Umqondo wemingcele emandla kahulumeni uyisisekelo sokusebenza kwezimiso zentando yeningi. Ukuqonda indlela lemingcele esebenza ngayo kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke ngokunenjongo ekubuseni futhi zivikele amalungelo azo. Ngaphandle kokuzinzisa okunjalo, ngisho nohulumeni abahloswe kahle bangangena ekwakheni imingcele, njengoba umlando ubonisa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ukusuka kumaMagna Carta ngo-1215 kuya kuhulumeni wentando yeningi wanamuhla, ukushikashikeka kokulinganisela igunya lombuso nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuye kwakha izinhlangano zezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela eziyinhloko ezigcina amandla kahulumeni ehlola: ukwahlukana, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, umthetho, namalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Ngokuqonda lezizimiso, izakhamuzi zingaqaphela kangcono uma inkululeko yazo isesimweni esikhona futhi ifaka izingozi ekubusweni kwemibuso.

Ukubaluleka Kukahulumeni Olinganiselwe

Kuyintando yeningi, uhulumeni usungulwe ukuba ukhonze abantu. Nokho, ngaphandle kwemingcele, amandla kahulumeni angaba acindezelayo. Uhulumeni olinganiselwe ubalulekile ekulondolozeni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nasekulondolozeni umphakathi olungile. Umqondo wokuthi uhulumeni kufanele uphoqelelwe umthetho usukela emuva eGrisi naseRoma yasendulo, kodwa wathola amazwi anamuhla phakathi nokuQongozelwa kwezazi zefilosofi ezinjengoJohn Locke noBaron de Montesquieue. Locle waphikisa ukuthi ohulumeni bagunyazwe ngemvume yokubusa nezakhamuzi futhi balondoloze amalungelo emvelo angenakuphiwaphula. Lefilosofi yathonya kakhulu abaHluleki baseMelika, ababhala ngokudume kakhulu, "Governmentsss zimiswa phakathi kwabaseMente, zithola amandla abo kuphela ekuvumelaneni kwababusweni ababuswayo e-Embuststmentation" eSivumelweni se-Ervition.

Uhulumeni olinganiselwe awukona ukunciphisa indima kahulumeni ngokuphelele; kunalokho, kusho ukuthi imibuso kahulumeni ichazwa futhi ibekelwe imingcele ngomthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho-mthetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isenzo sikahulumeni sifeza izinjongo zomphakathi kunezithakazelo zomuntu siqu. Uma amandla engalawulwa, inkohlakalo, impoqo, namalungelo abantu asetshenziswa kabi. Ngokuphambene, imiphakathi ehlela imingcele emandla ivame ukujabulela ukuchuma okukhulu kwezomnotho, ukuzinza kwezenhlalo, nenkululeko yezombangazwe. Isibonelo, i- i-Constitutions Project [ engokomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo owenziwe ngomthetho-mthetho-siseko, ibonisa ukuthi amazwe agcwele amandla anegunya elinamandla aweziphethe agcwele ukugumbulwa futhi avame ukuchuma okungapheli.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zohulumeni Olinganiselwe

  • Ukuhlukanisa amandla [ - Igunya likahulumeni lokukhipha phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene kuvimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ekubekeni ulawulo oluningi kakhulu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isikhombo kanye nezilinganiso[ - Igatsha ngalinye linamathuluzi okuvimbela amanye, liphoqelela ukubambisana nokulandisa.
  • I-pal yomthetho - Wonke umuntu nenhlangano, kuhlanganise nohulumeni ngokwakhe, kumelwe ilandele uhlelo olufanayo lomthetho.
  • [ Amalungelo obuntu – Isivikelo esiqinisekisiwe siqinisekisa ukuthi ezinye izindawo zokuphila zihlala zingaphezu kwamandla kahulumeni.

Lezi zimiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu ongalawula amandla akhe, kanjalo avikele izakhamuzi ebushiqelani.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuhlukanisa imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni ibe amagatsha ahlukene: ukushaya umthetho, ukuphatha iziphathimandla, nokwahlulela. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kuvimbela noma yiliphi igatsha ekutholeni amandla amaningi kakhulu. Lomqondo wadunyiswa kakhulu nguMontesquieu uMoya woMthetho [ [1748], lapho aphikisa khona ukuthi "akukho inkululeko lapho i-propaticism negunya elikhulu lihlangene khona nomuntu oyedwa." Ezimisweni ze-democrali yemibuso yanamuhla ebusa ngokwezindlela ezihlukene. Ezimisweni ze-democraliss zisebenza ngokwezicinee, amagatsha amathathu azimele ngokuphelele, ngokhetho oluhlukene. Ezimisweni zepalamende njengoUnited, umqondisi uthathwa khona ekwayakhiwe ekwayakhiweni lomthetho, kodwa izikhulu ezindaweni zokuzibusa.

Ukuphumelela kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuxhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwegatsha ngalinye ukuvikela amalungelo alo nokumelana nokugxambukela kwelinye. Uma elinye igatsha liba namandla kakhulu (ngokwesibonelo, lapho izikhulu zikhipha iziyalo zezikhulu ezidlula ukutsheka kwenjongo yokushaya umthetho). Yingakho izimiso zomthetho-mthetho nokuqapha kubalulekile njengemithetho ebhaliwe.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho. Kuyintando yeningi, leligatsha linemibhoshongo yentando yeningi, elihlanganisa izindlu ezimbili okumelwe zivumelane ngomthetho, zinikeza uhlolo lokuhlola okwengeziwe. I-United States Congress ineNdlu yabameleli neSishaya-Mnyango; iPhalamende i-UK ineNdlu ye-Commons neNdlu yeNkosi. I-Bidameralism iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uthathwa ngokucophelela ngokwemibono ehlukene. Nokho, i-uncameralral ikhona kwamanye amazwe, njengase-New Zealand naseDenmark, lapho izimiso ze-chamber zisebenza khona ngokuphumelelayo ngenxa yemiphakathi yabantu abancane noma amasiko aqinile.

Izimemezelo futhi ziphethe amandla esikhwama semali − igunya lokuvumela izimali nentela. Lombuso uyimpoqo egxekayo kumphathi, ngoba akukho hulumeni ongasebenzisa imali ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwemithetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izishaya-mthetho zingahlola izenzo zezikhulu ngokuzwa nokuqondisa kwekomiti, zisebenza njengesehlo ezinhlanganweni zokuphatha.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe limisa imithetho futhi linikeza umthetho womphakathi. Abaholi kuleligatsha ngokuvamile banethonya elikhulu, kodwa banikezwa isibopho sokulandisa ngamagatsha omthetho nokwahlulela. Ezimisweni zomongameli, umongameli uyinhloko kahulumeni nomphathi kahulumeni, okhethwe ngokuhlukile kumthetho. Ezimisweni zephalamende, undunankulu uhola umphathi futhi alondoloze ukuqiniseka kwendlu yomthetho, okusho ukuthi bangasuswa ngokuvota kokungathembi. Lomehluko okhona ukwakheka kwendlela amandla alinganiswa ngayo.

Amandla aphethe alinganiselwa kakhulu ngamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, njengezimfuneko zokuqinisekiswa kweSigele sokumiswa kwezisebenzi e-United States, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela iziyalezo zezikhulu, nemithetho yokubona izinto enjenge Freedom of Information Act. Ngaphandle kwalemingcele, abaqondisi bangashintsha isimiso, ukuthumela amabutho ezempi, noma ukuvimbela ukungavumelani. Umqondo welungelo lokuphatha ilungelo. () ilungelo lokuvimba ukwaziswa kwamanye amagatsha − kodwa abakho ngokuphelele; izinkantolo zivame ukukulinganisela ngokumelene nesidingo sobungameli.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi iyavumelana nomthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho edlula igunya likahulumeni, ivikela ngokwengeziwe amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela .Ikhono lokumemezela umthetho owenziwe ngaphandle kwe-constitualial() lamiswa e-United States Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, seliye laba isisekelo somthetho wentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. I-demodemocriciations ibalulekile ekusekeleni umthetho futhi ilungiselela izakhamuzi ukuba ziphikise uhulumeni.

Abahluleli kumelwe bavinjelwe ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe ukuze banqume izindaba ngokungakhethi. Ezimisweni eziningi, bamiselwe ukuphila noma izinqubo ezinde, ngokususwa kuphela ngokufunda ngokuziphethe kabi. Lokhu ukuzimela kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zibuse kuhulumeni uma kudingekile. Nokho, abaphangi bokwahlulela nabo bangaphazamisa ukulinganisela; yingakho izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuzithiba futhi zigweme ukwenza imithetho, zishiyele amagatsha akhethiwe. Ukuze zifunde ngokuqhubekayo ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kohlelo lokwahlulela, bona ukungenela kokwahlulelwa kwezehlulele [[FLT: 0] Brinicana ekubukezeni kokwahlulela .

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Amasesha nokulinganiswa yizindlela ezivumela igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni ukuba lilinganise amandla amanye. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla awagxili futhi akhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwamagatsha. Ngokungafani nokuhlukanisa amandla ngokuqinile, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kwakha igunya elidluliselwayo, lapho igatsha ngalinye lingavimbela noma lilungise izenzo zamanye. Lamandla okuncintisana ayekelela futhi avimbele izinqumo ezicatshangelwe. Amalungu omthetho-sisekelo wawabheka njengesidingo: njengoba uJames Madison abhala kuFederalist No. 51, "Umthetho kumelwe wenziwe ukuba ulwe ukulwa nokuvelela."""

Ukusebenza kwetshekethi nokulinganisela kuxhomeke ekufuneni kwezombangazwe ukukusebenzisa. Uma igatsha elilodwa libusa [1] ngokwesibonelo, lapho iqembu lomongameli lilawula uKhongolozelo-kakhulu-kakhulu amandla esimiso angancipha. Kodwa phakathi nohulumeni ohlukene, amasheke namasilinganiso kungaholela ekuvulekeni kwe-rock, abanye abaphikisana ngayo eyisici, hhayi igciwane, ngoba ivimbela izinguquko ezisheshayo, ezicatshangelwe kahle.

Izibonelo Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela

  • Umongameli angawubeka umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Lokhu kunikeza umphathi iphimbo ekuhlobiseni umthetho, kodwa iveto ingancitshiswa ubumnandi obukhulu obungama-3 ezindaweni zombili, qhaba ukuthi izindleko ezisekelwe kakhulu ziba umthetho naphezu kokuphikisa kwesikhulu.
  • Ikhonkithi lingadlula i-veto ephethe umongameli. Le kuhlolwa ibuyisela igunya legatsha lomthetho uma umongameli evala umthetho othandwayo. Imizamo yokungalawuleki ayivamile kodwa ibalulekile uma iphumelela.
  • [ Ijaji lingabukeza imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho nezenzo ezithathwa yisikhulu somthetho-sisekelo. Lombuso, owaziwa ngokuthi ukubukeza kokwahlulela, uvumela izinkantolo ukuba ziqede imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu eziphula umthetho-sisekelo. Kuwukunqanyulwa kokugcina kuhulumeni ophamba.

Ezinye iziphetho ezibalulekile zihlanganisa: ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele samajaji kahulumeni namalungu ombuso; amandla oMkhandlu okukhipha umongameli, amajaji, nezinye izikhulu; amandla omphathi wokuthethelela; negunya lesishayamthetho lokusungula ukulungisa umthetho-mthetho. Ukubambisana ngakunye kudala isimiso esinamandla lapho amandla enikezwa khona futhi eqondiswa khona.

Umbuso Womthetho

Ukubusa komthetho kuyisimiso esiyala ukuba bonke abantu, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni, balandise emthethweni. Lomqondo ubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ubulungisa nokulunga emphakathini. Umqondo ubhekisa emuva ku-Aristotle, owabhala ukuthi "umthetho kufanele ulawule" kunanoma imuphi umuntu. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, isazi somthetho A.V. Sigunyaza umthetho njengonezici ezintathu: ukuphakama komthetho ovamile ngaphezu kwamandla angenazimiso, ukulingana phambi komthetho, nesivikelo samalungelo ezinkantolo ezivamile. Iprojectal Actal of Lactigument Imithetho yezomthetho ithatha inyathelo elingumthetho, ukuthola ukuthi umthetho oqinile uhlanganisa inkohlakalo, ukukhulelana kwezomnotho, ukuphakama, ukuvikela okungcono. [[FLT] I-World Justice Projectal Projecterst of Index [FL:1]

Ukubusa komthetho akukhona nje ukuba nemithetho kulezincwadi; kudinga ukuba imithetho icace, iqondiswe emphakathini, futhi isetshenziswe ngokulinganayo. Kufuna futhi ukuba uhulumeni usetshenziswe phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho /isimiso esaziwa ngokuthi isemthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, amaphoyisa awanakuhlola ikhaya ngaphandle kwemvume, futhi izinhlangano zikahulumeni azinakuthatha impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele. Uma abaholi bephula iziyalezo zenkantolo noma beshintsha imithetho ukuze bazuze, umthetho uyabhuntsha, uholela ekubuseni ngempoqo.

Izinzuzo Zokubusa KoMthetho

  • ibusa ngokusemthethweni - Izakhamuzi zingabikezela ukuthi igunya lizosetshenziswa kanjani, kuncishiswe ukwesaba nokungaqiniseki. Ukuboshwa kwe-Arbitro, izinkantolo zasese, nemithetho yangemva kwe-codo yenqatshelwe.
  • [ Ivikela isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho [ - Akukho muntu noma iqembu elingaphezulu komthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu abacebile nabanamandla babhekana nemiphumela engokomthetho efanayo nezakhamuzi ezivamile, ukukhulisa ukwethenjwa kwezenhlalo.
  • izishongo zokubonana nokulandisa [ - Imithetho kumele yaziwe obala futhi izikhulu kumelwe zithethelele izenzo zazo. Lokhu kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziphikise izinqumo zikahulumeni enkantolo futhi zigcine abaholi belandisa ngokhetho.

Lapho abantu bekholelwa ukuthi isimiso somthetho silungile futhi asikhethi, cishe bayolalela imithetho, bakhokhe izintela, futhi bahlanganyele emisebenzini yomphakathi.

Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Amalungelo abantu ngabanye yinkululeko nesivikelo esiqinisekiswe izakhamuzi. Lamalungelo alinganisela amandla kahulumeni futhi aqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bangaphila ngokukhululekile futhi baphishekele izithakazelo zabo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okungafanele. Umqondo wamalungelo angokwemvelo [1] amalungelo azuzwe kubo bonke abantu − wasungulwa yizazi zokukhanyiselwa futhi wafakwa ezibhalweni ezinjengencwadi yamalungelo e-U.S. (1791) neSimemezelo saseFrance samalungelo abantu (sase-19789). Namuhla, izinsimbi zezizwe zonke ezinjenge-Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1988) zinikeza indinganiso yembulunga yonke, nakuba inqubo yokugcinwa kwemithetho iqhubeka iyinselele.

Amalungelo omuntu ngamunye awaphelele; angalinganiselwa lapho ephikisana nezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile, njengokhuseleko lwesizwe noma ukuphepha komphakathi. Kodwa noma imuphi umngcele kumelwe ulinganiswe, uthethelelwe umthetho, futhi uhlolwe ngokuhlola kokwahlulela. Inselele eqhubekayo iwukulinganisela ukulondeka nenkululeko, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zenhlekelele. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, ohulumeni bafaka izikhala nemiyalo yokugoma eyavivinya imingcele yamalungelo abantu. Izinkantolo emazweni amaningi zisekela lezi zinyathelo ezidingekile nezilinganiswayo, kodwa futhi zawisa imingcele ebanzi kakhulu.

Amalungelo Abantu Abavamile

  • [ Inkululeko yokukhuluma[ - Ilungelo lokuveza imiqondo ngaphandle kokucusumbula kukahulumeni, ngaphansi kwemingcele enengqondo enjengokuhlambalaza nokubhebhethekisa. Lelilungelo libalulekile engxoxweni yentando yeningi nasekudaluleni ukuziphatha okubi kukahulumeni.
  • - - Ivikela abantu ekuqapheni, ekufuneni, nasekuqoqweni kokwaziswa okungadingekile kukahulumeni. Enkathini yolwazi, ukuzifihla kuye kwaba yimpikiswano ecindezelayo, ngempikiswano yokufihlwa kwe-copypory, ukuqaphela ubuso, nokuhlola kwezenhlalo.
  • Ifanele inqubo efanele - Iqinisekisa ukuphathwa kahle phakathi kwesimiso sokwahlulela, kuhlanganise nesaziso samacala, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala, nokuzibeka umsulwa kuze kube yilapho utholakele unecala. Inqubo elindelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni akanakuncisha noma ubani ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngokuthanda.
  • ukuhlanganisa [ - - Ivumela abantu ukuba bahlangane ngokuthula ukuze babhikishe, bamasha, futhi baqhube imihlangano. Lelilungelo lisiza ukuhlanganisa izenzo nokungavumelani, ukuhlola okukhulu emandleni kahulumeni.

Amalungelo engeziwe ahlanganisa inkululeko yenkolo, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali (kwamanye amazwe), ilungelo lokuvota, nelungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni. Ilungelo ngalinye lihambisana nemithwalo yemfanelo nemingcele, kodwa injongo yalo eyinhloko ukudala ukuzibusa okungenakuhlaselwa uhulumeni. Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngokuthi lamalungelo asetshenziswa kanjani ezimisweni ezihlukene zomthetho, bheka [[FLT: 0]] ACLU's Wazi umqondisi Wakho Wamalungelo [[]

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda imingcele elinganiselwe embusweni kahulumeni kubalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi. Ngokuqaphela ukubaluleka kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, ukubusa komthetho, namalungelo abantu, izakhamuzi zingayazisa kangcono indima yazo ekubuseni nasekuvikeleni inkululeko yazo. Lezizimiso azizenzakaleli; zidinga ukuzivikela okusebenzayo ngokukhetha, ngokuhlanganyela kwezezwe, futhi, uma kudingekile, izinselele ezingokomthetho. Izinselele zintengantengantenga lapho abantu beba nganaki futhi bevumela amandla okunqwabelana. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi imibuso eqinile yentando yemvelo ingabantu ingeyilabo abaqonda lezimiso futhi ibambe ohulumeni babo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuya ezindaweni zokuvota, ukubhalela abamele abameleli, noma ukuhlala nje, izakhamuzi zidlala ingxenye ethile. Ukulinganisela kwamandla akhona lapho siphila kuphela.