Umthetho wesigebengu uyisisekelo semiphakathi yanamuhla ngokuchaza ukuziphatha okungamukeleki nangokunikeza labo abephula imithetho imiphumela. Lesihloko asisebenzi nje kuphela ekujeziseni abenzi bobugebengu kodwa futhi ekunqandeni ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo, ekuvikeleni izisulu, nasekulondolozeni ukuhleleka komphakathi. Ukuqonda imiqondo eyinhloko yomthetho wobugebengu kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohlola isimiso sobulungisa, osebenza ekuqinisekiseni umthetho, noma ofuna nje ukuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okucacile komthetho wobugebengu, izimiso eziyisisekelo, kanye nezinqubo eziletha ukuphenywa kwecala ngokuqulwa nokugwetshwa.

Uyini uMthetho Wesigebengu?

Umthetho wesigebengu ubhekisela equlwini somthetho ohlobene nobugebengu. Uchaza amacala obugebengu, ulawula ukwesaba, ukumangalelwa, nokuqulwa kwecala labantu abasolwayo, futhi umise izijeziso kanye nezindlela zokuphathwa ezisebenzayo eziboshweni. Ngokungafani nomthetho wesizwe, owengamela izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu abantu, umthetho wobugebengu uhlanganisa uhulumeni njengomshushisi omelela umbuso noma abantu. Imithombo eyinhloko yomthetho wobugebengu eUnited States iyimithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho ezindaweni eziphethe uhulumeni nezingamele izimiso ezingokomthetho nezincazelo ezivamile.

Isimiso ngasinye sinemithetho yaso siqu yobugebengu, kodwa abaningi banemibono eyisisekelo. Umthetho wezephulamthetho we-Federal umboza izono ezidlula izikhawu zikahulumeni noma ezihlanganisa izithakazelo zikahulumeni (jengesibonelo, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ukuphanga amabhange, ubuphekula), kuyilapho umthetho kahulumeni wobugebengu ulawula ubugebengu bansuku zonke obufana nokweba, ukuhlasela, nokubulala. I-Model Penal Code, eyasungulwa ngo-1962 i-American Law Institute, iye yathonya kakhulu imithetho yobugebengu ngokunikeza isisekelo esifanayo sokuchaza amacala, isivikelo, nokugweba.

Izincazelo Eziyinhloko EMthethweni Wesigebengu

Amagama anembile abalulekile ekucabangeni okungokomthetho. Ngezansi kunezinkulumo ezibalulekile ezitholakala kuwo wonke umthetho wobugebengu:

  • Icala:[ Isenzo noma ukuphuthelwa okunqatshelwe umthetho nesijeziso sokugunyazwa. Ubugebengu budinga isenzo sokuzithandela (isenzo) futhi ngokuvamile isimo sengqondo esinecala (mens rea).
  • I-Defantint: Umuntu omangalelwe ngokuthatha icala. Endabeni yobugebengu, ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho etholakalelwa ukuthi unecala ngokunengqondo.
  • Ukunyuselwa: Iqembu elingokomthetho elimelela uhulumeni (isikhulu, umbuso, noma indawo) eliletha amacala kummangalelwa. Abashushisi banenkululeko enkulu yokunquma ukuthi kufanele bakhokhele yini noma yiziphi izikhalo zokubhala phansi.
  • Isahlulelo esingokomthetho somthwalo wecala esingeniswe inkantolo ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala noma ukunxusa okunecala. Icala liphumela erekhodini lobugebengu futhi lingaholela ekujezisweni njengokuboshwa, ukuhlawuliswa, ukugcinwa isigwebo, noma inkonzo yomphakathi.
  • [ Ukugunyaza: Ukuzimisela kokwahlulela kwesijeziso esifanele sesoni esiboshiwe. Isigwebo singavela ngokushesha ngemva kokuqiniseka noma ngemva kwesigwebo esihlukile lapho kucatshangelwa khona izici ezithi jikelele.
  • Ibheji lobufakazi: Ezimweni zobugebengu, umshushisi kumele afakazele zonke izici zobugebengu "ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo," indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu emthethweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abangenacala abanacala babekwe icala ngokungafanele.

Izinhlobo Zobugebengu

Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza ekuqondeni indlela isimiso sobulungisa esibeka ngayo izinto eziza kuqala neziwumphumela wezenzo.

Ukuhlelwa Yizinto Ezingekho

  • Izenzo zobuphekula:[ Ubugebengu obungathi sína kakhulu, obujeziswa ngokuboshwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka (ngokuvamile ukuphila ejele noma ngisho nokufa kwezinye izindawo). Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuthumba, ukuphamba, nokuphanga. Izinkolelo eziqinile zihambisana nemiphumela efana nokulahlekelwa amalungelo okuvota nobunzima bokuthola umsebenzi.
  • I-Misdemers: Amacala amancane kakhulu, ngokuvamile ajeziswa ngonyaka ejele, amafa, umsebenzi womphakathi, noma isigwebo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukweba okuncane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungahleleki, ne-DUI (ezizweni eziningi i-offense DUI iyisigebengu). Izigebengu zivame ukuphatha izinkantolo eziphansi ngezimiso ezilandelanayo.
  • Izenzo zokweqa umthetho: Ezincane ezophulwa umthetho, ngokuvamile zijeziswa ngokukhokhwa kunokuba ziboshwe. Iziphakamiso ezivame kakhulu amathikithi omgwaqo (umz., aweqisayo, asebenzisa isibani esibomvu). Iziphazamiso azidali irekhodi lobugebengu futhi aziyona isigwebo samajaji.

Ukuhlelwa Kwemvelo

  • [[QUT: 0] Icala elimelene noMuntu: Izenzo ezilimazayo ezihilela ukulimala ngokomzimba noma usongo lokulimala komunye umuntu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubulala, ukuhlasela nebhetri, ukudlwengula, nokuthumba.
  • Icala elimelene nempahla: Izenzo ezilimazayo ezihlanganisa ukuthatha noma ukulimaza impahla yabanye. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukweba/ukugqekeza, ukugqekeza, ukuphanga (okuhilela umuntu), ukuphanga, nokucekela phansi.
  • ICrimes Ezimhlophe-Collar: Amacala angenabudlova, ashukunyiswa ngokwezimali enziwa ochwepheshe bezebhizinisi noma izikhulu zikahulumeni. Ukukhwabanisa, ukuhweba ngenkani, ukuphanga imali, ukufumbathisa, nokuhogela kuwela ngaphansi kwalesigaba. FBI] ichaza ubugebengu belanga obumhlophe obubangelwa yizimboni zebhizinisi noma uhulumeni. njengenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwemali nokuncishiswa kwethemba komphakathi.
  • Izenzo zobugebengu ezicatshangelweyo: Izenzo ezihilela izinyathelo zokuthatha isinyathelo sobugebengu kodwa ezingaphumeli esenzweni esiqediwe. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuzama, uzungu, nokucela. Lokhu kujeziswa ngoba kubonisa injongo ecacile yokuphula umthetho futhi kusongela umphakathi ngisho noma icebo lihluleka.
  • Izenzo zobugebengu ezihlangene: eziqhutshwa amaqembu ahleliwe (umzk., amakhathe ezidakamizwa, amafiya, amaqembu). Lokhu kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukuphanga, ukuphanga, ukuphanga, ukuphanga, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa. I-Rackete Ifluep and Ecorapments Organizations Act (RICO) inikeza amathuluzi amakhulu obugebengu obuhleliwe.
  • ICybercrime: Ubugebengu obusetshenziswa amacomputer noma i-Internet. Ukuphanga, ukweba izimpawu, ukuphapha, nokusakaza ama-ware kuyizibonelo. I-Cybercrime iyindawo ekhula ngokushesha, ngokuvamile ewela imingcele yomhlaba wonke futhi idinga amasu obuchwepheshe okucwaninga.

Izici Zobugebengu

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi unecala, umshushisi kumelwe afakazele isici ngasinye secala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. izici ezine ezibalulekile ezitholakala ebugebenguni obuningi yilezi:

  • Actus Reus (Umthetho Wecala): Isenzo sokuzithandela noma (kwezinye izimo) ukwehluleka ukwenza uma kunomthwalo ongokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kubulala, isenzo sobulele siyisenzo sokubulala. Akuzona zonke izenzo ezithathwa njengezivolozelwe − ama-exlex noma izenzo phakathi nesifo akwanelisi isenzo sika-reus.
  • Izimo zengqondo ezifunekayo kubugebengu. Izinga elivamile lamadoda lihlanganisa: inhloso (injongo), ulwazi, ukunganaki (ukungazinaki ngengqondo ingozi enkulu), kanye nokunganaki (ukungaqapheli ngengozi). Ubugebengu obuhlukahlukene budinga amazinga ahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubulala kokuqala kudinga injongo engaphambili, kuyilapho ukuhleka kungadinga ukunganaki.
  • I-conuverrence: I-actus reus nama-man rea kumelwe zenzeke ngesikhathi esifanayo. Uma umuntu eshaya othile ngengozi ngemoto (akukho madoda aphinde anqume ukuzibulala, ukubulala akunakusekelwa esenzweni sangaphambili.
  • Ukucubungula: Isenzo kumelwe sibangele ukulimala noma umphumela ocaciswe ubugebengu. Ukugadla kunezingxenye ezimbili: okubangela i-fact (kodwa-ya"kuhlola": umonakalo wawungeke wenzeke ngaphandle kwesenzo) nembangela ebanzi (ukulimala kwakuwumphumela ongase ubonwe kusengaphambili wesenzo).

Amanye amacala, aziwa ngokuthi amacala ahlukanisayo, awadingi amadoda athatha i-rea. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukudlwengula kwe-statory (kwezinye izindawo) kanye nokwephula umthetho (umz., ukudayisela umntwana utshwala, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umthengisi uyazazi inkathi).

Ukuvikela Emthetho Wesigebengu

Abalweli bangase baphakamise izivikelo zokugwema ukusolwa. Izimpi zingabekwa njengezaba (isenzo sasilungile ngaphansi kwezimo) noma izaba (ummangalelwa wayengasoleki ngokokuziphatha). Ngezansi kukhona ezinye iziphetho ezibalulekile:

  • Intevisiso yobuncinanyiswano: Ummangalelwa uphikisa ngokuthi ngenxa yokuphazamiseka okukhulu kwengqondo, babengaqondi imvelo noma ukulahleka kwezenzo zabo ngesikhathi sobugebengu. Indinganiso iyahlukahluka ngesimiso sombuso; umthetho we-M'Naghten (umthetho we-cocataly incataity) kanye nomthetho we-Penal's Codective "ikhono eliphansi lobuProstance" kuvamile. Isivikelo sobuhlanya asivamile ukusetshenziswa futhi siboshwe ezicaleni ezingathi kakhulu.
  • Ukuziphakamisa-Defense:[ Umuntu angasebenzisa amandla alinganiselwe ukuze azivikele ekulimaleni okungavunyelwe ngokomthetho. Amandla asetshenziswayo kumelwe alinganise usongo. Izigodlo eziningi "zithathe isisekelo" semithetho esusa umsebenzi wokuziphindisela ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amandla abulalayo ezimweni ezithile. Ukuzivikela kwabanye futhi kuyasebenza.
  • Ngezikhathi eziphakathi:[ Ummangalelwa wenza ubugebengu ngoba babengaphansi kosongo olusheshayo lokufa noma ukulimala okungathi sína komzimba komunye umuntu. Lendlela yokuvikela ayikho ekubulaleni ezifundeni eziningi.
  • Isidingo: [ Ummangalelwa wenza ubugebengu ukuze avimbele ingozi enkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugqekeza esakhiweni esivuthayo ukuze kuhlengiswe umntwana (nakuba kuyisiphambeko sobuchwepheshe, isenzo silungile ngesidingo). Isidingo sihlukile kumasu adinga ukuhlasela ngoba usongo luvela emandleni emvelo kunangomunye umuntu.
  • Intethe: Ummangalelwa wayeyengwa izikhulu zomthetho ukuba enze ubugebengu abengeke bazenze. Intengiselwano iyindlela yokuvikela uma ukuziphatha kukahulumeni bekuwukuthatha ngokweqile kangangokuba kwadala inhloso yobugebengu, hhayi nje ukunikeza ithuba.
  • [ ABI:[ Ummangalelwa unikeza ubufakazi bokuthi babengekho lapho ubugebengu busenzeka. I-abi iyisivikelo esiyiqiniso, esidinga ubufakazi bendawo ngalesosikhathi, ngokuvamile ngobufakazi noma ngemibhalo.
  • Uthatha iqiniso: Ummangalelwa wenza iphutha eliqotho ngeqiniso lokuthi amadoda afunekayo alahla i-rea. Ngokwesibonelo, uma othile ethatha isambulela esikholelwa ukuthi singosabo, abananjongo yokweba. Ukungathathi umthetho ngokuvamile akuyona isivikelo, kodwa kuhlukile ekuthembeleni ngokunengqondo ezithethwini ezingokomthetho zomthetho.

Indima Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho ziyikhosha-msuka wesimiso somthetho sokwahlulela. Imithwalo yazo yemfanelo idlulela ngalé kokuba abasoli abangababoni bahlanganise ukuvinjelwa kobugebengu, uphenyo, ukuqoqwa kobufakazi, nokulungiselelwa kwezehlakalo zokuqala. Imisebenzi eyinhloko ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlola ubugebengu ngokuxoxa nofakazi, ukuqoqa ubufakazi obungokoqobo (i - DNA, iminwe, ukwaziswa okuphathelene nemishini), nokusebenzisa isayensi yokuhlola isayensi.
  • Ukusola abasolwa ngokuthola imvume yokuboshwa ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka noma ukubopha ngaphandle kwesizathu lapho ubugebengu buvela phambi kwesikhulu.
  • Ubufakazi bokubhala ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ayikho enkantolo, ilandela imithetho yeketanga elinophawu oluqinile.
  • Ukufakazela enkantolo njengofakazi abangokoqobo ngokuphathelene nalokho abakuphawulayo nezenzo zabo phakathi nophenyo.
  • Sisebenzelana nabashushisi ukuze sakhe icala eliqinile, ngokuvamile sinikeza imibiko futhi situsa ukumangalelwa.

Ukulinganiselwa komthetho kumisa izenzo zokugcinwa komthetho. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka, okudinga izivumelwano ezisekelwe ekufunekeni okungenzeka kwezizathu eziningi zokusesha. Izixwayiso [[FLT: 0] Minda (ziyathathwa ngemva ] imanda v. i-Arizona) kumelwe zinikezwe ukusola ukuthi ijele ngaphambi kokuphenywa, zibazise ngelungelo labo lokuthula nokuba nommeli. Ukugwetshwa kwalezi sivikelo zomthetho womthetho kungaphumela ekubekeni ubufakazi obungamelwe bungamelwe bungagcinwa ngaphansi komthetho owe-pathiwe.

Isimiso Senkantolo

Amacala ezigebengu aqanjiwe esimisweni senkantolo yezikhulu. lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi amaphutha angabukezwa futhi asingathwe ngamazinga afanele.

  • Izinkantolo ze-Trial: futhi zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zesifunda noma izinkantolo eziphakeme .'lezi ziyizindawo lapho kuqulwa khona amacala. Inkantolo yamacala inquma amaqiniso, isebenzisa umthetho kulawo maqiniso, futhi inikeze isinqumo (ijaji noma ijaji). Esimisweni sikahulumeni, izinkantolo zeSigodi zase-U.S.
  • Izinkantolo ezintsha: Lezinkantolo zihlola izinqumo zezinkantolo zamacala lapho kuvela iphutha elingokomthetho (umzk., ukuvunywa okungafanele kobufakazi, iziyalezo zejaji ezinganembile). Aziphathi ukuqulwa okusha noma zizwe ubufakazi obusha; zibukeza umlando. Izinkantolo zezezikhalo (izinkantolo ze-circuit) zezinkantolo eziphakathi.
  • Izinkantolo ze-'FLT': Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ephethe i-guvernent. Inkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. inelungelo lokuhlola amacala ezinkantolo ze-ampellate zikahulumeni nezinkantolo eziphakeme ezihlanganisa izimpikiswano zikahulumeni noma zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Izinqumo zayo zibekela isizwe sonke izimpawu ezibophayo.

Ijaji (ezindabeni eziningi zecala) linquma ukuthi linecala noma limsulwa ngenxa yamaqiniso anikezwayo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo elingokomthetho lokuqulwa icala liqulwa abahluleli ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sesithupha secala elingathi sína.

Isigebengu: Ukuyeka Ukuboshwa Kuya Ekudluliseleni Izicelo

Inqubo yokwahlulela kobugebengu ilandela ukulandelana okuhleliwe ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo ommangalelwa kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ukuphepha komphakathi.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwangaphambi kwesenzakalo

  • [[FLT: 0] I-ARrest:[ ithatha isisongelo esifakwa ejele ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka sibangele. Isisoli sidlalwa (sinyatheliswe ngesandla, sithwetshulwe izithombe, futhi singene esimisweni).
  • Ukubonakala okungacimeki: Ukusolwa kubonakala phambi komahluleli esikhathini esifushane (amahora angu-48). Umahluleli utshela ummangalelwa ngamacala, uhlela ibheyili, futhi umisa iseluleko uma ummangalelwa engenamali.
  • I-Prelinication Living noma Grand Jury: Ukunquma ukuthi kunobufakazi obanele bokuqhubeka icala. Ukuzwa kokwandulela kuyindlela yokuqhubekela phambili phambi komahluleli. Ijaji elikhulu liyiqembu lezakhamuzi ezizwa ubufakazi obunikezwa umshushisi futhi linqume ukuthi likhipha icala.
  • Icala:[ Ummangalelwa ubekwa icala futhi angene esicelweni: unecala, hhayi icala, noma (kwezinye izimo) i-nolo imateriere (engekho umncintiswano). Abamangalelwa abaningi bamangalela ukuthi abanacala ekuqaleni, okuholela ekuxoxisana noma ekuqulweni kwecala.
  • Imiphumela efihlwayo kanye neyangaphambili: Zombili izinhlangothi zishintshana ngobufakazi futhi zingathatha uhambo lokuguqula amafayela ukuze zicindezele ubufakazi, zilahle izikhalo, noma ziphoqelele ubufakazi.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwecala

  • Ukukhetha: Iqembu labaphathi bejaji abangase bancintiswe (ingozi) futhi bakhethelwe ukungakhethi. Inhlangothi ngayinye ingabekela inselele igalelo noma isebenzise izigalelo ezilula.
  • Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ Izingxenye zonke zikhomba inkolelo-mbono yecala labo kumajaji (akuwona ubufakazi).
  • Ukunikezwa kobufakazi: Umshushisi unikeza ofakazi kuqala futhi ufaka imiboniso (njengoba bethwala umthwalo wobufakazi). Ukuvikela kunganqamleza i-examine bese kunikeza ubufakazi bayo siqu. OFakazi bafakazela ngaphansi kwesifungo futhi bafanelwe ukuncinwa (Icala lika-Claus).
  • Izimpikiswano ezichazayo: Nhlangothi ngalunye lufingqa ubufakazi futhi luphikisa ukuthi kungani abasizi bejaji kufanele bathole icala noma ukulahlwa.
  • Jury Conption and Delibration: Umahluleli ufundisa abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo. Khona - ke abahluleli bakhipha isahlulelo ngasese ukuze bafinyelele isinqumo esivumelanayo (emacaleni amaningi anecala). Uma abahluleli bengenakuvumelana, inkantolo iyakhishwa, futhi icala lingase livunywe.
  • Icala: Uma unecala, isigwebo siyalandela. Uma engenacala, ummangalelwa ukhululiwe futhi akanakubuyiselwa ngecala elifanayo (U-Revid Jeopardy Claus).

Ukugwetshwa Nokukhanga

  • Isigwebo: Umahluleli unquma isijeziso phakathi kweziqondiso zemithetho. Isigwebo sicabangela umbiko wangaphambi kwemvume, izitatimende zemiphumela yezisulu, nezici ezihlobisayo. Izinketho zihlanganisa ukuboshwa, ukuhlawuliswa, ukugcinwa kwecala, umsebenzi womphakathi, ukugadwa kwezemishini, noma (ezezimweni eziyinhloko) ukufa.
  • Appeles:[ Ummangalelwa oboshiwe (noma kwezinye izindawo ukushushiswa, ngezizathu ezilinganiselwe) angadlulisa icala noma isigwebo. Izikhalo kumele zisekelwe emaphuthani angokomthetho, hhayi nje ngokuphikisana nesinqumo. Inkantolo ye-appelte ingaqinisekisa, ibuye iphendule, noma iphinde idluliselwe ecaleni elisha.

Ukuvikelwa Komthetho - sisekelo Emthethweni Wesigebengu

UMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. unikeza isivikelo esiningi kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu.

  • Isichibiyeli sonyaka: sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka. Idinga izimfuneko ezisekelwe entweni okungenzeka ibangele futhi iqonde. Izindawo zokubusa ezingekho zinikeza ubufakazi obutholakele ngokwephula lenguquko.
  • Isichibiyeli se-pith: sivikela ekuzithuleni, ekuzibekeleni engozini, nasekuqinisekiseni inqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Kuhlanganisa futhi ilungelo kumajaji amakhulu emacaleni kahulumeni.
  • Isichibiyeli se-SIBHETHI: siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi, ukuqashelwa kwamacala, ukuphikisana kofakazi, inqubo ephoqelelwe yofakazi, nosizo lweseluleko. Ilungelo lokululeka lichazwe ukudinga ukumelelwa okuphumelelayo futhi lisebenza kuzo zonke izigaba ezibucayi zokuqulwa kwecala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isichibiyeli se-eghth:[ ibheyili ephakeme, amafashidi aphakeme, nesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile. Lokhu kuye kwaba yimbangela yokuphikisana ngesijeziso sokufa, izigwebo zokufa zentsha, kanye nezimo zasejele.
  • [ Isichibiyeli seshumi nane: Inikeza iSigqi somthetho weSigqi somthetho weSimiso samalungelo ezindawo nge-Century Programme Clause, iqinisekisa ukuthi lezo zigilamkhuba zisho ukuthi zihlonipha futhi lamalungelo ayisisekelo.

Izenzo Zesijeziso

Ukugweba kuqondiswa imibono eminingi yefilosofi elawula izijeziso ezibhekwa njengezilungile neziphumelelayo:

  • Isijeziso siyalunga ngoba owonile ufanelwe ukuhlupheka ngenxa yokona kwabo. Kuwukubheka emuva, ukugxila ekulinganiseni (isijeziso kufanele sifanele icala).
  • Isijeziso: Sihloselwe ukuqeda ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo, kokubili ngomenzi wobubi oqondile (ukunqanda okuqondile) kanye nabanye abangase bacabangele izenzo ezifanayo (ukuvimbela). Usongo lwesijeziso kumelwe lube oluqinisekile, olusheshayo, nolunzima ngokwanele ukuba ludlule izinzuzo ezingase zivele zobugebengu.
  • Ukususa umenzi wobubi emphakathini (ngokuboshwa noma ngokugada ngemishini) kuvimbela ukuba benze amanye amacala phakathi naleyo nkathi. Ukucapa ukuthatha izintambo kuvame ukuqhuba "imithetho emithathu" nemisho elinganiselwe ebophekile.
  • Ukuguqulwa: Umgomo ukuguqula owonile ngemfundo, ngokwelapha, ngokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi, noma ngokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa ukuze babe izakhamuzi ezivimbela umthetho. Ukulungisa isimo kunciphe futhi kunciphe ekuthakazelweni kodwa kuhlala kubalulekile ezinhlelweni ezinjengezinkantolo zezidakamizwa nabentsha abathatha izinyathelo zokwahlulela.
  • Ithuba lokuphumula: igxila ekulungiseni umonakalo owenziwe ezisulwini nasemphakathini. Imikhuba yobulungisa ebuyisela ihlanganisa ukubuyiselwa kwezisulu, ukubuyisana, inkonzo yomphakathi, nokubuyisela. Lendlela ifuna ukulandisa nokuphulukisa kunokujezisa okuphelele.

Ngokwesibonelo, isigwebo sasejele singase sisetshenziswe ekukhipheni isigwebo, ekuvimbeleni nasekuvimbeleni, kuyilapho izimo zokulingwa zingase zihlanganise nezici ezishintshayo.

Isiphetho

Umthetho wesigebengu uwumkhakha onamandla nobalulekile olinganisela isidingo sokuphepha komphakathi nesivikelo samalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Kusukela ekuchazeni ubugebengu kanye nezici zabo ukuchaza izivikelo zokuvikela nokuvikela kwezenhlala-khona, isakhiwo esingokomthetho siqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa buphishekelwa ngokulandelana. Uma ungumfundi womthetho, onekhono esimisweni sobulungisa, noma isakhamuzi esikhathazekile, sinikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuthuthukisa izinselele ezingokomthetho nenengxenye enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu yokukhuluma ngenkulumo yezezenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Njengoba umphakathi uveza, umthetho wobugebengu kumelwe uvumelane nezindlela ezintsha zobugebengu (njenge-iii-ibercrime) nezindinganiso ezibonisa ukulunga. [U.S.U.S. uLeactive Justicer [Flactic systes] futhi uvikela izincazelo ezika-ubulungisa ezingcono]