Ukukhwabanisa okungaphenduki kusenye yezinsongo ezingapheli zokubusa kwentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Nakuba izenzakalo eziningi zokukhwabanisa ziqhutshwa ngokufanelekile, ngisho nezenzakalo ezihlukene zokukhwabanisa zingaqeda ukwethemba umphakathi futhi zibangele ukungaguquguquki kwezombangazwe. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokukhwabanisa kwezekhethelo, izivikelo eziklanyelwe ukuzivimbela, futhi izinselele ezicazululayo ekuvikeleni ubuqotho bokhetho zibalulekile ezakhamuzini, kubaphathi bemithetho, nakubaphathi bokhetho ngokufanayo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucubukiswa okubanzi, okujulile, okujulile kokukhwaba, izimpande zaso ezingokomlando, amasu obuchwepheshe bokuvikela i-bolot, nendima yobuchwepheshe ekuvikeleni ibhokisi.

Kuyini Ukukhohlisa Okubangelwa Ubuciko?

Ukukhwabanisa kwe-Electoral kuhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi engekho emthethweni ehloselwe ukulawula umphumela wokhetho. Lezizenzo zingakwenzeka ngaphambi, phakathi novota, noma ngemva kokuvota futhi zingahilela abavoti, abavoti, izikhulu zokhetho, noma izigaba zesithathu. Injongo eyinhloko yokukhwabanisa iwukususa ukubonakaliswa kwentando yamahhala nokungakhethi. Izinqubo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukulingisa: ukubeka ibhola lomshini ngaphansi kwegama lomunye umuntu, kungaba ngumuntu noma ngokuphuma kwebhola. Nakuba kungavamile, ukuhlola kwe Brennan Center yeJaji kulinganisela ukuthi ukukhohlisa ngokuzenzakalela kwenzeka ngamazinga aphansi kakhulu ngezansi kuka-0.01% wamavoti akhishiwe.
  • Ukufaka izilomo zokufaka ibhola lokukhohlisa ezengeziwe ebhokisini lokuvota noma ukusebenzisa amanani evoti kagesi. Lokhu kwakuyinkinga enkulu ngokwengokomlando kwezombangazwe zemishini, njengaphakathi nokhetho olubi luka-1960 lweChicago.
  • Ukuthenga ngokunganaki: Ukukhipha imali, izimpahla, noma izinkonzo zokuvota. Kuvame kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izimiso zezombangazwe zentando yeningi nezokuphatha, lapho amaqembu esebenzisa khona ama-millinet okusekela ukusekela.
  • Abavoti abaholayo: balahla ukwaziswa okungamanga mayelana nezinqubo zokuvota, izindawo, noma ukungagunyazi ukuvimbela ukuvota noma amavoloti angaqondile. Phakathi nokhetho 2016 U.S., ngokwesibonelo, ama-bot ezokuxhumana asakaza amahora okuvota okunganembile.
  • Ukukhohlisa kokubhalisa: ukungenisa ukubhalisa okungagunyaziwe (umzk., usebenzisa abavoti abafile noma amakheli angewona abalulekile) ukugcwalisa imishwana egcwele, engase ixhaphaze ukukhwabanisa kwangaphandle noma ukuveza ukuvelela komgqomo.
  • [ Ukukhohlisa kwe-avice bloot: Ukufaka noma ukushintsha ama-posi amavoloti, ukusayina, noma ukuvuna amavoti avela kumavoti angenazisulu. Lokhu kuye kwaba yindawo eyinhloko yokuphikisana njengokuvota njengenani elikhuphukayo leposi.
  • Ukulawula ukuvota: Ukuphambana noma ukuguqula ngokoqobo ngemishini evotayo, noma ukushintsha isoftware ukuba ivote. Izenzakalo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa impikiswano ye 2000 “yokukhetha ibhola elingunxantathu” eFlorida, nakuba leyo kwakuyiphutha lokuklama kunokuba ikhohlise ngamabomu.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuwona wonke amaphutha okhetho abangela ukukhwabanisa. Amaphutha, amaphutha okuqondisa, nezinhlekelele zemvelo kungadala ukukhohlisa ngisho noma kungekho nhloso yobugebengu. U.S. i-Evolution Apport Commission[ ilondoloza iziqondiso zokusiza ekuhlukaniseni phakathi kokukhwabanisa nokungafaneleki.

Umlando Wokukhohlisa Kwama - elector

Ukukhwabanisa kwe - Electoral kunomlando omude nohlazisayo, inkathi ngayinye iveza izindlela ezihlukene namahlazo athonya ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezikhungo zokhetho.

Ukukhohlisa Kwangaphambi Kwekhulu Lama - 20

Ngaphambi kokuba ukuthatha izikhundla zabangasese zomshoshaphansi, ukuthenga nokusabisa kusakazeke kakhulu. Ngonyaka we-18-century Britain, “amapulazi amabi” avumela abanikazi bezindawo abacebile ukuba balawule izihlalo zephalamende ngokufumbathisa. Ngokufanayo, ngemva kwe-Civil War America, ukhetho oluhlangeneyo eNingizimu lonakaliswe ubudlova, intela yokuvota, kanye nokwebiwa okusobala kwamabhokisi ebhayisekili. U. Unyulo lomongameli oweqikelezayo phakathi kukaRutherford B. Ha Hay noSamuel Tildne waqokomisa izigaba eziningi zemithetho ephikisanayo yabavoti, okwaholela ekuholweni kwe-18777 ekwahlulelweni kwe-Rov.

Icala Eliphawulekayo Lekhulu Lama - 20

  • ukhetho lomongameli wase-Mexico luka-1991: Ukugunyaza ukuvota okuphambanisa i-Institutional Rrevolution Party ebusayo (PRI) kwakusakazeke kakhulu. Isimiso sekhompuyutha esabala amavoti “aphoxekile” lapho umvotisi wecala uCuauhtémoc Cárdenas ebonakala ehola; lapho ikhona, umvoti omkhulu uCarlos Salinas wawina. Lempoqo lifuna ukuba i-omzameli abaqondisi abavoli abazimeleyo, ekugcineni eyafika ngokudalwa kweSikhungo se-Federa Elctoral Institute (IFE) ngo-19909.
  • Fipines 2004 “Sawubona Garci” ihlazo: izingxoxo ezinamachashaza phakathi kukaMongameli Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo nomphathi wokhetho wasikisela ukubambisana kokulawula amanani amavoti. Ihlazo labangela ukubhikisha okukhulu futhi laqokomisa ukuchayeka kokubalwa kwevoti eqenjini elikhulu, elihlakazekile.
  • I-United Kingdom 2005 “Umgunyathi Wobumpofu”: Okhethweni oluningana lwendawo, imikhankaso ehleliwe yaqoqa inani elikhulu lamavoti eposi ngaphansi kwezimo ezingabazeki. IElectoral Reformation Society yabhala amacala lapho amanxusa afaka khona amaqembu ezindlela zesayina ngesayina senkohliso, okuholela ekuqinisweni kwemithetho yeposi.

Izinselele Zanamuhla

Kulelikhulu lama-21, ukukhwabanisa kuye kwaba nokucushwa okukhulu kakhulu. Ukhetho lwamapresidente lwase-U.S. lwama 2020 lwabona izinselele ezingokomthetho ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili nezithi ukukhwabanisa kwandile, nakuba amakhambi amaningi nokukhomba emacaleni enkantolo (okungaphezu kuka-60) athola bufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwendlela ehlelekile okwakungashintsha umphumela. Kunalokho, ukugxila kwalokhu kushintshelwa ekutheni izinto zazinganembile futhi zizame ukuphazamisa, kokubili abantu basekhaya nabezinye izizwe. Ngokwesifundo se- Brennan Center [, ukuhlasela okubhaliwe bhajengo kwevoti eU.S. kuhlala kuphansi kakhulu, futhi kunezinsolo eziningi eziye zahluleka ukugcinwa ngokucuphethwa.

Isivikelo Ekukhwabaniseni Okunamandla

Ukuze kuvikelwe ukuthembeka kokhetho, idemokrasi iye yakha izivikelo ezilayishwa kaningi ezisebenza kuzo zonke izinga lenqubo yokuvota. Lezi zinyathelo aziphelele, kodwa zizonke zenza ukukhohlisa okunezinga elikhulu kube nzima kakhulu ukukubulala ngaphandle kokuziqaphela.

Izimfuneko Zokwazi Ukuhlukanisa

Amazwe amaningi adinga uhlobo oluthile lokuthola i-ID ukuze avote. Imithetho ye-voter ijonge ukuvimbela ukuzisholo endaweni yokuvota. Nokho, impikiswano futhi ngoba izimfuneko ze-ID eziqinile zingasusa ingcosana, asebekhulile, kanye nabavoti abaphansi abangenayo i-ID zikahulumeni. Isihluthulelo silingana nokuphepha kokuthola ulwazi. Ezinye izizwe, njengeCanada namazwe amaningi aseYurophu, zinikeza zonke izakhamuzi amakhadi e-ID ekhululekile, kuyilapho ezinye, njengemithetho ka-U.S., zithembele emsebenzini owenziwe ngendinyana yemithetho kahulumeni. Ukuhlola [[FLT:] U.S. U. Umthetho we-Akhawuntivectiveal Office [FLD:1]

Izimiso Zokuthutha Izindiza Ezilondekile

Ubuchwepheshe bokuvota buye basuka kumabhukwana amaphepha (asetshenziswa kakhulu) ukuqondisa imishini ye-electronic (DRE) elungisayo, imishini yokubona, futhi ezindaweni ezimbalwa, ukuvota nge-Internet. Isimiso ngasinye sivela ngemishini yokuhlola. Amapeper bolots anikeza umkhondo ongokoqobo kodwa angasetshenziswa noma afakwe. Imishini ye-DRE ishesha futhi isebenzisane nomsebenzisi kodwa iye yagxekwa ngokuntula umbhalo wephepha oqinisekisiwe (ngobathi manje abaningi bahlanganisa umkhondo wephepha elihloliweyo (VVPAT). Indinganiso yegolide, ngokwendlela yokukhetha njenge-VVreditived Vointeng Foundation, iyi-oda ephawuliwe yephepha le-optic, ihlangene nengozi ye-octal ehambisana ne-octive ehleliwe-octive tracted ehlelwe ngemva kokhetho.

Imikhakha yezincwadi nezincwadi zokhetho lweposi

I-fluging irekhodi elivumela izikhulu zokhetho ukuba ziqinisekise ukuthi izibalo zokhetho ezibikwayo zivumelana namavoti angokoqobo. Amavoti alandelana ngeposi .Awukhonya ngokuhlola amagceke − njengencwadi elandisa ngesampula noma amaphutha. Amakhambi ezingozi, alungisa izinga lokulinganisa elisekelwe ekusondeleni komjaho, abhekwa njengeliqinile kakhulu. IColorado, iRhode Island, kanye nezinye ezimbalwa zezincwadi ze-U.S. manje ahlela izibalo eziyingozi ngokuzenzakalela zonke izibalo zokhetho.

Ukuqeqeshwa Nokuxoshwa Kwezikhulu Zokukhetha

Iphutha lomuntu kanye nezinsongo ezingaphakathi kuyizibhece eziphawulekayo zokukhwabanisa. Izikhulu zokhetho kumele zithole ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele ngezinqubo ze-kemply-compooter ze-collet, ukuziphatha okufanelekile kwezisebenzi zokuvota, nendlela yokusabela ezingekho ngqikini. Amasheke okungasemva, izinqubo zokumisa isigaba esingekho esigabeni, kanye nokuqeqesha izimiso zomthetho kuyasiza ekunciphiseni ingozi yokuphazamisa kwe-proxy. Kumazwe aseMelika angamaphesenti angu-50, onobhala bezwe abameleli bokhetho, okuye kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngezingxabano zesithakazelo; amanye amazwe esikhundleni sawo ama-votistss ezinkomeni zokukhetha, njengase-UK naseNdiya.

Izinyathelo Zokuvimbela Imishini Yanamuhla

Ngaphandle kwezinga eliyisisekelo, okhetho lwanamuhla basebenzisa izinyathelo ezintsha, eziwukuthuthukisa ukuze bavimbele ukukhwabanisa ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke.

Ukubhalisa Izincwadi Zomculo Wase - Internet Ngokuqinisekisa

Izimiso zokubhalisa nge-intanethi zinganciphisa amaphutha nokukhwabanisa ngokufaka i-data efaka isicelo ngokuzenzakalelayo emelene nemininingwane yezimoto, ukulondeka kwezenhlalo, nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lezi zihlola ifulege ziphinde zibhaliswe, amakheli ahlangene nezindawo ezingavumelani. Izifunda eziningi zisebenzisa i-Electronic Expactive Information Center (ERIC), inzuzo engasizi ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okukhona ezizweni ukuze kugcinwe kunembile, kuhlanzekile imidwebo. Nokho, i-ERIC ibilokhu iyisisulu semibono yozungu, iqokomisa inselele yokwethenjwa umphakathi.

Imfundo Yomphakathi Nokubona Ingaphandle

Ukuhlela abavoti ngendlela yokuvota, ukuthi bangavota kuphi, nokuthi yini okumelwe bayenze uma besola ukuthi ukungavumelani kuyisilinganiso esiyinhloko. Imikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi njengesithi “Bheka Okuthile, They Interlinea”, abaqondisi, nezixwayiso zezibalo mayelana nokushintsha kwendawo. Izakhamuzi zezwe ukuba zisebenze njengezigadi. Ukubona gcaba nakho kuvela ekuvumeleni abahloli be-Rox nokungabikho kwesigaba sokuhlola, kanye nezibukeli zezizwe zonke (umk., OSCE, Carter Center), ukuba zibheke zonke izigaba zokhetho. EU.S., 2020 yabona abahloli bezindawo eziphambili ezingu-40 000 eziphethe amazwe.

Ukuhlola Imininingwane Nokuthola Ngokuhlakanipha

Izikhulu ze-software yokukhetha manje zisebenzisa i-produc-detection comment ukuze zibone izignognome ezisolekayo kuma-collet angekho (jengesibonelo, amabhola amaningi abhalwe ngesandla esifanayo), izikhonkwane ezingavamile ezibhalisayo ngosuku olulodwa, noma amafayela okuvota anezicelo eziningi zokubuyisela ama-collet. Laba abathakathi-maza abathola futhi behlela imizamo ehlangene yokufaka izakhiwo zokubhalisa ngokukhohlisa ngekheli elifanayo le-IP. Ngokwesibonelo, i-New Jersey Division of Evolutions, isebenzisa isimiso sokubhalisa ama-slay angakwazi ukubhalisa isignesha ngaphambi kokuba babale izindoti.

Isilawuli seMail Ballots

Ukuvota iposi kuye kwanda, ikakhulukazi ngemva kuka-2020. Ukuvimbela ukukhwabanisa kweposi, imingcele ye-gasme i-bar codes i-lop ye-balot ngayinye, ukuqinisekisa okuphoqelelwe, nokusetshenziswa kwe- “ballot last mabhokisi” angaphansi kwama-operaccord. E-Oregon, lapho ukuvota iposi bekulokhu kukhona emhlabeni wonke kusukela ngo-1998, amazinga okukhwabanisa aye ancitshiswa ngenxa yalezi zimiso ezinakele. Ingqungqungquthela yesizwe ye-Gagislaturess qinisekisa inikeza izimpinsolo zemithetho yezwelo ngokomthetho yokuqinisekisa i-boloactive.

Izinselele Ekusingatheni Ukukhwabanisa Kwama - electronel

Naphezu kokuvikelwa ngamandla, izithiyo eziningi zivimbela ukukhwabanisa okuphumelelayo.

Ukumelana Nezombangazwe Nokuhlaziywa Kwezikhundla

Izindlela zokuvimbela ukukhwabanisa ngokuvamile ziyathatheka. Omunye angase afune imithetho eqinile ye-ID yokuvota, ephikisa ngokuthi idingekile ukuze kunqandwe ukukhwabanisa, kuyilapho umphikisi athi imithetho iklanyelwe ukunqanda ukuphehlwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kwenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa izinguquko ezisekelwe kubufakazi. Ngokwesibonelo, izimpikiswano ze H.R. 1 (I-Four People Act) ngo-2021 iveza ukwehlukana okujulile kokuthi ukufinyelela noma ukuqinisa ukuphepha kufanele kuthathe indawo yokuqala.

Ukungabaza Nokwaziswa Okunganembile Komphakathi

Imikhankaso yokwaziswa okunganembile ingaqeda ukwethemba imiphumela yokhetho ngisho noma kungekho ukukhwabanisa. “amanga amakhulu” ukuthi ukhetho lwama-2020 e-U.S. lwebiwa lwaholela ekunyukeni kwemithetho emisha yokuvota evimbelayo kwezinye izizwe futhi, ngokuyingozi kakhulu, ekuhlaseleni i-Capitol ka-Capitol. Ukunqanda ukuxoxisana kudinga ukuxhumana komphakathi ezikhulwini zokhetho, izinhlelo zezokubhala nokubhalana kwezezindaba, kanye nokubambisana kwemithombo yezenhlalakahle ukuze kubhalwe noma kususwe izikhangiso zeze.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Amahhovisi amaningi okuvota asebenza ngezimali eziqinile. Ukuqasha imishini yokuvota, ukuqasha ochwepheshe bezentengiselwano ze-inthanethi, ukuphatha imishini yokuhlola iposi, nokuqeqesha izisebenzi zokuvota konke kudinga izimali. Isikhungo seDemocracy & Technology siphawule ukuthi ama-oral amaningi ancike kwimishini esidala esengozini yokugebenga. Imali ye-Federal, njengemali ye-Help America Vote (HVA) isiza kodwa ngokuvamile ithola izintambo eziboshelwayo futhi ayiqiniseki njalo ngonyaka.

Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Zokuvimbela Impilo

Njengoba ukhetho luqhubeka luhlelwa ngokwemigomo, indawo yokuhlasela iyanda. Ukukhomba kokuhlasela kwemishini yokuvota, ukunqatshelwa kokuhlasela kwe-soservice emawebhsayithi okhetho obusuku bokubika, nokungasetshenziswa kwe-maware emishini yokuvota kuyaqhubeka kukhathazekile. Ukuphazamisa kweRussia, okwahlose izimiso zokuvota ezisemthethweni eziku-21, kwabonisa ukuthi abaphikisi bangaphandle babheka ukuvota njengesisulu esithambile. Nakuba imishini eminingi ingaxhunyiwe kuyi-Internet, ukuphatha izingeniso ze-feminculture eficiswe namakhadi enkumbulo kwegumbi lokukhomba ukuhlengisa uma imithetho eqinile ingalandelwanga.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekuvimbeleni Ukukhwabanisa

Ubuchwepheshe buyinkemba enezinhlangothi ezimbili: budala izinto ezintsha eziwubuthi kodwa futhi namathuluzi anamandla okuvimbela nokubona.

Ukusakaza okusekelwe kublockchain

Ubuchwepheshe be-blockchain bunikeza indlela yokukhomba ekwaziyo ukuphambanisa ukuvota. Esimisweni somsizi, ivoti ngayinye iba yi-openthi" efihliwe “isithintelo” ehlangene neyangaphambili kumphathi womphakathi. Noma imuphi umzamo wokuguqula ivoti ungadinga ukushintsha zonke izitebhu ezilandelayo, yenza kube nzima kakhulu. Imisebenzi ye-Pilot iyenziwa eNtshona Virginia (kuyokuvota kwaphesheya kwezwe ngezwe), i-Utah, futhi ngisho nakukhetho lwesizwe emazweni anjenge-Estonia, olusebenzisa i-bchain ekuvoteleni kwayo nge-inthaneti (i-Vatin). Abagxeki baphawula ukuthi isithichain ayiyixazululi inkinga yokukhokha i-vota esendaweni yokuqala, futhi i-vnertabhulonti (g.) emboni ye-con

Ukuvubukula Isayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo

I-biometrics − iminwe, i-scan ye-iso, ukuqaphela ubuso, ukukwazi ukubonakala kwezindawo zokuhlola noma ukuqinisekiswa kwezicelo ze-odoli ezingekho. Isimiso se-Aadhaar se-methodial ye-biometic methomes enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ixhunyelelwa ekuvotelweni kwe-votary. EGhana, imishini yokuhlola i-biometric ezindaweni zokuhlola izibalo zakudala zincitshisiwe ngokwendlela. Nokho, izimiso zesayensi ye-biometric ziphakamisa izikhalo zemfihlo futhi zingahluleka uma izinzwa zingcolile noma ziwuntumeke. Zidinga futhi ukuvotelelwa kwemishini esetshenziswayo emshinini esetshenziswayo nakupheni.

Ukuzimela Kuyalinganiswa

Amahhovisi okukhetha ahambisana kakhulu nezinhlangano zesizwe ze-inthanethi yomphakathi, njenge-Cybersecurity and Infrapublicre Security Agency (CISA) eMnyango we-U.S. zihlanganisa ukuhlasela okungalawuleki, ukuhlola, ukuvivinya izenzakalo, ukunyakazisa ithebula lezehlakalo, kanye namapulatifomu okuxhumana alondekile (umz., i-Eprofection Disciation and Resilience Exchange). I-CISA EXISESCIFYS SECUFY SER SERY SERYCY [[ inikeza imithombo yezwelonke nezikhulu zendawo ukuze zinciphise izimiso zazo.

Ukuhlolwa Kwesikhathi Sangempela Nokufunda Ngemishini

Ukuhlakanipha okuzenzekelayo kungabona imiklamo eguquguqukayo ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngokwesibonelo, uma igceke libika umvubukulo ophakeme ngokungavamile weqembu elithile elingavumelani nokuthambekela kwenani labantu, abahlaziyi bangawulawula ukuze bahlole. Ngokufanayo, ukugada imithombo yezokuxhumana emikhankasweni ehlangeneyo kuvumela ukusabela okusheshayo. Imfundo yamandla isetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukusayinwa kwezithasi ezingekho ngokuziqhathanisa nezibonelo ezingokomlando ezigcinwe engosini yokuhlola indalo, nakuba lezizikhomba-algodi zingaphelele futhi zingaveza ubandlululo uma zingafundiswanga ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

Ukufinyelela Ubuqotho Bokukhetha Emhlabeni Wonke

Amazwe ahlukahlukene abhekana nokukhwabanisa kwevotiweli ngamasu ahlukahlukene, enikeza abanye izifundo.

Estonia: Ukuphayona Nge - Internet

I-Estonia ithathe ukhetho olusekelwe kuyi-Internet iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi. Amavoters afaka amakhadi e-ID esizwe ngama-chip axutshiwe. Isimiso sisebenzisa isiqiniseko samaprotheni amaningi nesiphelo sokukopisha, futhi abavoti bangaqinisekisa ukuthi amavoti abo abhalelwe kahle ngokusebenzisa i-apple. Indlela ka-Estonia yokunciphisa ukufakwa nokufakwa kolwazi, kodwa incike ekufinyeleleni kwe-ID yomhlaba wonke nasekwazi ukufunda izibalo eziphezulu. Izwe alizange libone ukukhwaba okune mbe ngokhetho olusekelwe ku-inthaneti, nakuba abanye abacwaningi bekhathazekile bekhathazekile nge-panearvalbial.

ENdiya: Ama - biometric ne - voter ID

ElaseNdiya, idemokrasi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, isebenzisa imishini yokuvota (eM) kuzo zonke iziteshi zokuhlola. Amavoter kumelwe anikeze ikhadi le-Voter ID (lihlanganisa nesithombe) futhi ahlolwe ngokumelene nomqulu owenziwe nge-vter. Izifundazwe eziningi zisebenzisa nomshini weVoter-unisted Pagency Radical (VVPAT) onyathelisa isitebhuli sokuqinisekisa ngaphambi kokufaka ebhokisini elivaliweyo. Izikhulu ze-computa ziziphatha ngokufana no-EVM imibango ye-VVPAT ukuze ziqaphe. Naphezu kokuphikisa kwe-EVMpalling, i-Evition Commission ye-Endial ihlonishwa kakhulu njengezedwa futhi iphumelela.

E - United Kingdom: Ukubusa Ngenkululeko Nemithetho Eqinile

I-UK’s Electoral Commission iyindikimba ezimele elawula ukusetshenziswa komkhankaso, ibhalise amaqembu ezombangazwe, futhi imise izindinganiso zokubhalisa. Ukuvota ngeposi kudinga isizathu esimisiwe (umzk., ukuba kude nasekhaya), futhi zonke izicelo ziyahlolwa. Ngo-2004, ngemva kokukhwabanisa eBirmingham, i-UK yasungula ukubhalisa komuntu ngamunye (ukubhalisa kwasekhaya) ukuze ikwenze kube nzima ukukhomba ukubhalisa. UK futhi ukwenqabela ingxenye yesithathu “ukuvuna” yamaposi.

E - United States: IFederalism Ehlanekezelwe

I-U.S. inezimiso zokukhetha ezingu-50 ezihlukene, ngalinye linenhlanganisela yalo siqu yezivikeli. I-Federalism ivumela ukuhlola / ngokwesibonelo, ivoti-posi ngeposi ye-Oregon ne-Pennsylvania ephethe ama-post (kodwa futhi idala ukudideka nokubhadazeka. Post-2020, amazwe amaningi amise igagasi lemithetho emisha emisha, kuhlanganise nokuvimbela ukuxhaswa kwemali kokhetho (ukulandelana nemvume ka-Zuckerberg) kanye nokuqinisa i-boloat nophawulo olungekhoyo. Amanye amazwe aye anweba ukuvota nokubhalisa imvume yokukhomba. I-mfa esithombe esihlonipheyo sisho ukuthi icebo lokukhohlisa kumelwe liphumelele ezindaweni eziningi ekuthinteni umphumela wesizwe, kodwa futhi lenze libe likwazi ukusekela kakhulu isilinganiso se-indeccurectives ezizimele ze-codetic.

Isiphetho

Ukukhwabanisa okungalawuleki kungusongo lwangempela kodwa ngokuvamile oluphazanyiswa ngokweqile kuhulumeni wentando yeningi. Indikimba yobufakazi ibonisa ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwamanje kwemithetho ye-iom yevoti kanye nokubhaliswa kwephepha kuya embonini yobuqiniso nokuhlola kwangemva kokuvota kuyasebenza ekuvimbeleni isilinganiso esikhulu, ukukhohlisa okuhleliwe. Nokho, izinselele zokubekwa ngokwezombangazwe, ukuvinjelwa kwemitako yezesayensi yobuchwepheshe, kanye nokungaqondisi okufunwayo kudinga ukuvunyelwa okuqhubekayo. Ngokufunda emikhubeni engcono kakhulu yezizwe zonke, ukutshala izinhlelo zokuvota ezizimele, nokufaka umphakathi ekuvikeleni inqubo yokhetho, i-demodefasekulondolozeni intengo engcono kakhulu. Kugcine, ukuvikela okungcono kusobala, ukukhomba inzuzo, nokwenyuka kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe zokhetho kudinga ukuqiniseka okufunwa yileyo yonke ingxenye yabahlanganyeli abahilelekile-yo.