Ukhetho phakathi nenkathi ephakathi lwenzeka phakathi nenkathi yeminyaka emine yegama likamongameli futhi luyisici esibalulekile sesimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika. Bathonya ukulingana kwamandla eSishayamthetho futhi bangathonya ikhono likamongameli lokusebenzisa izimiso. Kubantu abaningi baseMelika, izikhawu zaphakathi zimelela ithuba elinzima lokuhlela indlela yezwe phakathi nokhetho lukamongameli. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukuhlolwa okusemuva kwe-impela kwabaqalile ukuqonda izici eziyinhloko zokhetho phakathi nenkathi ephakathi, kuhlanganise nomlando wabo, amakhenika, nokubaluleka.

Kuyini Ukukhetha Phakathi Nezikhathi?

Ukhetho lwe-midter lungokhetho olungokomthetho, lwesifundazwe, nolwendawo oluba khona e-United States njalo eminyakeni emibili, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni ewunombolo eyiyo ewela phakathi nokhetho lukamongameli. Ngenxa yokuthi luyenzeka cishe phakathi nenkathi yeminyaka emine, babizwa ngokuthi “ama-midterm” okhetho. Izinhlanga ezivelele kakhulu phakathi nalemijikelezo zeU.S. House of Sreavements (zonke izihlalo ezingu-35) kanye cishe nesinye sesithathu sezihlalo zobu-U.S. (ngokuvamile izihlalo ezingu-33 noma 34). Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe amaningi aphatha ama-gubernator cocation, imigqa ye-mthetho, nemigqa ye-oventive, ne-bolo ye-ogations phakathi neminyaka ephakathi.

Ngokungafani nokhetho lukamongameli, oluyala ukubonakala okuphezulu kanye novoti, ukhetho lwaphakathi nenkathi luvame ukungatholi ukunakekela okukhulu kwemithombo yezindaba nomphakathi. Nokho, imiphumela yabo ingayiguqula kakhulu indlela yezombangazwe. Ukushintsha kokulawula kwe-Congress kungasiza noma kuvimbele uhlelo lwemithetho yomongameli, ukugunyaza izivumelwano zokwahlulela, futhi kushintshe indlela yezindawo ezinkulu zemithetho njengezezempilo, intela, nokulondeka kwesizwe.

Kukangaki Ukukhetha Phakathi Nesikhathi?

Ukhetho lwe-Micters luye lwenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili kusukela kusungulwe iRepublic. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ekuqaleni wamisa amagama athatha iminyaka emibili abhekiswe kumalungu endlu (Artle I, Ingxenye 2) namabizo aneminyaka eyisithupha e-Senators (I, Ingxenye 3). I-Stemplate eshaqisayo iqinisekisa ukuthi ingxenye yeSigele ilungele ukukhethwa kunoma yisiphi isikhathi esinikeziwe. Lomklamo wawuhloselwe ukunikeza ukuma kwegumbi eliphezulu kuyilapho indlu ixhunyiwe kakhulu nombono womphakathi.

Ukhetho lokuqala phakathi nenkathi lwenziwa ngo-1790, unyaka owodwa nje ngemva kokuba uMthetho-sisekelo uqalile ukusebenza, futhi luye lwagcinwa emjikelezweni ongaguquki weminyaka emibili kusukela kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lenqubo iye yashintsha, ngokuphawulekayo ngokuthatha iSichibiyelo sekhulu le-17 ngo-1913, esashintsha ukhetho lwamaSishaya-mthetho kuhulumeni ukuze kuqondiswe amavoti athandwayo.

Yini Ebanjwe Phakathi Nezikhathi Zokukhetha?

Izigxobo zokhetho phakathi nenkathi yokhetho zinkulu. Kuhulumeni, umklomelo oshesha kakhulu ukulawula iSishaya-mthetho sase-U.S. Iqembu eliphethe iningi eNdlu neSishayamthetho linquma uhlelo lwezihlalo zekomiti, nekhono lokudlula noma ukuvala izihlongozo zikamongameli. Uhulumeni ohlukene .Njengoba lapho iqembu elilodwa lilawula iWhite House kanye namanye amagumbi omphakathi womthetho, kuyilapho ukulawula kuholela ekuhleleni i-propatition produkthi, kuyilapho ukulawula okuhlangene kungenza izinguquko ezisheshayo.

Wonke ama - Seat Asendls Angu - 435

Ilungu ngalinye lendlu yoMmeleli lisebenzisa igama leminyaka emibili, elisho ukuthi igumbi lonke lilungele ukukhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili. Ngenxa yalokhu, umsebenzi wokhetho phakathi nenkathi njengophawu lwesizwe lonke ngemisebenzi kamongameli. Ngokomlando, iqembu lomongameli livame ukulahlekelwa isilinganiso sezihlalo zezindlu ezingu-26 phakathi nokhetho phakathi nenkathi yokukhetha, nakuba inani langempela lihluka kakhulu kuye ngezimo zezomnotho, amahlazo, nezenzakalo ezinkulu.

Ingxenye eyodwa Yezigele

Ama-Senator asebenzisa amagama eminyaka eyisithupha, futhi uMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa iSigele sibe ngamasigaba amathathu, ngasinye sikhethwa ngeminyaka emibili ehlukene. Noma yimuphi unyaka phakathi nonyaka, isigaba seSigele esakhethwa ngonyaka kamongameli odlule (iminyaka eyisithupha ngaphambili) sivela ukuze siphinde sikhethwe. Ngenxa yalesi simiso esinyaka ontengayo, iSigele sivikelwe kakhulu ekushintsheni okusheshayo kombono womphakathi. Nokho, noma kunjalo, isigaba sokhetho samaza singacima izihlalo eziningana zeSihlalo, ikakhulukazi uma iqembu likamongameli liphethe izihlalo eziwudlangileyo ekilasini elithile.

Imibuso Namahhovisi Endawo

Ukhetho lwe-Midter luhlanganisa nemincintiswano yezikhulu zikahulumeni, izishaya-mthetho, izishaya-mthetho, izigebengu, onobhala-mthetho, nezikhundla eziningi zendawo ezinjengemeya, amabhodi esikole, nezikhulu zesifundazwe. Lezizinhlanga zivame ukumbozwa imikhankaso kahulumeni, kodwa zinemiphumela eqondile ekuphileni kwezakhamuzi. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zilawula uhlelo lwemali, iziyalezo zesifunda, kanye nezindawo eziningi.

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukhetho lwaphakathi nenkathi yokukhetha luye lwaba futhi indawo yokulwa kwempi yezibalo ezishisayo ezibhekene namalungelo okukhishwa kwezisu, ukufakwa kwensangu ngokomthetho, ukwanda kweholo elilinganiselwe, nokuvota. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2022, abavoti ezizweni eziningi bacabangela izinyathelo zokukhipha isisu ngemva kweNkantolo Ephakeme bagumbuqela Roe v. Wade.

Ukukhetha Izikhathi Eziphakathi Nezikhathi Kusebenza Kanjani?

Amakhenika okhetho phakathi nenkathi yokukhetha alandela izinqubo eziyisisekelo ezifana nanoma yiluphi olunye ukhetho lwase-U.S. Amazwe amisa imithetho yawo siqu ngokuphathelene nokubhaliswa, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, nokuvota ngeposi, kodwa uhlelo lwe-arching comes luhlala lungaguquguquki. Nakhu ukuwohloka okuthatha inyathelo kuya phambili kwendlela lenqubo eyenzeka ngayo.

Izincwadi Nemibono Evamile

Izifunda eziningi ziba nokhetho oluyinhloko entwasahlobo noma ehlobo lonyaka ophakathi. Ezingxenyeni eziyinhloko, abavoti abaphakathi kweqembu ngalinye bakhetha i-commine yeqembu labo ehhovisi ngalinye. I-primorion ingavuleka (noma yimuphi obhaliswe angahlanganyela), ivale (amalungu eqembu kuphela), noma avinjwe kancinci. Ezinye izizwe zisebenzisa ama-caucususe esikhundleni se-primrivary, nakuba lokhu kuyinto engavamile namuhla. Abanqobile basezindlininibeni zesonto lokuqala ngoNovember.

Kukhetho oluvamile, abavoti bafaka amavoti okhetho kulowo nalowo ozovota. Ezifundazweni eziningi, umvoti onamavoti amaningi unqoba − isimiso esaziwa ngokuthi ubuningi noma kuqala-muva-i-past. Nokho, ezinye izifundazwe zidinga iningi (ngaphezu kuka-50%) futhi zibambe ukhetho olucijile uma kungekho mvoluleki ofika kulowomnyango. ULouisiana noGeorgia bayizibonelo eziphawulekayo zamahhovisi athile.

Izinhlendla Zokuvuleka Kwezinga lokudla

Kusukela ekuvotelweni kwama-mistment kungokomlando kuvela kukhetho oluphansi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokhetho lukamongameli. Kukhetho lwama-202020, kwafika cishe kumaphesenti angu 66 abavoti abafanelekayo, abaphezulu kunabo bonke ekhulwini leminyaka. Ngokuphambene, ukhetho lwaphakathi kwenkathi ka-2018 lwathatha indawo engaba ngu-50%, olwaluphakeme ngokungavamile ngenkathi ephakathi kodwa olwalusangaphansi kakhulu kwamazinga obumongameli. I-20222 maphakathi nenkathi yokuvota lwalungu-46%.

Imiphumela ingaba yi-skew. Abavoti abadala, abamhlophe, nabafunde kakhulu bathambekele ekuvoteleni ngamazinga aphakeme phakathi naphakathi, kuyilapho abavoti abasebasha namaqembu amancane bethatha igalelo elincane. Leligebe elingenayo linikeza inzuzo eqenjini elisizinda salo sihileleke kakhulu eminyakeni engaphumi phambili. Ngokuvamile iqembu liphume eWhite House. Ososayensi bezombangazwe baye baphawula ukuthi abavoti baphakathi phakathi kwenkathi bathambekele kakhulu ngokwemibono kune-votatectrate, okungathuthukisa ukuvota okuvamile kwe-Prectoratoration.

Ukukhankasa Nokusebenzisa Imali

Imikhankaso yaphakathi kwezikhawu inzima, iyabiza, futhi ithonywe kakhulu yizimo zezombangazwe. AmaCandida, amaqembu, namaqembu angaphandle achitha izinkulungwane zezigidi zamaRandi ekukhangiseni, ekuthumeleni iposi, nasekungeni kwe-milingo. Emjikelezweni ka-2022, ingqikithi yokusetshenziswa kwezinhlanga zikahulumeni yadlula [izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R1] [, iyenza ibe inkathi ebiza kakhulu emlandweni.

Abefundisi abavelele bavame ukusebenza njengenduku yombani: uma umongameli engathandwa, abazothatha izintambo zeqembu likamongameli, kuyilapho abacela inselele bebopha abaphikisi babo kumongameli. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umongameli odumile angathuthukisa abazothatha iziqu zabo futhi abasize ukuba babambe noma bathole izihlalo.

Izici Eziyinhloko Ezithonya Ukukhetha Phakathi Nezikhathi

Ukuqonda lokhu kungasiza abavoti nabahlaziyi ukuba babikezele imiphumela futhi bachaze isimo sezombangazwe esibanzi.

Ukulinganiselwa Komongameli

Enye yezibikezelo ezinamandla kakhulu zokusebenza phakathi nenkathi isilinganiso sokuvunyelwa umongameli. Uma umongameli engathandwa, abavoti ngokuvamile basebenzisa isikhathi esiphakathi njengendlela yokuveza ukunganeliseki, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kweqembu likamongameli. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2010, umongameli uBarack Obama uthola imvume ephakeme edlula cishe ngo-45%, futhi uDemocrat walahlekelwa izihlalo ezingu- 63 phakathi nenkathi yokulahlekelwa okukhulu kusukela ngo-1938. Ngokuphambene, umongameli ogunyazwe kakhulu angasiza iqembu labo, nakuba ngisho nomongameli odumile belahlekelwa izihlalo ezithile.

Izomnotho

Izimo zezomnotho zinendima enkulu. Ukungasebenzi okukhulu, ukwehla kwamandla emali, noma ukuwohloka kwezomnotho ngokuvamile kulimaza iqembu ekubuseni. Abaqondisi bathambekele ekusoleni umongameli kanye neqembu labo ngenxa yobunzima bezomnotho, ngisho noma izimbangela ziyinkimbinkimbi noma zisuka ezicini zomhlaba. Ukhetho lwaphakathi nenkathi engu-2022, ngokwesibonelo, lwalubangelwa kakhulu ukwehla kwamandla emali nokukhathazeka ngezindleko zokuphila, okwabangela ukulahlekelwa okuncane kwe-Democratic naphezu kokusebenza okungcono kwezinhlanga ezithile.

Izenzakalo Ezinkulu Zesizwe

Izenzakalo eziphawulekayo − njengezimpi, ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, izinhlekelele zemvelo, noma izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme . Ukhetho lwango 2006 phakathi nenkathi ye-Iraq, lwabona amaDemocrat ethola izihlalo ezingu-31 zendlu futhi elawula i-Congress. Muva nje, ama-2022 phakathi nendawo athonywa isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme amaDobs v. AmaJackson’s Health Organization, abhikiba isivikelo sokukhishwa kwezisu. Isinqumo samuva kakhulu sathonywa yi-Democratic Republican Republic.

Izinzuzo Ezinhle Nokuvuselelwa

Abasebenzi bendlu ngokuvamile banenzuzo enkulu ngenxa yokuqashelwa, ukuqongelelwa kwekhono, nezinkonzo ezisunguliwe. Nokho, ukuphindwa kwemigqa yesifunda ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu ngakunye, kushintsha ngokuphawulekayo indawo ekhethiwe. Phakathi neminyaka elandela ukubalwa kwabantu (umzk., 2022 ngemva kokubala ngo-2020), izifunda eziningi ziyaphinde zikhishwe, ngezinye izikhathi ukuze zivikele izikhundla noma zisungule izihlalo zokuncintisana. UGerrymering, ukusetshenziswa kwemingcele yesigodi yenzuzo ye-Rhovalk, kunganciphisa inani lezihlalo zokuncintisana nokuvikela ezingeni elivela ekuhlalweni kwesizwe.

Imikhuba Engokomlando Nezici Eziphawulekayo Eziphakathi Nezikhathi

Ukutadisha okhethweni lwangesikhathi esidlule kwembula izindlela ezingaguquki nezikhathi ezivelele lapho umkhuba waphulwa.

“ I - Ich yonyaka we-Six”

Ososayensi bezombangazwe baye baphawula ukuthi iqembu lomongameli cishe lilahlekelwa izihlalo ngaso sonke isikhathi phakathi nenkathi yesibili yegama likamongameli. Lesisenzakalo, esibizwa ngokuthi “i-ich yeminyaka eyisithupha,” senzeka ngo-1956 (i-Nixon/Ford), 1986 (IReagan), 1998 (engaphandle kwe-Democrates yathola izihlalo phakathi nomnotho onamandla nenqindiso), 2006 (i-Regeone W. Bush), kanye no-201818 (Trump). Phakathi no-1998 (isigaba) yayiyisenzakalo esingavamile lapho iqembu lomongameli lathola izihlalo, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuphikisana nomthetho womphakathi phakathi neRiphabliki neRiphabliki.

Izinketho zamaza aphikisana nesimo

Ezinye izikhawu zenza ukhetho olukhulu “lwezinga” lapho elinye iqembu lithola khona izihlalo eziningi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa u-1994 (IziNkathi Zomphakathi zathola izihlalo ezingamashumi amahlanu nanhlanu futhi zathatha iningi okokuqala eminyakeni engu-40), 2010 (inzuzo engu-63 etholakala eRiphabliki), kanye no-2018 (i-Demrat yathola izihlalo ezingu-41 zokuthatha futhi yathatha indlu). Ezinye izikhawu zaphakathi ziphumela ezingeni ezilinganisweni ezilinganiselwe, njengango-2014 (iRepublicans yathola izihlalo ezingu-9 zendlu kodwa izihlalo ezingu-13 kuphela) noma 2022 (i-2022) noma i-202 (inani lezindlu elincane nenani elincane elinezihlalo lezingu elingu 9).

Indima Yemibuthano Yomongameli (noma Ukuntuleka Kwawo)

Ngokuvamile abameli bavame ukuba “banezihlalo” kukhetho lwabo lokuqala, besiza ekuvoteni abantu abazothatha ibhola. Kodwa ngesikhathi saphakathi, lezo zikhawu zinyamalala. Iqembu likamongameli livame ukulahlekelwa yizihlalo ezinenetha ngoba abavoti abafuna umongameli kukhetho oludlule abashukunyiselwanga ukuvota eminyakeni emibili kamuva. Lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi “isijeziso senkathi ephakathi.”

Okwenza Ukukhetha Phakathi Nezikhathi Kubaluleke Kubantu Abahlala Ezakhamuzini

Kulabo abaqalayo kwezombangazwe, ukhetho lwaphakathi nenkathi lungabonakala lungabalulekile kakhulu kunemincintiswano kamongameli. Eqinisweni, ngokuvamile kulapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo ezilandelayo. ISishaya-mthetho sibhala imithetho, amajaji, futhi silawula izimali zikahulumeni. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinquma ngemali yemfundo, ukwanda kwezempilo, nemithetho yokuvota. Amahhovisi endawo athinta ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, i-polistra, nezikole.

Ngenxa yokuthi abavoti abaphakathi baphansi, banethonya elingenakulinganiswa ngokuthi ubani obamelelayo. Umvoti ozinikezele phakathi nonyaka ophakathi kungaba nethonya elikhulu kunaphakathi nokhetho lomongameli lapho izigidi ezengeziwe ziqhamuka. Yingakho amaqembu okuvota, amaqembu ezombangazwe, kanye nezimemezelo zemithombo yezindaba zigcizelela ukubaluleka kokuvota phakathi nokhetho.

Indlela Yokuhlanganyela Ezinhlamvwini Zokukhetha

Ukuhlanganyela ekukhethweni phakathi nenkathi kuqondile kodwa kudinga ukuhlela. Nazi izinyathelo eziyinhloko:

  • Umbhalisi wokuvota. Hlola imikhawulo efinyelelwe yemvume yezwe lakho. Izizwe eziningi zivumela ukubhaliswa kosuku olufanayo, kodwa ezinye zidinga amasonto okubhaliswa kusengaphambili. Vation.gov unikeza ulwazi lwezwe olufingqiwe.
  • [[QT:0] abafuna ukuhlolwa nokwaziswa. Buka ngalé kwezimpawu zeqembu. Funda izikhundla zabazohlolwa, funda amahholo edolobha, futhi thintana nemithombo engewona amapartis njenge i-Ballotteia[ ukuze uthole ukwaziswa nge-bolot yakho.
  • [ Yazi ukukhetha kwakho. Izizwe eziningi zinikeza ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota ngeposi, noma ukuvota okungekhoyo. Nquma ukuthi iyiphi indlela esebenzela kangcono futhi ulandele iziyalezo ngokucophelela.
  • Yenza icebo lokuvota. Beka isikhumbuzo soSuku Lokhetho. Izimpondo zivuleka kusukela ekuseni kakhulu kuze kube kusihlwa, kodwa imigqa ingaba mide, ikakhulukazi kusihlwa. Cabangela ukuvota kusekuseni ukuze ugweme amamagasi.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngezikhathi Eziphakathi Nezikhathi Ezikhethwayo

Izinganekwane eziningi eziphathelene nokhetho phakathi nenkathi yokuvota zingadida abavoti bokuqala. Ukubakha kusiza ekwakheni ukuqonda okunembe kakhudlwana.

Myth: ukhetho lwe Midter kuphela oluyindaba yeSishaya-mthetho. Nakuba izinhlanga zikahulumeni zibusa izihloko eziphambili, isifundazwe nezinhlanga zendawo zinethonya elikhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngokwesibonelo, ababusi balawula uhlelo lwemali nosizo lwesimo esiphuthumayo, kuyilapho abamisi-mthetho banquma amalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu, imithetho yezibhamu, nezindinganiso zemfundo. Ukhetho lwezikole zendawo lunquma uhlelo lwezifundo nemali eziza kuqala.

Myth: ukuvota kwakho akunandaba ngenxa yokuzibamba. Udwendwe lungenza ezinye izigodi zingancintisani, kodwa izinhlanga eziningi zezindlu zisancintisana kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanga zesifunda seSigele, umbusi, kanye nezinyathelo zokuvota azikho ngaphansi kokuzihlela. Ezizweni ezincintisanayo, ivoti eyodwa inganciphisa ukulingana emncintiswaneni oseduze.

Myth: Imiphumela yokukhetha iMidterm ayilichaphazeli igunya lobumongameli. Lokhu kungamaphutha. Ukuhlelwa kweKhongolo kuthinta ngokuqondile lokho umongameli angakufeza. IsiKhongolo esilawulwa yiqembu eliphikisayo singavimbela umthetho, siqale sihlole, futhi senqabe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-nominees. Umongameli onesishaya-mthetho esinobungane angadlula izikweletu ezinkulu, njengoba kuboniswa eminyakeni emibili yokuqala yesimiso sokuphatha i-Biden lapho iDemocrates elawula womabili amaqembu.

Ikusasa Lokukhetha Phakathi Nezikhathi

Ukhetho lwezikhawu luyaqhubeka lushintsha. Ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, umkhankaso wezimali, nemithetho yokuvota kuzohlela imijikelezo ezayo. Ukuvela kwezezokuxhumana kuye kwenza kwaba lula ngabazonyusela iminikelo emincane ye-dilorn futhi bafinyelele abavoti ngokuqondile, kodwa futhi kuye kwandisa ukusakazeka kwezindaba ezingezona ezilungile. Inani lezihlalo zokuncintisana lingase linciphe ngokuthi i-gerryderinging irefection futhi lizivotelela ngokwanelisa imiphakathi. Ngalesosikhathi, imizamo yokwandisa ukuvota ngokuvota okufana nokubhalisa iposi okuzenzekelayo, futhi ukuvota okungoko kungenza ukuvota okusheshayo kunciphe futhi kubangele ukuvela futhi kuqhubeke ukumelela.

Ukuqonda okhetho phakathi nenkathi kubalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esithembisene. Akusona isenzakalo sesibili phakathi kwezinhlanga zomongameli; kuyindlela ebalulekile yokubeka izikhulu ezikhethiwe icala nesiqondiso sezwe. Ngokuhlanganyela, abavoti bangathonya izimiso ezithinta ukuphila kwabo iminyaka eminingi ezayo.