nokuhle okuvamile.

Ngokwesibonelo, impikiswano ephathelene nokushintsha kwempilo ingaqondwa ngokucebile ngokwengeziwe lapho abafundi beqaphela izibopho eziyisisekelo zemibono: Ukuvuleka kwemibono kungase kugcizelele ukutholakala kwemibono eyisisekelo njengendaba elungile, kuyilapho abantu ababambelele ezimisweni ezifanele bengase bagcizelele ukufaneleka komuntu siqu nokuphumelela kwezentengiselwano.

Ngokufunda ukubona nokuhlaziya lezi zici, abafundi baba abahlanganyeli abanolwazi nabacabangelayo ekuphileni komphakathi, futhi baba nokuvumelana kwengqondo ngokuqaphela ukuthi abantu abanengqondo bangaba nezikhundla ezingafani zemibono ezisekelwe ezindinganisweni ezihlukene nasezingqondweni ezihlukile.

Isiphetho

Imibono yezombangazwe amalens lapho imiphakathi ichaza khona isikhathi sayo esidlule, ilawula ikusasa layo, futhi ibone ikusasa layo. Inkululeko nokulondoloza imibuso, njengemibono emibili enethonya kakhulu edemokrasi yanamuhla, inikeza imibono engafani yenkululeko, ukuhleleka, nentuthuko. I-Liberalist isekela amalungelo, ukulingana, nokuguqula, kuyilapho ukusekela i-cateratisism kusekela isiko, ukuzinza, nokushintsha kancane kancane.

Kubafundi nakothisha ngokufanayo, ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda okuhlukile kwalemibono kuyingxenye ebalulekile yemfundo yomphakathi. Kuvumela ukuhlaziywa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezenzakalo ezingokomlando, ukuhlangana okunolwazi olunzulu nezimpikiswano zezimiso, nokwazisa okujulile ngemibono ehlukahlukene yezombangazwe. Njengoba isimo sezombangazwe siqhubeka sivuleka, ikhono lokuqonda nokuhlonipha ukuhluka kwemibono kuyoba isisekelo sezakhamuzi zentando yeningi.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni okwengeziwe, isihloko sezwe sezindaba zezwe ngemibono eveza ukuma kwezombangazwe inikeza ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngokubaluleka okuhlala njalo kokucabanga kwemibono kwezombangazwe zanamuhla.