Isingeniso: Izwe Elinesithunzi Lezinhlansi Zokuphoqelela

Kumaqembu aphezulu emikhankaso yezombangazwe, ulwazi luyimali, futhi ithonya liwumklomelo wokugcina. Phakathi kwamathuluzi aphikiswayo ebhokisini likachwepheshe wanamuhla kukhona ukuphenya ngokucindezela − indlela yokukhohlisa ezenza sengathi ukucwaninga okungokomthetho komphakathi kungukucwaninga okusemthethweni kuyilapho empeleni kuhloselwe ukulawula abavoti. Ngokungafani nokuhlola okuqotho okuklanyelwe ukulinganisa umzwelo, ukuphoqelela ukupheka kokuhlola kuklanywa ukuze kushintshwe, ngokuvamile ngokusakaza ukwaziswa okuphambene noma okudukisayo ngomphikisi. Ukusetshenziswa kwazo ezindleleni zokukhangisa kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima ngezimiso zokuziphatha, ukuthembeka komthetho, nobuqotho benkulumo yedemokhrasi. Lesi sihloko sihlola lokho okuphoqelela izicelo, indlela abakwenzayo emikhankanyeni yabo, ithonya yabo eyingozi, nenkulumo eqhubekayo elandela imithetho yabo.

Ziyini Izinhlansi Zokuphoqelela?

Phakathi, ukuhlola okuphoqelelayo kuyindlela yokuxhumana kwezombangazwe efihlekile njengenhlolo - vo. Kuvame ukuba nemibuzo emifushane egcwele , eholela, noma ekhohlisa ngamabomu. Nakuba ukuhlola okungokomthetho kuzama ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okungamukelekiyo kwenkomba yovoti kanye nezimpikiswano, kuphoqelela ukuvota okunomgomo ohluke ngokuphelele: “ukuthatha i-pish” impendulo esiphethweni esimisiwe, ngokuvamile esingamukeleki esiphethweni noma esinqunyiwe.

Izici eziyinhloko

  • Imibuzo Egcwele: Imibuzo ihlanganisa ukusho okungamanga noma okweqisayo, njengokuthi “Ungaba nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuvota u-X uma wazi ukuthi babebekwe icala lokungalungi ngokwezimali?” (ngokuvamile ngaphandle kobufakazi).
  • [[NT.:0] Ubude besikhathi sobugqila: ukuvota kokusunduza ngokuvamile kufinyeza kakhulu cishe ngezikhathi ezithile umbuzo owodwa noma emibili] ngoba umgomo awukona ukuqoqa ukwaziswa kodwa ukuhambisa umlayezo.
  • Iphepha lokubona ngaphaya: Ama-athom e-Legitimate aveza indlela yabo yokuhlola kanye nomxhasi; ukusunduza ukuhlola kuvame ukufihla umthombo wabo noma ukumelela kabi injongo yabo.
  • Akukho qoqo lemininingwane: Ukuphendula ngokuvamile akuqoshwa noma kucacisiwe ngendlela enengqondo; ucingo noma ukuxhumana kwe-inthanethi kungokomphumela wokugcina.

I- American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) ichaza ngokucacile ukucusha i-FLT njengendlela “engahloselwe ukuqoqa ukwaziswa kodwa ukusakaza ukwaziswa okungakhi ngombhalisa.” Lokhu kuhlukanisa ekuhloleni okungokomthetho kokuphikiswa, okungase futhi kubuze imibuzo ephambene kodwa ukwenza kanjalo ukulinganisela ukusabela kunokuguqula umbono.

Umlando Nezibonelo Eziphawulekayo

Ukuhlola okuphenyayo kuye kwaba isici sezombangazwe zaseMelika amashumi amaningi eminyaka, nakuba ukudlondlobala kwazo kuye kwakhula ngokubhebhetheka kwe-telmarkting kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemicro encinane yamanani. Elinye lamagalelo agciniwe akudala enziwa phakathi nonyaka ka-19996 we-Republican Princial Primiaries, lapho abasekeli basePat Buchanan kubikwa ukuthi basebenzisa khona ukuphenya ukuphoqelela i-star Bob Dole ngokumangalelwa ukuthi ubugebengu bupholile. Okudumile kakhulu, ukusunduza ukuhlola kwavela embukisweni ka- 2000 South Carolina, lapho uGeorge W. Bush amangalelwa khona ngokusebenzisa izicelo zokuphonsa ukusikisela ukuthi uJohn McCrian wazala umntwana omnyama omnyama ongekho emthethweni. McCain kamuva umphathi womkhankaso weze washo ukuthi lokhu kuyisicimbiwe eMccion.

Kumkhankaso ka-2008 wentando yeningi, uHillary Clinton wamangalelwa ngokuthi usebenzisa iziphetho eziphoqelelwe ukuze abuze ukholo lukaBarack Obama nezakhamuzi zakhe. Ngokufanayo, phakathi nokhetho luka 2016, kwavela imibiko eminingi yokuphoqelelwa kwezicelo ezihlasela kokubili uDonald Trump noHillary Clinton, ngokuvamile esebenzisa izikhangiso zokugoma ngezinkulumo ezibuhlungu. Kwezinye izimo, ukuphoqelela ukuhlolwa kuye kwahlanganiswa nemizamo yokuphazamisa yezizwe, njengoba kubonakala ngezingcingo ezibekwe eRussia phakathi nomkhankaso wonyaka ka-2016 owasakaza izikhundla zezindaba ezingamanga ezikhuluma ngezikhundla ze-atho.

Muva nje, ukuphoqelela ukuhlola kuye kwathuthela kuma-digitation. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Online ngemibuzo ethambekele ekusondweni, i-website yomphakathi ibuza ukuthi “bavumela” abasebenzisi ngemva kokuphendula, futhi ngisho nokuxhumana ngengxoxo kungaba wusizo olufanayo. Lokhu kushintsha kwanamuhla kwenza ukuba ukwazi ukubona izinto kube nzima kakhulu futhi kube nomthetho oyinkimbinkimbi.

Sebenzisa Emkhankasweni Ophambene

Umkhankaso ophambene uyisici esimiswe kahle, uma kuphikiswana, isici sezombangazwe ezikhethayo. Izikhangiso zokuhlasela, ukucwaninga kokuphikiswa, kanye nezithuthi zeposi ezingezizo. Ukuphenya kusendaweni ehlukile ngoba kuvumela imikhankaso ukuba isakaze ukwaziswa okungakhiyo ngaphansi kweradar. Ngokungafani nezikhangiso zethelevishini, ezingase zihlolwe futhi zihlolwe, zisunduze ukuhlola okusebenza emkhathini wangasese wocingo noma wecomputer. Umkhankaso ungaphika ukuhileleka, futhi okuqukethwe yi-epmer [1] kuvele kuvele uma ucingo noma ukuhlola kuvaliwe.

Ukulayeza okuqondiwe

Imikhankaso ivame ukusebenzisa ukuphoqelela ukuhlolwa ukuze kuqinisekwe ukwesaba noma ubandlululo olukhona phakathi kwamaqembu aphambili abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu ozofuna ukuvota angase afune ukuvota ngokuthatha izibhamu ngokuphoqelela imibuzo yokufuna ukuthi umphikisi umelene namalungelo ezibhamu, esebenzisa ulimi oludukisayo ukuze afake umphikisi njengeqisayo. Ezifundazweni zokujikijela, ukuphenya kungasetshenziselwa ukuqhubekisela umxekezo phakathi kombheki noma ubandlululo oluthile, ukuxhaphaza izindaba ezihlukanisayo ukuze kuzuze inzuzo.

Ukulwa Namanye Amacebo

Ukuhlola kokucindezela akuvamile ukusetshenziswa ngokuzihlukanisa. Ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa icebo lokukhangisa elingakhi. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhankaso ungaqala ukuhlasela umphikisi ngoLwesibili, bese ulandela ngokucindezela ngoLwesithathu ukuze uqinise isigijimi futhi uhlole ithonya laso elingokomzwelo (ngisho noma imininingwane ingabhalwa). Inhlanganisela yezikhangiso ezikhokhelwayo, iposi eqondile, futhi ukucindezela ukuhlasela okungahlula kakhulu okungakhubaza indawo yokwaziswa yomvoti.

Elinye iqhinga elivamile “ukucindezelwa kwevolitiki” okusunduza ukuhlohla, okuhloselwe ukudumaza abasekeli bombhalisa. Imibuzo ingasikisela ukuthi ozovota angalahlekelwa, ukuthi ukhetho lungalawulwa, noma ukuthi ukuvota akunamdlali. Umgomo ukunciphisa ukugwenywa kwabaphikisi. Lokhu kukhathaza kakhulu ngoba kululaza ngokuqondile inqubo yedemokrasi.

Indlela Imishini Eshukumisa Ngayo Izintuthwane Ezishukumisayo

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kungaphumelela, kumelwe sihlole izinqubo zengqondo ezidlalwayo. Abantu ababenzi besinqumo esinengqondo ngokugcwele; bancike kuma-mishinyana angokwengqondo, izimpawu ezingokomzwelo, nezinkolelo ezikhona ngaphambili. Ukuhlola kokucindezela kusebenzisa lezizinto eziyingozi ngezenzakalo eziningana ezibhalwe kahle:

Ukubhidliza Nokuphotha

Ngokubuza umbuzo olayishiwe, ukuphenya okucindezelayo “ama-parsume” umthakazeli ofuna ukucabanga ngemfanelo ethile ephambene. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubuza ukuthi“ U-Cladite X ubenomlando wokubalekela intela?” atshala umqondo wokubalekela intela engqondweni yovoti, ngisho noma i-status ingamanga. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ithonya lokuchayeka []

Ubuqili Bokwaziswa

Abavoli bavame ukuphambanisa okuqukethwe yinhlolo - vo ephoqelelwe yokwaziswa okuqotho. Ngenxa yokuthi kuthatha uhlobo lokuhlola, ababuzwayo bangase bacabange ukuthi izinkulumo ezikuyo ziye zaphikiswa noma zamukelwa kabanzi. Lokhu kuyingozi kakhulu uma isisulu singamazi kakhulu; abavoti banolwazi oluncane ngaphambili lokuphikisa izinkulumo ezingamanga.

Ukusikisela Okungokomzwelo

Izinhlelo eziningi zokuhlola eziphoqelelwe ziklanyelwe ukuvusa ukusabela okungokomzwelo (intukuthelo, ukwesaba, noma ukunengwa. Lemizwelo ilawula ukuhlaziywa okunengqondo futhi ingaholela embonweni ongapheli ophambene. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ukwaziswa okuphambene kuvame ukuba “ukunamathela” kunokuthula; uma nje ukuhlangana okuphambene kwakhiwe, kungaba nzima ukumelana ngisho nokuphikisa okuyiqiniso.

Ukuvumelana Kwezenhlalo

Ezinye izinqumo eziphoqelelayo zisebenzisa amasu afana nethi “Ingabe ungasekela u-Candidate A uma wazi ukuthi iningi labavoti endaweni yakini alibethembi?” Lokhu kunikeza ubufakazi bezenhlalo: uma “abantu abaningi” bezizwa ngendlela ethile, osabelayo angase avumelane naleyondlela ecatshangelwayo.

Ukuze ungene nzulu ekuthambekeleni kwengqondo okwenza amasu anjalo aphumelele, bheka [[FLT: 0] i-Decision Lab’s la curisture yobandlululo [[[FLT: 1]].

Izinkinga Ezingokomthetho

Icala lezimiso ezimelene nokuphoqelelwa kwezicelo linamandla. Bakhohlisa ngamabomu abantu ababuzwa ngenjongo yalolubizo, ngokuvamile baphazamisa imfihlo yabo, futhi basakaza amanga. Izinhlangano ze-professional poststers, njengo-AAPOR ne-World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR), sekuyisikhathi eside ziwulahla lomkhuba. i-AAPOR’s Ethiclets isho ngokucacile ukuthi “ukuhlola okungagunyazi kuyisivikelo sokunxenxa.”

Ukubukeka Okungokomthetho

Imithetho elawula ukuphenya izicelo iyahlukahluka kakhulu. E-United States, imithetho kahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Telemmersumer Protection Act (TCPA) ingasebenza uma kuphoqelelwa ukuvoca ngezicelo ezizihambelayo (izingcingo) ngaphandle kwemvume yangaphambili. Nokho, ukuphenya okuningi kuqhutshwa ngesandla, ukudlulisa imingcele yeTCUCA. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho eqinile. I-California ifuna ukuba noma isiphi isingcingo esihlanganisa umbuzo wokuhlola ngomxhasi we-athom noma isilinganiso se-olotteo kumele ukwambula igama lomxhasi. Ngokufanayo, iVirginia ne-Minnesotavia ivimbela “inkulumo engamanga noma ekhohlisayo" ekuhloleni ngocingo.

Naphezu kwalemizamo, ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kuyinto engavamile. Imikhankaso ingakususa kalula ukuphenya kubathengisi besithathu abasebenza ezingxenyeni zikahulumeni, okwenza kube nzima ukushushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo yezombangazwe, ngisho noma isithikamezo asikwenzi ukuhlanjalazwa okusobala. Nokho, ukukhohliswa okusobala ekuhlolweni kusenzisaneni okuphoqelelwe kuyinsela ngoba amazwi ngokuvamile abekwe njengemibuzo kunokuba abekwe ekuhlolweni.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke

Amanye amazwe aye athatha ukuma okuqinile. ECanada, i-Ecostations Act inqabela noma ubani ukuba asho amanga ngezenzo zombhalisa noma imisebenzi yakhe. E-United Kingdom, i-Parities yezombangazwe, i-Ecostation and Referendends Act ivimbela izinhlobo ezithile zomkhankaso, nakuba icindezela ukuhlolwa kuye kwasetshenziswa okhethweni lwendawo futhi kunemiphumela elinganiselwe. Imithetho yokhetho yase-Australia ibuye ibe namalungiselelo amelene nokuxhumana okudukisa.

Ithonya Endleleni Yokudlala Imishini Yezimpahla

Imiphumela yokuhlola okuphoqelelwe ayibangelwa nje yimibono. Ukuhlola okuningi kuye kwafaka ubufakazi bethonya langempela esimweni sengqondo sovoti nasemuva. Ukuhlolwa [[FLT: 0] 2017 kuElectoral Studies[ kwathola ukuthi ukuchayeka ekucindezeleni okungathandeki kwemiyalezo esunduzayo esunduzayo encishiselwe phezulu ehlonisweni yalabo abahlolwayo, ngisho nalapho imilayezo ilungisiwe kamuva. Umonakalo wavezwa ikakhulukazi phakathi kovoti abaphansi be-coplute kanye nalabo abaxhunyiwe yiqembu elibuthakathaka.

Ukucindezelwa Okuvulekayo

Mhlawumbe umphumela okhohlisa kakhulu wokucindezela ungaba namandla abo okucindezela umvoti. Ngokusakaza amahemuhemu okuthi umbhalisa wonakele, akakwazi, noma akakufanelekeli, angasusa ukuhlolwa kokuthi abasekeli bombhalisa. Abavoter bangaphetha ngokuthi “kumabili izinhlangothi azilungile” futhi ahlale ekhaya. Kukhetho oluseduze, ngisho nokuncishiswa kancane kungasusa umphumela. Okunye ukuhlola kuphoqelela inhloso ecacile yokuvimbela inani elithile lenani elithile lezingane (ngokomzekelo), ngokusikisela ukuba i-vota abambalwa bavota bakhethe ukuthi ukuvota akusizi lutho noma kuyingozi.

Ukunengwa Nokuqamba Amanga

Ukuhlola kokuphoqa futhi kunengxenye ekuncipheni kwezimiso zezombangazwe. Uma abavoti beqaphela ukuthi baye basetshenziswa, ukugxeka kwabo kuyajula. Kungase kungakholeki ukuthi bangakholelwa noma yikuphi ukuxhumana kwezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nokwaziswa okuyiqiniso. Lendawo yokungathembani yenza kube nzima ngedemokrasi ukusebenza, njengoba abavoti behluleka ukuvumelana ngamaqiniso ayisisekelo.

Indlela Yokubona Nokusabela Ekushukumiseni Impova

Njengoba ukuhlola okuphoqelelayo kuklanyelwe ukukhohlisa, izakhamuzi ezivamile zingazivikela kanjani?

Amaflagi abomvu

  • [ I-fullt kanye nolunye uhlangothi: Uma “i-impepho” iqukethe umbuzo owodwa noma emibili, ikakhulukazi uma yonke ingemihle, kungenzeka ukuthi iyinhlolo yokucindezela.
  • Ulimi olulayishiwe: Amagama afana no- “conrupt,”“ qlar,” noma “ingozi" embuzweni kubonisa umzamo wokusunduza.
  • Akukho kwaziswa okuphendulayo: Abavoti bamaLegitimate bavame ukubuza inani labantu ekupheleni; ukusunduza ukuhlola akuvamile ukwenza.
  • Ucingo olungaziwa: Uma oshaye ucingo enqaba ukuveza inhlangano noma injongo, uphanyekile.
  • Amasu okucindezela okuphezulu: Ukuvocavoca kokusunduza kungazama ukukugcina usemgqeni noma ukufuna impendulo esheshayo.

Okumelwe Ukwenze

  • Ungahlanganyeli:[ Awubophekile ukuthatha igalelo. Ukwehla okungalawuleki futhi ucele ukususwa ohlwini locingo.
  • Umbiko wayo: [ Isikhalo ne-Federal Commissions Commission (FCC) ngamaphaphu angafunekiyo, noma nekhomishane yokhetho kazwelonke uma usola ukwephulwa.
  • Isikhala-saziwayo:[ Uma uzwa ukusho okumangalisayo phakathi nocingo, kuqinisekiswe ngemithombo enedumela elihle ngaphambi kokuba uyikholelwe.
  • Abanye:[ Hlanganisa ulwazi ngokuphoqelela ukuphenya kubangane nomkhaya, ikakhulukazi phakathi nenkathi yokukhetha.

Izimpikiswano Zokulungisa: Ukulinganisela Inkulumo Nobuhle

Impikiswano yokuhlola ephoqelelwe ikhona lapho kuhlangana khona ukuhlangana kwenkululeko yokukhuluma nokhetho olulungile. Abalweli baphikisa ngokuthi ngisho nokuxhumana kwezombangazwe okudukisayo kuvikelwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, nokuthi umthetho owengeziwe ungathulisa inkulumo engokomthetho. Abaphikisi abaphoqelela ukuphenya abakhohlisi abakhombi abasho lutho kodwa bawuhlobo lokukhohlisa olufana nokukhwabanisa, futhi ukulimaza abakubangelayo kudlula noma yiliphi inani lenkululeko yokukhuluma.

Ezinye iziphakamiso zenguquko zihlanganisa ukufuna ukutshelwa komxhasi wangempela ekuqaleni kwanoma yikuphi ukushayela ucingo olucela ukuba athathe isilinganiso sombhalisa noma isilinganiso sokubhalisa, njengoba izifundazwe eziningi kakade zisiyaleza. Abanye basikisela ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kocingo oluzihambelayo kunezingcingo ezinjalo, noma ukufuna ukuba kufakwe amazwi acacile okuthi ukuhlola kungokwezinjongo zokuthonya. Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zibuye zibe nendima; amapulatifomu anjenge Facebook neTwitter angakwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi azo ekufunyaniseni, njengoba nje zivimbela ukukhomba ukukhomba.

Nokho, umthetho uhlala uqinile futhi ngokuvamile awunawo amazinyo. Kuze kube yilapho izindinganiso ezicacile zezwe zithathwa − zihlanganiswa nokugcinwa kwemithetho enamandla() ukuphenya okuqinile kuzakuqhubeka kuyisikhali ezikhalini zomkhankaso ezingakhi.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlola kokuphoqa kumelela ukuhlangana okumnyama kokusebenza kwengqondo nokusebenzisa kabi kwezombangazwe. Ababheki ukucwaninga okungokombono; abakhomba ukuqashelwa kwenkulumo - ze ekuhloleni. Ukusetshenziswa kwabo emaqhingani aphambene kululaza ukuvota okunolwazi, kuhlwayelela ukugxeka, futhi kungabangela ngisho nokucindezeleka. Nakuba izindinganiso zomthetho nezimiso zokuziphatha zikhona, aziguquguquki futhi azinyakazi. Othisha, nabenzi bemithetho kumelwe bahlale beqaphile. Ngokuqonda lokho okuphoqelela izicelo, siqaphela amasu abo, futhi sisekela izikhuselo ezinamandla, singanciphisa ithonya labo elilimazayo ezinqubweni zedemo yentando yeningi.