Ukuqala Ukulala Nokukhululwa Kwama - computer

Ukunquma isimiso somthetho wokwahlulela kuqala lapho umuntu eboshwa. Esinye sezinqumo ezisheshayo nezilandelayo sihilela ukuthi ummangalelwa uzohlala ejele noma uzokhululwa lapho elindele ukuqulwa kwecala. Bail nokukhululwa kwezenkantolo [ akuyona nje imithetho engokwesiko; kuthinta ngokuqondile inkululeko yommangalelwa, umsebenzi, ukuzinza komkhaya, nekhono lokulungiselela isivikelo. Ukuqonda lemiqondo kubalulekile kochwepheshe bezomthetho, abamangalelwa, nanoma ubani okhathalela ubulungisa esimisweni sobulungisa.

E-United States, ukucatshangelwa kokungasoleki kulawula izinqumo zangaphambi kokuboshwa. Nokho, izinqubo ezisetshenziselwa ukuvikela ukubonakala kommangalelwa enkantolo(ibheyili yenkantolo) (ibheyili yecala, izibopho, nokuqondisa) (i-apply,) kuye kwaba indaba yempikiswano enkulu nenguquko. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi kwebheyili nokukhululwa kwangaphambi kobucukubhede, sihlola izimpande zazo ezingokomlando, izicelo zanamuhla, nemizamo eqhubekayo yokwakha isimiso esivumelanayo.

Iyini Ibhavu?

UBail uyilungiselelo elingokomthetho elivumela umuntu omangalelwe ukuba akhululwe ekuboshweni ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ukuze athole isiqinisekiso sokuthi ziyobuya kuzo zonke izikhundla ezidingekayo zenkantolo. Isimiso esiyisisekelo siwukuthi uhulumeni akumelwe ajezise umuntu ngaphambi kokuqiniseka, kodwa unesithakazelo esingokomthetho sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa ukhona uma kuqulwa icala. Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuvela, inkantolo ingalahlekelwa imali futhi ikhiphe imvume yokuboshwa.

UBail akasona isijeziso. Kunalokho, usebenza njengethuluzi lokulinganisela isithakazelo senkululeko yommangalelwa nesithakazelo somphakathi ekunqumeni icala. ISichibiyelo seSiphendu se-Height se-Constitution e-U.S. senqabela “ibheyili,” kodwa awuqinisekisi ilungelo eliphelele lokukhokha ibheyili kuzo zonke izimo, ikakhulukazi emacaleni anecala elibulalayo noma lapho ummangalelwa ebeka khona ingozi enkulu noma ingozi emphakathini.

Injongo Yebhali

Izinjongo eziyinhloko zebheyili zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukubheka Ukubonakala kweNkantolo: Umsebenzi ophambili ukushukumisa ummangalelwa ukuba asho isigwebo esihleliwe, kanjalo agweme isidingo sesiqinisekiso sebhentshi kanye nemithombo eyengeziwe yokugcinwa komthetho.
  • Ukuvikela umphakathi: Ezimweni lapho ummangalelwa ebhekwa njengosongo olungenzeka, izimo zebheyili (njengeziyalezo ze-odola noma ukuhlolwa kwe-electronic) /Ingozi yokunciphisa uma ikhona ikuvumela ukukhululwa.
  • [[Umthetho:0] PP igcine ukuthatheka kokungagunyazi: Ukukhulula ummangalelwa ngebheyili kuqinisa isimiso somthetho esiyisisekelo sokuthi umuntu ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho ethola icala enkantolo yomthetho.

Izinhlobo Zebhayili

Isimiso sebheyili sinikeza izindlela eziningana zokukhipha. Uhlobo ngalunye lunezimfuneko ezihlukile, izinzuzo, kanye nezingqinamba.

Imali Ewuhlweza

Ibheyili idinga ummangalelwa (noma othile owenzelwa bona) ukuba akhokhele imali egcwele emalini enkantolo. Lapho icala seliphelile futhi kuvela konke, izimali ziyabuyiswa. Lokhu kukhetha kuqondile kodwa kungakhokhwa ngokungemthetho ngabamangalelwa abathola imali ephansi. Ngisho nemali elinganayo yebheyili yama-$500 noma ama-R1,000 (R1,00) abophekile ukuba ahlale ejele ngenxa nje yokuthi awakhokhi.

Isibopho Esiqinisekile

Isibopho esiqinisekile sihilela ibhayile lesithathu elibopha ibhayisekili eligcwele ummangalelwa elifakwa ibheyili eshintshaniselana nemali engakhokhwanga. I-apply evame ukuba i-10% ye-apply. I-bond ingadinga ukuncitshiswa, njengempahla noma imoto, ukuze igcine isibopho. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ibheyili ifinyeleleke kulabo abaswele imali kodwa bakhulise ukukhathazeka ngenzuzo engcono nangamathuba okuxhashazwa. Imboni yesibopho ibhizinisi lemali eyibhizinisi lemali elingenisa izigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali eUnited States.

Isibopho Sempahla

Esibophweni sempahla, ummangalelwa uthembisa indawo yefa lefa noma yezwe (njengekhaya noma izwe) njenge-pargery yemali. Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuvela, inkantolo ingabeka inkohliso endaweni futhi ekugcineni ithathe. Izibopho zempahla azivamile ngoba zifuna ummangalelwa ukuba abe nempahla engavikelwe elinganayo, futhi inqubo yokulinganisela nokwenelisa kungaba ukulinganisela isikhathi.

Ukukhululwa Ekwazisweni (ROR)

Ukukhululwa kabusha kuyindlela elinganiselwe kakhulu yokukhululwa kwangaphambi kwenkantolo. Ummangalelwa ukhululwa kuphela ngesithembiso esayiniwe sokuvela enkantolo, engenaso isimo semali. I-ROR igcinelwa abamangalelwa abanezibopho zomphakathi eziqinile, kungekho rekhodi lobugebengu langaphambili, futhi ingozi ephansi kakhulu yokuhamba ngendiza.

Isibopho Esingaqinisekile

Isibopho esingalondekile sifana neROR kodwa sihlanganisa isimo sezimali esiba semali uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuvela. Ummangalelwa ufaka ifaktha yemali yebheyili kodwa akakhokhi lutho. Lokhu kunikeza isisusa sezimali sokuvela ngaphandle kobunzima obusheshayo bokuthumela imali noma ukukhokha.

Izici Ezishukumisa Izinqumo Eziwumgogodla

Abahluleli bayaziqaphela kakhulu lapho bemisa ibheyili, kodwa bacabangela izici eziningana eziyinhloko ukuze bahlole ingozi yokuhamba ngendiza nokuphepha komphakathi.

  • [[[Umthetho:0] Ububi becala: Amacala amakhulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ubugebengu obunobudlova, ngokuvamile buphumela ekuncikeni kwebheyili engaphezulu noma ngokuqondile.
  • Umlando oyimfihlo: A umlando ongaphambili, ikakhulukazi wokwehluleka ukuvela noma ukuziphatha kobudlova, kwandisa ingozi ecatshangelwayo.
  • Ingozi yeFlueight Asses: izinkantolo zihlola izibopho zommangalelwa emphakathini(indawo yokuhlala, ubuhlobo bomkhaya, ukuqina kwemisebenzi () kanye nanoma yimuphi umlando wokugcinwa komthetho.
  • Ukuxhashazwa noma Izinkinga zengqondo zempilo: Lezizici zingathonya inkantolo ukuba iphoqelele izimo ezinjengokuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa noma ukwelashwa esikhundleni sebheyili ephezulu.
  • [ Thulula kuMphakathi:[ Uma ubugebengu obathiwa buhilela ukulimala noma ummangalelwa kukholelwa ukuthi buyingozi, amajaji angafaka ibheyili phezulu noma afake umthetho.

Ezindabeni eziningi, izinhlangano zezinkonzo zangaphambi kwezomthetho zilungiselela imibiko yokuhlola izingozi ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi asebenzayo anikeza amaphuzu avamile. Lamathuluzi ahloselwe ukunciphisa ubandlululo nokuguquguquka, kodwa ziye zagxekwa ngokuhluka kobuhlanga nokuncika ngokweqile ekwazisweni okungaphelele.

I-Pretrium Export mar. Bail: Ukucacisa Amagama

Nakuba kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngokuvumelana, ubail kanye ukukhululwa kwezindawo zomthetho [ akuyinto efanayo. I-Bail iyinqubo ethile yezimali yokuqinisekisa ukukhululwa; ukukhululwa kwangaphambi kwemikhankaso kuhlanganisa zonke izindlela zokuvumela ummangalelwa ukuba ahlale ekhululekile ngaphambi kokuthethwa kwecala.

  • Ukukhululwa ekuqapheleni kabusha (ROR)
  • Isibopho esingaqinisekile
  • I-Supervised ukukhululwa (isib., hlola-isingeni, ukuhlola i-GPS, imikhawulo yezikhathi)
  • Ukuhlanganyela esimisweni sokuzilibazisa ngaphambi kokugadwa kwemithi (isib., ukwelashwa ngezidakamizwa, ukululekwa ngengqondo)

Ukuqonda lomehluko kubaluleke kakhulu kubasekeli benguquko ngoba ukususa ibheyili yemali akusho ukuqeda konke ukukhishwa kwangaphambi komthetho. Kunalokho, kuguqula isimiso singene ezimweni ezingezona ezemali eziqinisekisa ukubukeka kwenkantolo nokuphepha komphakathi.

Umlando Webhalule

Umqondo webheyili ubuyela emuva eNgilandi enkathini ephakathi, lapho abameli bejele ngokuvamile babebamba khona abantu ababebekwe icala kuze kube ukuhambela okulandelayo kwamajaji ajikelezayo. Ukuze bagweme ukuboshwa ngokungenasiphelo, baqala ukwamukela isiqinisekiso esiqinisekile (h_awey) abantu abathembisa ukuveza ummangalelwa enkantolo. ISpicter of Westminster (1275) ikhomba icala elalingagwenywa, libeka isisekelo sesimiso sanamuhla.

E-United States, umthetho we-Beill yeSichibiyelo se-8h wathonya umthetho wesiNgisi ovamile. Nokho, emlandweni omkhulu waseMelika, ibheyili yayingelolungelo lomthetho-sisekelo; kwakuyindaba yokwahlulela. Stack v. [1951], iNkantolo ePhakeme yayithi ibheyili akumelwe ibekwe ngaphezu kokuqinisekisa ukubukeka kommangalelwa. Kodwa iNkanto ayizange ifune ukuba izimo zemali zibe indlela eyinhloko.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimiso sebheyili sakhula ngokudayiswa kwezibopho eziqinisekile ekhulwini le - 19, okuholela embonini yenzuzo ebusa amazwe amaningi namuhla. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kuye kwadala isimiso lapho ingcebo ngokuvamile inquma khona inkululeko, inkinga eye yabangela izinguquko ezisakazekile.

Imizamo Yezinguquko Yanamuhla

Kusabela ebufakazini obandayo bokuthi ibheyili yemali ilimaza imali etholakala kancane kakhulu futhi ilimaza imiphakathi emincane, izifunda eziningi ziye zathatha izinguquko noma zahlongozwa. Izinyathelo zokuguqula izakhi zihlanganisa:

  • Ukubekwa kwemali iBail ye-Non-Vielent Offenses:[ Izwe elifana neNew York neNew Jersey liye lamisa imithetho efuna ukukhululwa kwangaphambi kwezomthetho ngaphandle kwezimo zezimali zezigebengu eziningi ezidukisayo nezingenabudlova. Kunalokho, izinkantolo zithembele ekuhlolweni nasekuqondiseni izingozi.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Risk Assessment Act Actsting Act Act Actes Act:[ Izinkantolo eziningi manje zisebenzisa amathuluzi asebenzayo ukuqondisa izinqumo zangaphambi kwenkantolo. Umgomo uwukunciphisa ubandlululo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhipha izinqumo kusekelwe ezinqubweni eziqondile kunokusekela ukubikelwa noma ikhono lommangalelwa lokukhokha.
  • Izinkonzo ze-community-esekelwe kuma-pregement Service: Izinhlelo ezinikeza izikhumbuzo, usizo lokuthutha, kanye nabaphathi becala ziye zabonakala ziphumelela ekuthuthukiseni izinga lokubukeka kwenkantolo ngaphandle kokuvalelwa. Lezi zinkonzo zivame ukubiza izindleko ezishibhile kunokuboshwa kanye nokuphatha abantu abaningi.
  • Izinguquko ze-'State': Illinois yaba yindawo yokuqala ukuqeda ngokuphelele ibheyili yemali kusukela ngo-January 2023, ngaphansi koMthetho we-Pretrial Fairness Act. Ezinye izifundazwe, kuhlanganise neCalifornia ne-Maryland, ziye zathatha izinyathelo zokulinganisela noma ukuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwemali.

Ukuhlola ngokujule kakhulu isimo somthetho se-bell yenguquko, ACLU’s Bail Reformation ikhasi inikeza imithombo ewusizo nezifundo zezezimali.

Izinselele Esimisweni Sezingane

Naphezu kokwanda kwenguquko, izinselele ezinkulu ziyaphikelela. Lezi zinkinga ngokuvamile zihlangene nezindaba ezibanzi zokungalingani kohlanga nokwezomnotho:

  • Umehluko wezentengo osekelwe shthi: Umuntu obekwa icala elincane angagqunywa ejele amasonto amaningi ngenxa nje yokuthi akanakukwazi ukuthenga amadollar ambalwa ebheyili, kuyilapho ummangalelwa ocebile obekwe icala lobugebengu obungathi sína angahamba ngesihle.
  • Ukuphikisana okungokobulungu: ucwaningo lubonisa njalo ukuthi abamangalelwa abamnyama nabano-Latino babelwa isilinganiso esiphakeme sebheyili futhi basengozini kakhulu yokuvalelwa ngaphambi kokuba bamangalelwe kunabamhlophe ababhekene namacala afanayo. Lokhu kuxega kubangela ukuboshwa okukhulu nokuncipha ukwethelelwa emphakathini.
  • Imikhuba yeBail iyahluka kakhulu engxenyeni yesifundazwe ngasinye, ngisho nasesifundazweni esifanayo. Ezinye izinkantolo zivame ukubeka amabheyili aphezulu ngenxa yamacala amancane, kuyilapho ezinye zinikeza i-ROR. Lo msebenzi owenziwe ngemigqa engafanele.
  • Abaphikisi beNguquko baphikisa ngokuthi ukulinganisela ibheyili yemali kungakhulula abantu abayingozi. Nokho, ukwaziswa okuvela eNew Jersey (okuncishiswe kakhulu ibheyili yemali) kubonisa ukuthi amazinga obugebengu awakhuphukanga, futhi amazinga okubukeka enkantolo ahlala eqinile.

Imiphumela Ebuhlungu Yokugonywa Kwezinhloso Zokuhlolwa Kwamabhizinisi

Ukuboshwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala kungaba nemiphumela ebhubhisayo: ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, nekhono lokusiza ekuvikeleni umuntu. Abamangalelwa basengozini enkulu yokuvuma ukuthi banecala ukuze nje bakhululwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banecala elingakanani.

Indima Yokumelela Ngokomthetho

Iseluleko somthetho esigunyaziwe siyisici esibalulekile ekutholeni izimo ezingcono ngaphambi kokwahlulela. Ummeli anga:

  • I-Advocate ye-ROR noma i-Low Bail: Ekuqulweni kwe-pall kokuqala, iseluleko sokuvikela singanikeza ubufakazi bobuhlobo bomphakathi wommangalelwa, umsebenzi, nokungahambi kwengozi yokuhamba ngendiza ukuze ijaji lincenge ukuba likhulule ikhasi ngaphandle kwesimo semali.
  • Challenge Izimo ezingenangqondo: Uma inkantolo ihlela ibheyili ngenani elingakwazi ukukhokhwa yikhasimende, ummeli angafaka indlela yokunciphisa isibopho noma acele ukuqulwa.
  • Iprojective About Alternative Options: Abamangalelwa abaningi abaqapheli ngezinhlelo eziqondiswayo, ukugada kwemishini, noma ukuzihlela ngaphambi komthetho. Ummeli angasebenzisa lemithombo futhi ayihlosele enkantolo.
  • Chaza iNkathi: Abalweli bavame ukuzizwa bedidekile futhi besatshiswa isimiso sebheyili. Ummeli ukhubaza lenqubo futhi asize ikhasimende ukuba liqonde amalungelo nezibopho zalo.

Amahhovisi okuvikela umphakathi ngokuvamile ayaxhashazwa, kodwa ayaqhubeka ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abamangalelwa abathola ukuphathwa kahle. Brennan Center yeJaji[ inikeza ukucwaninga ngendlela abashushisi nabavikeli abangalungisa ngayo inqubo ngebheyili ngenguquko.

Ezinye Izinto Ezingasetshenziswa Ekuthengeni Imali

Ukuqaphela okwandayo umonakalo webheyili yemali kuye kwakhuthaza ukuthuthuka nokwanda kwezinto ezingasetshenziswa ngaphandle kwegunya lommangalelwa lokukhokha. Lezi zihlanganisa:

  • [[[NTL:0] Izinhlelo zokukhululwa: Abalweli babika kumphathi wezinkonzo zangaphambi kokwahlulela ngocingo, ngevidiyo, noma ngumuntu, ngokuvamile kanye noma kabili ngesonto. Amasheke aphunyukile angaphumela kwisiqinisekiso, kodwa isimo asisebenzi.
  • Electronic Monitoring (GPS):[ Ama-Anklec oil alandela indawo yommangalelwa futhi angamisa imithetho yezikhathi zokwehla, imingcele yendawo, kanye nokumiswa kwenkantolo. Lendlela isetshenziselwa abamangalelwa abaphezulu abafanelekela ukukhululwa.
  • Usuku lwamaRepoinding Center: Abalweli kumelwe babe khona esikhungweni esimisiwe nsuku zonke noma izikhathi ezimbalwa ngesonto ukuze bahlole, bahlele ama-media, noma amakilasi. Lezi zikhungo zivame ukunikeza ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzi, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, kanye nezinkonzo zempilo yengqondo.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Prequalition Diversion: Kubenzi bezaphulamthetho abangenabudlova, abashushisi bangavuma ukuhlehlisa ukushushiswa ukuze kuqedwe abamangalelwa ngezimo ezithile (umz., ukuphathwa kwezidakamizwa, inkonzo yomphakathi). Ukuqedwa okuphumelelayo kuholela ekuxoshweni kwamacala.
  • Izikhumbuzo zosuku lwenyanga: Izingcingo zocingo ezizihambelayo noma imiyalezo yemiyalezo yemiyalezo kuboniswe ngokuphawulekayo kunciphisa amazinga okwehluleka ukuya ekuveleni. Izinhlelo njengalezi zibiza kancane futhi kulula ukusebenzisa.

Ukuphumelela kwalezi zindlela zokwelapha kubhalwe kahle. Isikhungo sesizwe se-National Center for State Courts inikeza imininingwane nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokulawula ezifuna ukusebenzisa izinketho ezingakho ezikhona ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwezindawo.

Isiphetho: Indlela Engaphambili

I-Bail nokukhululwa kwezindawo zokwahlulela akuyona imiqondo eqinile; kuyashintsha njengoba ukuqonda komphakathi ubulungisa, ubulungisa, nokuphepha komphakathi kujula. Ukuthembela okungokwesiko ebheyili yemali kuye kwabonakala kunephutha elikhulu, kujezisa ubumpofu kuyilapho kuhluleka ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha komphakathi ngokusemthethweni. Imizamo yokuguqula inguquko isuka emathuluzini okuhlola izingozi kuya ekususeni ngokuphelele imali (pagerl), kodwa intuthuko ayilingani futhi iyaphikiswa.

Kudokotela abangokomthetho nabantu ababambeke esimisweni, ulwazi lunamandla. Ukuqonda uhlobo lwebheyili, izici ezithonya izinqumo zokwahlulela, kanye nezinye izindlela ezikhona kungawenza umehluko phakathi kokuboshwa kwangaphambi kwecala nenkululeko. Njengoba ama-oversi azama izindlela eziningi zokuhlola inqubo yobufakazi obusekelwe ebufakazini, ithemba liwukuthi igebe phakathi kokuthi umuntu umsulwa yiqiniso nokuboshwa lizoba ncane. Ekugcineni, isimiso sobulungisa nesisebenzayo somthetho sivikela ukulondeka komphakathi, siqinisekisa ukubukeka kwenkantolo, futhi sihlonipha isithunzi sawo wonke ummangalelwa owenziwe ngezimali zakhe.