Kuyini Ukuqamba Amanga Ngombango?

Ukumangalelwa komthetho kuyindlela engokomthetho lapho izingxabano zombango zixazululwa khona enkantolo yomthetho. Kuhlanganisa izinto eziningi ezinjengokwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukulimaza komuntu siqu, ukuxabana kwempahla, izingxabano zemisebenzi, nokungavumelani kwezebhizinisi. Ngokungafani namacala obugebengu, lapho uhulumeni emangalela umuntu ngokwephula umthetho, ukumangalelwa komphakathi kuhilela amaqembu azimele — abamangalelwa nabamangalelwa — ukufuna amakhambi njengentekozo zemali, imiyalo, noma ukusebenza ngendlela ethile. Isimiso senkantolo yomphakathi siklanyelwe ukulungiselela ukuhlelwa, ukungakhethi kwalezimpikiswano, kuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amalungu anethuba lokunikeza ubufakazi futhi azwakala ngaphansi kwemithetho engokomthetho emisiwe.

Le nqubo ilawulwa imithetho ye-procederal", `federal' noma isifundazwe') ukuthi inquma indlela izimo ezisuka ngayo ekuqalisweni zisuka ekuthatheni isinyathelo. Ukuqonda lemithetho kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile noma ofunda isimiso somthetho, njengoba ukuqulwa komthetho kuwumsuka wesinqumo sempikiswano yangasese e-United States. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumnini webhizinisi, umuntu ocabangela ukumangalelwa, noma umfundi, ukwazi izinyathelo ezihilelekile kungakusiza ukuba usebenzise isikhathi esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi ulindele isikhathi, izindleko, nomzamo odingekayo.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Ekumangaleni Kombango

Uhambo lwe-partigamenti lulandela ukulandelana kwezigaba, ngayinye inezimfuneko eziqondile nezinqumiso ezizohlolwa. Nakuba indawo nezindlela eziqondile zesikhathi kanye nohlobo lwe-projekthi, izinyathelo eziyinhloko aziguquguquki. Ngezansi ukuwohloka okukhulu kwesigaba ngasinye, kusukela phambili kwe-prepreprefilifil kuya ekunxuseni.

Ukuphothula: Ukubeka Umsebenzi Oyifa

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala, amaqembu avame ukwenza imisebenzi yokuqulisa imoto ngaphambi kokuba ithathe isigwebo. Lesi simo sibucayi ngoba izingxabano eziningi zingaxazululwa ngaphandle kokungenela kwenkantolo, zonga isikhathi nezindleko. Izinyathelo ezivamile zangaphambi konyaka zihlanganisa:

  • [[NT.0] Izinhlamvu [ - I-partiff engenzeka ithumela incwadi engokomthetho kumalungu aphikisanayo adwebe impikiswano futhi acele ikhambi elikhethekile (umz., ukukhokha isikweletu noma ukukhokha ukuziphatha okulimazayo).
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Izingxoxo zokuthula nokulungisa – ama-Attorney noma amaqembu ngokwawo azama ukufinyelela isivumelwano esamukelekayo ngokuxhumana okuqondile.
  • I-Altern Dispute Resolution (ADR) – izinkantolo eziningi zidinga noma zikhuthaze ukudluliswa noma uku-arbitation ngaphambi kokuba kuqale. I-Mediation ihilela iqembu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi elisiza ukuzwana; uku-arbitrotion imiphumela yesinqumo esibophayo.
  • Ukulawula ukulinganiselwa Kuhlolwe[ - Wonke amazwi omphakathi anosuku olumisiwe okumelwe icala ligcinwe ngalo. Ukuhluleka ukwenza phakathi nalenkathi kungavimbela ukusho okungenasiphelo. Izimiso ezivamile zokulinganiselwa zisukela eminyakeni eyodwa kuya kweyisithupha, kuye ngokuthi unjani umthetho wezwe.
  • Ukulondoloza ukuvikela – Izinsuku kulindeleke ukuba zigcine amabhukwana ahlobene, imininingwane ye-electronic, kanye nobunye ubufakazi obuke balindelwe ngokunengqondo. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaholela ekubekeni izijeziso zokukhipha i-odoli.

Ukukhipha isigwebo akusona isinyathelo esiphoqelelwe kuzo zonke izimo, kodwa cishe kuyatuswa njalo. incwadi efunwayo eklanywe kahle noma isimiso sokukhipha isijeziso esingaxazululi impikiswano ngaphandle kwezindleko nokusakazwa kwecala.

Ukuqeda Isikhalo

Inqubo yokufaka i-litarigation engokomthetho iqala uma i-pattiff ifaka complaitt nenkantolo elungile. Le dokhumende lisebenza njengokunxusa kokuqala okumelwe kuqulwe:

  • Juridiction and Venue - Inkulumo echaza ukuthi kungani inkantolo inegunya ecaleni (umz., ukubusa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene noma umbuzo wombuso) nokuthi kungani inkantolo ekhethiwe iyindawo efanele.
  • Isimo samaqiniso – Ukulandisa okucacile, okufingqiwe kwezenzakalo ezibangela ukusho.
  • [[QURT:0] Iziphakamiso ze-Legial[ - Izimbangela eziqondile zesenzo (umz., ukunganaki, ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukukhwabanisa) nesisekelo esingokomthetho salento ngayinye.
  • [ Icela Impumuzo - Lokho umkhandi afuna khona: umonakalo wemali, umyalo, ukwahlulela kokukhipha igwebu, noma amanye amakhambi.

Isikhalo kumelwe sibekwe ngokunembe; izinkantolo zingawalahla amacala uma amacala engahlangani nezindinganiso zomthetho. Ummangalelwa futhi ukhokha imali yokukhokha, ehluka ngokwezinkantolo. Ezinye izinkantolo zikhokha izintela zamaqembu angenamthetho.

Kuleliqophelo, i-paltiff ingafaka futhi isisusa sohlelo lwesikhashana oluvimbelayo (TRO) noma isiyalo sokuqondisa[ uma kudingeka usizo olusheshayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulimala okungalungiseki ngaphambi kokuba kuzwakala ngokugcwele.

Inkonzo yenqubo

Ngemva kokuqeda isikhalo, ummangalelwa kumelwe adlulisele ikhophi yesicelo nesikhalo kummangalelwa. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-emperation yenqubo. Umsebenzi ofanele uyinqubo efunekayo yomthetho-sisekelo eyimfuneko − ngaphandle kwayo, inkantolo ayinakho ukulawula umuntu omangalelwe.

Izindlela zenkonzo ziyahlukahluka ngokomthetho kodwa ngokuvamile zihlanganisa:

  • Inkonzo yakho ngokwakho[-A isiphakeli senqubo sinikeza ummangalelwa amadokhumende ngokoqobo.
  • Inkonzo efakiwe[ - - Ukushiya amabhukwana nomuntu onomthwalo wemfanelo ekhaya noma ebhizinisini lommangalelwa, kulandelwe ukuthunyelwa.
  • Inkonzo ngeposi - Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela inkonzo ngeposi eligunyaziwe, insiza ukubuya iceliwe.
  • Isicelo esisakazwa yi-Publication - - Isetshenziswa uma indawo yommangalelwa ingaziwa; isaziso sikhishwa ephephandabeni.

I-paltiff kumele ibhalise ubufakazi benkonzo nenkantolo. Uma inkonzo ingaqediwe phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe (futhi izinsuku ezingu-90), icala lingase lixoshwe ngaphandle kobandlululo. Abamangalelwa abaningi bazosayina waver yenkonzo [ ukuze bagweme izindleko zenkonzo esemthethweni, kodwa lokhu kungokokuzithandela.

4. Ukusabela Kweqembu Eliyilwe

Uma eseyitholile, ummangalelwa unenkathi elinganiselwe − ngokwezinsuku eziyi 21 kuya kwezingu-30. Ukusabela kungaba ngezindlela eziningi:

  • Impendulo[ - Ummangalelwa uyavuma noma aphike impikiswano ngayinye ekukhonondeni. Impendulo ingahlanganisa futhi [ izisekelo eziqinisayo[ (umz., umthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukunganaki okunikelayo, ukuphakela) okumelwe kuphakanyiswe noma kugwenywe.
  • Ukukhipha - Isicelo sokuba inkantolo ikhiphe icala ngezizathu ezithile, njengokungalawuli, indawo engafanele, ukwehluleka ukubeka isikhalo (Umthetho we-Federal 12(b)(6), noma inkonzo enganele yenqubo. Uma ukunyakaza kuvunyelwe, umkhandi angavunyelwa ukuqeda isikhalo.
  • Ibalauperclaim noma iCross îclaim - Ummangalelwa angagomela ngokuthi umelene ne-paltiff (i-countlaim) noma ulwe ne-co paraty (expartey) enkantolo efanayo.
  • [ Ukuveza i-Motion yeSimo seZici eziningi[ - Uma isikhalo singacacisi, ummangalelwa angacela inkantolo ukuba icele ummangalelwa ukuba anikeze izikhalo ezicacile.

Abavikeli kumelwe bahlole ngokucophelela ukuthi bangababekela inselele yini abakhalo noma baqhubeke bethola ngokuqondile ukuthi balungile yini.

Ukutholwa: Ukwembula Amaqiniso

Ngokuvamile ukuvubukulwa kuyisimo esivamile sokuthola isikhathi esiningi esibizayo sokuthola. Yinqubo engokomthetho lapho bobabili abantu bedlulisela khona ukwaziswa nobufakazi obuvumelana nalokhu. Ingxenye ingathola ulwazi olubanzi mayelana nanoma yiziphi izinto ezingatholakali ezihlobene nokuzisho noma ukuzivikela kanye nokulingana nezidingo zendaba (Fedal Rule 26(b)(1).

Amathuluzi ayinhloko okuthola izinto ahlanganisa:

  • [ Izinqumo[ - imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo, elinganiselwe ku 25 (kuhlanganise nezingxenye ezingaphansi) enkantolo kahulumeni.
  • Izicelo zokuveza amabhukwana – imfuno yamarekhodi angokoqobo noma awe-electronic, ama-imeyili, izivumelwano, imibiko yezokwelapha, njll.
  • Izikhombo ze-active - Izinkulumo okumelwe umphikisi avume noma aphike; ukuvuma kungalula ukulingwa ngokuvala amaqiniso aphikisanayo.
  • [ Izimo – Sworn, ngaphandle kobufakazi obufuywe ngaphansi kwesifungo, obunabameli bazo zombili izinhlangothi ezikhona. Izikhombi zilondoloza ubufakazi bokuqulwa kwecala futhi zivumele abameli ukuba bahlole ukuthembeka kofakazi.
  • [ Izibalo ezicubungulayo noma zengqondo - Ezimweni ezilimazayo zomuntu siqu, ummangalelwa angacela ukuhlolwa okuzimele kwe-partiff (ebekwe umthetho kaFederal 35).

Ukuthola kuhilela futhi i-evolution]. Ukushintshana kokwaziswa okugcinwe ngemishini (ESI). Izinkantolo zibeka izimfuneko eziqhubekayo zokuhlangana nokufaka izimfuneko zokulondoloza i-ESI, izindlela zokufuna, namafomethi. Ukwehluleka ukugcina kahle nokuveza i-ESI kungaholela ekujezisweni okunzima, kuhlanganise nokuxoshwa noma iziyalezo ezimbi.

Kuyo yonke into etholiwe, amaqembu angagomela ngokuthi ilungile (umzk., ilungelo eliyi-gq. ummeli, umshini wokwenza iproducement produces) ukugodlela ukwaziswa okuthile. Ukungatholi ulwazi ngokuvamile kudinga ukungenela kwenkantolo ngezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo ukuze iphoqe noma isivikelo.

6. Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi Komshado

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, amaqembu angase athathe ama-hide ukuze axazulule izindaba zomthetho, anciphise ubufakazi, noma ngisho aqede icala ngokuphelele. Isihluthulelo sangaphambi komthetho sihlanganisa:

  • [[NT.0]Motion for Compuple Judge (Umthetho 56) - - Ifashoni uma kungekho ukuphikisana kwangempela nganoma yiliphi iqiniso eliphathekayo, ivumela umahluleli ukuba abuse avume icala elilodwa njengendaba yomthetho. Lokhu kungalahla zonke izimpikiswano noma izimpikiswano ezicashile.
  • Motion ku-Limine - Ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile ukuba bungangeniswa lapho kuqulwa icala (umz., inzwa, izithombe ezicatshangelwe, ubufakazi obungabalulekile).
  • [[QT] Impondo - Ibekela inselele ukungethembi kobufakazi obungochwepheshe obusekelwe ekusebenzisekeni nasekuthembekeni (amalungelo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphansi Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals[]).
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuthatha i-Compel – ibuza inkantolo ukuba icele iqembu eliphikisayo ukuba likhiphe izimpendulo ezitholakele noma imibuzo yokufaka.

Ukuthatha isinyathelo esiphumelelayo ngaphambi kokwahlulela kunganciphisa kakhulu izimpikiswano noma kuphumele ekuxoshweni ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuqulwa kwecala.

7. Ukuxazulula Inkinga Nezingxabano Ezihlukile

Kunoma iliphi iqophelo phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, ngisho nalapho kuqulwa icala, amaqembu angahlala. Icala lomphakathi lihlala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Izinkantolo zivame ukuhlela izingqungquthela lapho umahluleli noma imajistala evumela khona ukuxoxa. I-messition futhi ivamile, kanye neqembu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi elisiza amaqembu ukuba athole indawo efanayo.

Uma ukususwa kwesivumelwano kungaphumeleli, amalungu angavumelana nokuhlanganisa , okungabopha noma okungabophayo enkantolo. Izivumelwano eziningi zihlanganisa izigaba ezibophekile ezidinga izimpikiswano ngaphandle kwenkantolo.

Izivumelwano zokumisa izivumelwano ezihlanganisa ukukhishwa kweziphakamiso, izigaba eziyimfihlo (uma kufunwa), kanye nemibandela yokukhokha. Isivumelwano ngokuvamile siyaphoqelelwa enkantolo uma sephulwa. Uma sibhekwa kahle, ukuxazulula kugwema ukungaqiniseki, izindleko, nokusakazwa kwecala.

8. Ukuqulwa kwecala

Uma icala lingaxazululi ngokuthatha isinyathelo noma ngokulungisa, liqhubekela phambili ekuqulweni. Ukulingwa kungaba yicala lebhentshi [[FLT: 1] (ukwahlulela) noma ukuqulwa kwecala (ukunqunywa kwemibuzo yeqiniso; ukunquma imibuzo yomthetho). Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ezicabeni zomphakathi liqinisekisiwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seNkathi yezehlakalo sombuso esihilela imicimbi engaphezulu kwamaR20, kodwa izingo eziningi ngokufanayo zinikeza ukuqulwa kwejaji ngenxa yezindaba ezithile.

Ngokuvamile icala lilandela lesi sakhiwo:

  1. [[NT] Ukukhetha (Inani eliphansi) – Ama-Attorney namajaji angabuza ukuthi kungaba ngabalawuli bejaji abaqinisekisa ukungakhethi. Inhlangothi ngayinye ingasebenzisa izinselele (inani elilinganiselwe) nezinselele ngenxa yesizathu.
  2. Izinkulumo ezivulayo[ - Izinhlangothi zonke zinikeza ubufakazi ezilindele ukubunikeza. Akukho mpikiswano evunyelwe; lokhu kuyimibono eyiqiniso.
  3. I-Casentiff’s Plain àin hief – i-Placttiff inikeza ofakazi nezibonakaliso. Ukuhlola okuqondile, ukuhlola, ukubheka phambili kwe-partez, nokubuza ngokubuyisela.
  4. Ukuthatha i-Motion yokwahlulela njengendaba yoMthetho (JOL) – Ekupheleni kwecala lomphathi, ummangalelwa angathatha isinyathelo ukuze athole isinqumo esiqondisiwe uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukunikeza ubufakazi obanele. Lokhu akuvamile ukunikezwa.
  5. I-Case àin̆Chief – Ummangalelwa unikeza ubufakazi nofakazi, elandela izinqubo ezifanayo zokuhlola.
  6. I-Retal kanye ne-Surgrad Revetal – inciphiso yobufakazi obungeziwe bokuphikisa umbuzo omusha.
  7. Izimpikiswano ezichazayo - Inhlangothi ngayinye ifingqa ubufakazi futhi iphikisa ngokuthi kungani umahluleli noma ijaji kufanele lithole imvume kulo. I-paltiff ivame ukuhamba kuqala futhi okokugcina (uma enesici sobufakazi).
  8. Imiyalo e-Jirty - Umahluleli uyala abahluleli-jaji ngomthetho osebenzayo nezindinganiso zomthetho okumelwe bazisebenzise.
  9. Jurlibration and Verdict - Ijaji likhipha isahlulelo ngasese futhi libuyisela isinqumo. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi, umahluleli uphikisana nokutholwa kwamaphuzu nesiphetho somthetho.

Ukuqulwa kwecala kungathatha kusukela ngosuku olulodwa kuya emasontweni ambalwa, kuye ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngemva kwesinqumo, umahluleli ungena ekwahluleleni ekhetha iqembu elikhona.

9. Ukuhamba Nokukhanga Kwangemva Kwesikole

Ohlulwayo angase aphikise ngesinqumo noma isahlulelo ngokulandela izinqubo zangemva kwenkantolo:

  • [[NT.:0] Ukuqulwa kwesahlulelo njengendaba yoMthetho (Ivusiwe) – I-Argues ukuthi isinqumo simelene nobukhulu obucacile bobufakazi.
  • [[[QUT:0] Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha [[[QLT:1] - Alegies amaphutha okundlululwa, ukuziphatha okubi, noma ukuthi isinqumo seqile noma asinele.
  • [[INT.0] Ukuhlela ukwahlulela [[[QLT:1] – izicelo zenkantolo ukulungisa noma ukulungisa isahlulelo (umz., ukulungisa umonakalo).

Uma le ntshukumo ingaphumeleli, umncintiswano olahlekile angafaka appal enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azinawo amaphutha angokomthetho awenziwa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala. Inkantolo ingafaka isaziso sokudlulisa isikhalo phakathi nosuku oluqinile (amaxesha amaningi izinsuku ezingu-30). Inkantolo ibukeza ukuqulwa kwecala, ifunde iziphazamiso eziko zombili, futhi izwe izimpikiswano. Inkantolo ingaqinisekisa, ibuye iphendule, iphinde ikhiphe isahlulelo esisha, noma ilungise isahlulelo ngokwengxenye.

Ezimweni ezingavamile, umcimbi ungase ucele iNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States ukuba icele imvume yokudlulisa i - certiorari, kodwa iNkantolo yamukela ingxenyana encane nje yezicelo.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokuhlaziywa kwezindawo ibanzi, ebanzi kakhulu edinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela, ukucabanga okuhleliwe, nokuqonda kahle kwemithetho elandelwayo. Kusukela ekuxoxiseni okungakheki, isinyathelo ngasinye siveza amathuba nezingozi. Nakuba lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okucubungulayo, ukucaciswa okungokoqobo kuhilela izilinganiso eziningi kakhulu − juristialion reconfics, imithetho ecacile, namaqiniso aqondile empikiswano ngayinye.

Kunoma ubani obhekene nokumangalelwa kwesizwe, ukuya kummeli onokuhlangenwe nakho kubalulekile. Iseluleko somthetho singasiza ekuqondiseni ama-miant, ekuvikeleni amalungelo akho, nasekucebiseni ngenkambo engcono kakhulu. Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola imithombo enjenge Fateral Rescrectal of Civil Procedure[, [[FLT]], i-American Bar's Language of Litigation , noma [[FLT:]U].S.S. Inkantolo yokuqondisa icala[FLT:], [indlela], [[FLT]], inyathelo elilula ekunikezeni iziyalezo zokusebenza kolwazi lwezeluleko lokufunda nokusondela kwezimiso zomthetho.