Iyini Inkululeko Yokwaziswa?

I-Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), eyasayinwa emthethweni ngo- 1966, inikeza noma yimuphi umuntu ilungelo elingokomthetho lokucela ukufinyelela kumarekhodi enhlangano kahulumeni. Yavela ekufuneni okukhulu kobuningi benkululeko yangemva kwempi ukuba izikhulu zibonakale futhi zilandise. Ngaphambi kwe-FOIA, umthwalo wehlela izakhamuzi ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi kungani zidinga izincwadi ezithile; i-quament ingavele ngaphandle kwencazelo. I-FOA iqiniselwe ukuthi amarekhodi: amarekhodi akhona ngaphandle kokuba umthetho ukukhululeka okusebenza. I-OAAAA, i-OPIAA, izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe, kodwa hhayi i-Congresscerrence, noma izisebenzi zeNd House. Effectives, i-FOA i-ECPI, i-OA e-O Explustrance, i-O Act, i-O-O-O-O-A, i-O Actived 2016 ne-otivedsss 2016 esigunyazwe njalo njalo seze i--odd

IFOIA ayiyona nje kuphela eyezintatheli noma abacwaningi. Noma ubani, izakhamuzi zakhona zasikhathi sonke, izizwe zangaphandle, izinhlangano, amayunivesithi , angacela isicelo. Akukho mfuneko yokuchaza ukuthi kungani ufuna ukwaziswa. Injongo eyisisekelo yomthetho ukugcina umphakathi waziswe ngalokho uhulumeni akwenzayo, ukwenza ukuba uhlanganyele ngolwazi ekubuseni ngedemokrasi futhi usebenze njengesekisi ngokumelene nokuziphatha okubi. I-FOIA yewebsite [[FFLT:1] inikeza izicelo eziyinhloko zeposi zokuhambisa nokulandelela incazelo yesikhundla sabo.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko E - FOIA

Ukuqonda amalungiselelo ayinhloko kaFOIA kubalulekile ukuze siwasebenzise ngokuphumelelayo.

Ilungelo Lokuthola Nokuzithululela Ukukhululeka

I-FOIA iqinisekisa ilungelo lomphakathi lokungena emarekhodini; izinhlangano ziphethe umthwalo wokuthethelela noma ikuphi ukuphika. Izinguquko za 2016 zaqinisa lokhu kusikisela: uma inxusa lingafaka iqoqo elinengqondo ukuze lambule izingxenye ezingacimeki, kumelwe lenze kanjalo. Izimo zidingeka ukuze kukhululwe “ukwaziswa okungagunyaziwe” ngisho noma ezinye izingxenye zingabanjwa.

Isikhathi Salokho Okuyalwayo Nezithasiselo

Imishini kumelwe iphendule phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-20 zokwamukela isicelo, nakuba lenkathi inganwetshwa ngaphansi “kwezimo ezingezizo” njengesidingo sokufuna amahhovisi amaningi asemasimini noma ukubukeza amarekhodi amaningi. Amarekhodi anganezela ezinsukwini zebhizinisi eziyishumi. Uma kungekho mpendulo etholakalayo phakathi kwe-staterys creader, umceli angabheka amakhambi okulawula njengesephuzile futhi athathe i-hele. Ekwenzeni, izinhlangano eziningi zibhekene nezinkomba ezinkulu, ngakho isineke nokulandela ngokuvamile kuyadingeka.

UFees noFee Waivers

I-FOIA ihlukanisa izicelo ngokwezigaba ezintathu: abasebenzisi bezentengiselwano (abakhokhela ukuseshwa, ukubukeza, nokuphindaphindwa), izinhlangano zezemfundo noma imithombo yezindaba (ikhokhela kuphela ukukopisha ngemva kwamakhasi ayikhulu okuqala), kanye ne-“ezinye” izicelo (inkokhelo zokufuna nokufaka izicelo, kodwa hhayi ukubukeza). Abaceli bangafuna imali uma ukwaziswa ngokuyinhloko kuzuzisa umphakathi futhi kungenayo inzuzo yezentengiselwano yomceli. Izicelo zingakhokha nemali yezicelo zezicelo ze-igigegcope noma uma isicelo sisendabeni yomphakathi.

Indlela Yokwenza Isicelo Se - FOIA

Ukucela iFOIA ephumelelayo kuhilela okungaphezu kokumane uthumele i-imeyili. Ukulandela inqubo emisiwe kwandisa amathuba okusabela okufike ngesikhathi nokuphelele.

Yibone Inhlangano Efanele

I-FOIA isebenza ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, hhayi embusweni noma kohulumeni bendawo. Isifunda ngasinye sinomthetho waso womphakathi (ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi “umthetho oqashelwe”). Ukunquma ukuthi yiyiphi inhlangano kahulumeni ephethe amarekhodi owafunayo, hlola i-FLT:0] FOIA.gov iziqondiso[ noma inxusa lokuhlola iFOIA]. Ngokwesibonelo, amarekhodi okufuduka agcinwa ngokwesiko agcinwe yi-U.S. i-conityshipy kanye ne-Immigration Servicess, kuyilapho amarekhodi e-FBILP idinga isicelo se-FOIA. Ukukhomba i-Misla izicelo kungalahlwa amasonto noma izinyanga.

Phoqa Isicelo Esicacile Nesiqondile

Izicelo ze-Vague ezifana “zonke i-imeyili mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu” zingenqatshwa njengehluleka ngokunengqondo ukuchaza amarekhodi. Ngezinga eliqondile ngangokunokwenzeka: hlanganisa izihloko ze-alpha, uhlu lwezinsuku, amagama abantu, nezinhlobo zemibhalo. Uma unenombolo yokulandelela i-FOIA ephuma kwisicelo sangaphambili, yikhomba. Cacisa ifomethi oyikhethayo (iphepha, i-electronic, i-imeyili).

Zithobe Ngomzila Ofanele

Inkampani ngayinye inendlela yayo yokuzithobela, cishe i-email, i-imeyili noma i-opact. Amanxusa amaningi manje amukela izicelo ngethuluzi lawo lokuzifaka kuyi-FOIA nge-intanethi. Ngaso sonke isikhathi qinisekisa i-lisithi. Gcina ikhophi yesicelo sakho futhi uqaphele usuku oluyithumele ngalo. Uma inkampani ivame ukuthatha izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu-20, cabangela ukuthumelela iposi egunyaziwe ukuze ithole iphepha elihambayo.

Hamba Futhi Ulandele

Ngemva kokuzithoba, kufanele uthole incwadi noma i-imeyili enikeza inani lokulandelela inombolo nosuku lokuqeda olulinganiselwayo. Uma uzwa lutho phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-20 zebhizinisi, landela ngocingo noma nge-imeyili. Imishini ingacela ukucaciswa noma ixoxisana nge-engile; ukuphendula kungagcina isicelo sakho sinyakaza. Uma inkampani yenqaba ukwenza isicelo noma ukuphonsa izindleko ezeqisayo, unelungelo lokudlulisa.

Ukukhangwa Kokuphika Nokuphika Okuncane

Uma inhlangano igodla amarekhodi, ungafaka isikhalo sokulawula phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-90. Ukudluliswa kwesicelo kumelwe kuthunyelwe ehhovisi le-FOIA lokudlulisa izicelo futhi kuthunyelwe nezwe ukuthi kungani ukuphika kwakungafanele. Uma inkampani isekela ukuphika noma ihluleka ukuphendula, ungakhokha enkantolo yesifunda. Izimpikiswano eziningi zixazululwa ngokudluliswa noma ngokuhlaliswa. Umnyango we- Justice’s FOIA Guide

Ukuqonda Izici Eziyisishiyagalolunye

I-FOIA iqukethe izimvume ezingu-9 zokungavunyelwe ezivumela izinhlangano ukuba zigodle izigaba ezithile zokwaziswa. Ukungadingi ukuthunyelwa kwezincwadi kuhloselwe ukuvikela izithakazelo ezinjengokuphepha kwesizwe, ukuzifihla komuntu siqu, kanye nokufihla ibhizinisi. Ngasinye sichazwa kancinci; inkampani ayinakuyigodlela yonke incwadi uma izingxenye ezisemthethweni zingakhululwa.

Isihlengo 1: Ukulondeka Kwesizwe

Imibiko ehlelwe kahle ngaphansi koMthetho - sisekelo 13526 ukuze kuvikelwe ukulondeka kwesizwe ingase igodlwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imithombo yokuhlakanipha, amacebo ezempi, kanye nokuxhumana kwezokuxhumana.

Isihlengo 2: Imithetho Nemikhuba Yezisebenzi Zangaphakathi

Lokhu kukhululwa kuhlanganisa izindaba zangaphakathi njengemithetho yokupaka, izimiso zezisebenzi zokudla kwasemini, noma izinqubo zokuphatha ezivamile. Izinkantolo ziye zalinganisela izinga lazo; ngokuvamile zisebenza kuphela ezindabeni ezingelutho zangaphakathi lapho ukudalulwa kungafaka khona engozini yokugwenywa kwemithetho yezinhlangano.

Isihlengo 3: Ulwazi Olulahlwa Eminye Imithetho

Uma omunye umthetho kahulumeni wenqabela ukudalulwa ngokuqondile, lokho kwaziswa kungagodlelwa ngaphansi kwe-FOIA. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa i-Asct ofspic, i-Trade Secrets Act, nemithetho ehlukahlukene yokufihla intela. Lo mthetho akumelwe ushiye kwahlulela kokuvimba noma ukusho izigaba ezithile zemibhalo.

Isihlengo 4: Ulwazi Lwebhizinisi Oluyimfihlo

Imfihlo yezentengiselwano nokwaziswa okuvela enkampanini yomuntu siqu kuyavikelwa uma ukutshelwa kungabangela ukuncintisana. Lokhu kukhululwa kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhokha izinkampani, izicelo ezisemthethweni, kanye nemininingwane yesivumelwano. Amabhizinisi anikeza ukwaziswa kuhulumeni angakubiza njengemfihlo.

Inkululeko 5: Ukuxhumana Ngenhlangothi noma Ngokungakhulumisani

Lokhu kukhulula kuhlanganisa imibono yangaphakathi, ukutusa, nokucabanga okungaveza inqubo yokwenza izinqumo. Kuhlanganisa ilungelo lenqubo yokukhipha isigwebo, ilungelo eliyi-gconsoli, nemfundiso yomkhiqizo. Uma isinqumo sesiyisokugcina, ukucabanga kungase kuvikelwe, kodwa ukwaziswa okuyiqiniso kumelwe kukhululwe uma kungenakuvunyelwa.

Inhlekelele 6: Ukuba Wedwa

Izisebenzi, ezokwelapha, kanye nezinye izinto ezinjena ezingakha ukuhlaselwa okungadingekile kwezindaba zomuntu siqu uma ziveziwe azikho. Inhlangano kumelwe ilinganisele isithakazelo somuntu siqu mayelana nesithakazelo somphakathi ekudalulini. Ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo okunjengamagama namakheli kungakhululwa ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kungadala umonakalo.

Ukuhlengwa 7: Umlando Womthetho Ophoqelelwayo

Izirekhodi eziqongelelwe ukugcinwa komthetho zingavinjelwa uma ukutshelwa kwamacala kungaphazamisa ukugcinwa kwamacala, kuphuca umuntu icala elilungile, kuthulule imfihlo, kwembula amasu ophengululo, noma kufaka engozini ukuphila noma ukuphepha. Lokhu kungenye yezintelezi ezivame kakhulu ukushiwo. Ukungahoxi kusebenza kuphela emarekhodini ezinhlangano ezisebenza ngokugcinwa komthetho noma amarekhodi akhishwe enkambweni yokuhlola ukugcinwa komthetho.

Inhlekelele 8: Ulwazi lwezezimali

Ukwaziswa okuphathelene nomthetho noma ukuqondisa kwezinhlangano zezimali, njengemibiko yokuhlola amabhange, kungase kugodlwe ukuvikela ukuma nokuthembeka kwezimakethe zezimali. Lokhu kusebenza ngokuyinhloko ezinhlanganweni ezinjengeFederal Reserve neSecureties ne-Exchange Commission.

Imbubhiso 9: Ulwazi Lwesayensi Yemvelo

Lokhu kukhululwa okuncane kuhlanganisa imibhalo ephathelene nemithombo, kuhlanganise nokwaziswa okuphathelene nokwakheka komhlaba mayelana nokuhlola uwoyela negesi.

IFOIA Endulo: Ukuhlola Izifo Nethonya Lazo

IFOIA ibilokhu iyinjini ebangela uphenyo oluningi nokwaziswa okwathonya inkulumo yeningi. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa eziphawulekayo.

Ihlanekezelo Lamanzi

Izicelo zeFAIA zasiza abacosheli bezintatheli nabezinkampani zomhlangano bathola amarekhodi, imisebenzi, nezincwadi zangaphakathi ezambula ukuthi isikhulu se - Nixon sasihileleke ekunqamuleni i - Watergate àin nasembonweni.

Ubulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile Nempilo Yomphakathi

Izazi zezokulwa nabacwaningi baye basebenzisa iFOIA ukuze bathole ukuthi i-FOIA ilahla udoti oyingozi, imvume yezibulala zinambuzane ezisekelwe ekwazisweni okunephutha, kanye nokuthatha isinyathelo sesikhashana sikahulumeni ukuze kuholele ukungcola emanzini aphuzwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-FOIA izicelo zeNatural Resources Defense Council zaveza imibhalo ebonisa ukuthi i-EPA yayazi ngezingozi zamakhemikhali ePFAS amashumi amaningi eminyaka ngaphandle kokuthatha isinyathelo.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokuthunywa Kwango-9/11

Ngemva kokuhlasela ngo - September 11, i - 9 / 11 Commission yathembela kakhulu kuFOIA ukuba ithole imibiko yokuhlakanipha, imisebenzi yokuxhumana, nama - email abika izimpawu ezingaqondakali. Umbiko wokugcina wale khomishane, owalotshwa yilezi zincwadi, wabangela izinguquko ezinkulu ekuhlanganyeleni ngokuhlakanipha nasekulondeni kwezindiza.

Ukuziphatha Okungafanele Kwamaphoyisa Nokulandisa

Izinhlangano zamalungelo ezakhamuzi zivame ukufaka i-FOIA izicelo zokuthola imithetho yamaphoyisa, zisebenzise imibiko ephoqelelwe, kanye nemibiko egciniwe engekho mthethweni evela ezinhlanganweni zomthetho kahulumeni. Ezimweni eziningi, imibhalo ekhishweyo iye yadalula izindlela zokubulala izinhlanga kanye nemfuno ephakeme, ifuna inguquko.

Izinselele Ezivamile Enqubweni Ye - FIIA

Naphezu kwamandla ayo angokomthetho, iFOIA ayigwegwesi ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Izenzakalo Zemuva Nezikhathi Zokulibala

Inkathi yentsebenzo ye-2017 ye-Pixel 93y ithungatha izicelo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ezinye izinhlangano zineminyaka enwetshiwe. I-Dierferal of Justice isebenza ngokulandelana kwemishini, futhi imibiko [[FLT: 0] ye-FOIA ibonisa ukuthi izinhlangano eziningi ezinkulu, kuhlanganise neFBI kanye noMnyango Wezwe, zilokhu zidlula isikhathi somthetho. Abaceli bangafaka icala ngenxa yokulibala okungacabangeleki, kodwa izindleko zenezela isikhathi nezindleko.

Ukukhululwa Nokuhlengwa Okungaphezu Kwamandla Omphakathi

Ngezinye izikhathi ama - remotivia amaphepha adlulele, afiphaza zonke izigaba uma kunamalayini ambalwa kuphela okumelwe anqandwe. Abacelayo bangabekela inselele ama - red action phakathi nenqubo yokunxusa, kodwa ukudlulisa imibhalo egciniwe eshaqisiwe kakhulu kuyakhungathekisa futhi kungafiphaza umongo obalulekile.

Izingozi Ezeqile

Izicelo zezentengiselwano zingabhekana nemali eshibhile yokusesha nokubukeza. Ngisho nabaceli abangakhokhi abangakhokhi imali yokubhala ngaphezulu kwamakhasi ayikhulu okuqala. Inkampani ingafuna imali egciniwe ngaphambi kokuba ifake isicelo ngenkokhelo elinganiselwa kakhulu. Abaceli kufanele bacele imali njalo ekhokhelwayo uma ukwaziswa kufeza isithakazelo somphakathi.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokuntuleka Kwesiqondiso

Ukumisa inqubo yeFOIA kungaba yinto enzima, ikakhulukazi kubaceli bokuqala besikhathi. Inhlangano ngayinye inemithetho yayo, nemithetho yokufaka iprocedro (njengesidingo sokudlulisa izicelo phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-90) iqinile. Imithombo yangaphakathi enjenge i-Muckrock[ inikeza iziqondiso neziqondiso zokwenza izicelo ezisebenzayo.

Amacebiso Okuthola Isicelo Se - FOIA Esiphumelelayo

Yandisa amathuba akho okusabela okufike ngesikhathi nangokuphelele ngale mikhuba emihle.

  • chaza ngokucacile futhi unciphe. uchaza amarekhodi ofuna ngezinsuku, izihloko, nabantu ngabanye. Izicelo eziqondiswe kahle zikhiqizwa ngokushesha futhi cishe zingaphikwa kakhulu.
  • ISISEKELELO esithandwa yinhlangano. Amanxusa amaningi manje anikeza amathuluzi okulawula awe-inthanethi aveza inombolo yokulandelela ngokushesha. Lokhu kunciphisa ukubambezeleka kweposi futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi isicelo sakho singena kahle emgqeni.
  • Cela iholo elibheke phambili. chaza ukuthi amarekhodi aceliwe angayinikela kanjani kakhulu ekuqondeni umphakathi imisebenzi kahulumeni. Ngisho noma enqatshiwe, ungadlulisa isinqumo senkokhelo.
  • Landela ngokuzithoba kodwa ngokuphikelelayo. Uma ungatholi ukuvuma phakathi nesonto, ucingo noma i-imeyili. Gcina uhlelo lwazo zonke izixhumaniso kuhlanganise nezinsuku namagama ezisebenzi ze-athom.
  • Sebenzisa imitapo yezincwadi ye-FOIA. Ngaphambi kokuhlela isicelo esisha, hlola igumbi lokufunda le-FOIA yemitapo ekhutshelwe kakade. Amabhukwana amaningi avame ukucelwa atholakala kulayini ngaphandle kokufuna uku-oda isicelo esisha.
  • Cela ukusebenzisa inkonzo yeFOIA. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Muckrock ne-Areports Committee for Freedom of the Press zinikeza amathuluzi ezicelweni ze-octive, zisebenzisana nabanye abaceli, kanye nokuphika ukunxusa.
  • Ukuphika okungasheshi. Ifasitela lemini 90 liqala lapho uthola impendulo yokugcina yenhlangano. Isikhalo esicacisiwe singakuqeda ukukhululeka okungafanele.

Isiphetho

I-Freedom of Information Act ihlala ingenye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu izakhamuzi okumelwe zigcine uhulumeni ulandise. Iqinisekisa ukuthi impendulo engahleliwe yesicelo samarekhodi “yebo” ngaphandle kokuba inqubo ingasebenza. Nakuba le nqubo ingathatha kancane futhi ikhungathekise, iphike futhi iqonde ngokucacile izinhlelo zomthetho zingaveza imibhalo eveza ukuthi inqubo yenziwe kanjani, ukuthi umkhokhi wentela usetshenziswa kanjani, nokuthi izinqumo ezithinta impilo yomphakathi nokulondeka kwesizwe zifinyelelwa kanjani. FOIA akuyona i-wand yomlingo, kodwa kuwumsuba onzima wokubona ngokucacile edemokhrasi. Ngokukwazi inqubo ukuthi isikhungo sokuthintana, ukuthi sicelwa kanjani, ukuthi sicelwa kanjani, nokuthi ukuqondisa kuphi, nokuthi kungenziwa kanjani ukubuyisela isithembiso sangempela sokungena kuhulumeni.