Isingeniso

Ukuqulwa kwecala kwamacala kumelela izinsika ezimbili zesimiso somthetho, ngasinye siklanyelwe ukusingatha izinhlobo ezihlukene zezingxabano namacala. Nakuba kokubili kusebenza ezinkantolo futhi kuhilela imithetho engokwezinqumo, izinjongo zazo, izindinganiso, nemiphumela isuka ngokuphawulekayo. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile kunoma ubani ongase abe umhlanganyeli esinyatheloni esingokomthetho, qhawe, noma abekwe icala. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuqhathaniswa okungalinganiyo, ukuhlanganisa izincazelo eziyinhloko, ukuhlukanisa kwamaqembu, amalungelo, nokucabangela okuwusizo, ukuze kusize ukuba uqondise amalungelo akho nemithwalo yakho ngaphansi komthetho.

Izincazelo Zomlomo Nokwehluka Okuyinhloko

Kuyini Ukuqamba Amanga Ngombango?

Ukuhlaziywa komphakathi yinqubo lapho amaqembu azimele . "amalungu, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano" zilungisa khona izingxabano ngesimiso senkantolo. Lezi zimpikiswano zivame ukuhilela amalungelo omuntu siqu nezibopho ezivela ezivumelwaneni, ubunikazi bempahla, amatort (njengokunganaki noma ukuhlanjalazwa), izimpikiswano zomkhaya, noma amabhizinisi. Emcabangweni womphakathi, iqembu eliqungaquda icala libizwa ngokuthi [FLT]ff, futhi iqembu elikhohliswayo liyi- [[FLT]] . Umgomo awukho ukujezisa umenzi womthetho, kodwa ukunikeza ikhambi elili elilimele kakhulu, ngokuvamile ewundlekweni noma ekwenziweni kwenkolelweni noma enzisweni enziwayo.

Kuyini Ukuzingelwa Kwesigebengu?

Ukuquliswa komthetho wobugebengu kuyinqubo engokomthetho lapho uhulumeni − ethatha khona njengecala lokushushisa ``iletha amacala kumuntu noma enhlangano emangalelwa ngokwenza ubugebengu.] Icala libhekwa njengokwephulwa komthetho womphakathi olimaza umphakathi uwonke, ngisho noma isisulu esithile sihilelekile. Icala libizwa ngokuthi dendendant[, futhi icala lilethwa ummeli wesifunda, ummeli, noma ummeli omkhulu ngenxa kahulumeni. Injongo eyinhloko iwukuvimbela ukuziphatha kobugebengu, ukujezisa izigebengu, ukujezisa, ukuvikela nokuvikela umphakathi. I-pen ingabizwa ngokuthi i-dendeki yenkonzo elungile nenkonzweni, noma isigwebo, noma isigwebo sesizwe.

  • Impikiswano ye-Civil: phakathi kwabantu abahlukene; amakhambi ahlanganisa ukulimala noma iziyalo.
  • Ukuquliswa kwecala: isimo simelene nomuntu siqu; izijeziso zihlanganisa ukuboshwa, ifa, noma ukugcinwa isigwebo.

Injongo Yenqubo Nganye

Injongo yokumangalelwa komphakathi iwukubuyisela umuntu olimele esimweni ayeyoba kuso ukube bekungakaze kwenzeke, ngokwezinga okungenzeka ngalo ngemali noma ngemithetho yenkantolo.

Ngokungafani, ukumangalelana ngecala kufeza izinhloso ezibanzi zomphakathi. Ihlose ukudumaza abantu nabanye ekwenzeni ubugebengu ngokubeka izijeziso, ngokuguqula izigebengu lapho kungenzeka, futhi uqede abantu abayingozi ukuze bavikele umphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho wobugebengu ubonisa ukulahlwa kokuziphatha komphakathi kokuziphatha okuthile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukholisa ukuhlasela kudlulisela umyalezo wokuthi ukuziphatha okunjalo akumukeleki futhi kuveza imiphumela engathi sína.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi

Enye yemifantu ebucayi kakhulu phakathi kwecala lombango nobugebengu ixhomeke emthwalweni wobufakazi . .Ekumangaleleni kwe-patul. I-paltiff, kumelwe ifakazele icala layo ngecala lokubheka ubufakazi[. Lendinganiso ifuna ukuba ummangalelwa abonise ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba (kungaphezu kuka-50% yamathuba) ukuthi lokho abakushoyo kuyiqiniso. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukwehluleka kommangalelwa ukwenza okuthile kungcono kakhulu kunencazelo ehlukile.

Kumacala obugebengu, umthwalo wobufakazi uxhomeke ekwahluleleni, futhi indinganiso iphakeme kakhulu: ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Lokhu kusho ubufakazi kumelwe buqiniseke kakhulu ukuthi akunakungabaza okunengqondo engqondweni yomuntu onengqondo mayelana necala lommangalelwa. Lendinganiso eqinile ibonisa imiphumela enzima yecala lobugebengu, kuhlanganise nokulahlekelwa inkululeko. INkantolo Ephakeme igcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi lendinganiso ibalulekile ekuvikeleni abantu abangenacala ekukholelweni okungalungile. Ayisona isiqinisekiso esiqinisekile, kodwa ayisona indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu edingekayo kunoma yisiphi isigebengo esingokomthetho.

  • [[UMTH:0] ICivil:[ Ukucabangisisa ngobufakazi (cishe).
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isici esiphakathi: Ngaphezu kokungabaza okunengqondo (ukuqiniseka).

Izinhlobo Zamacala

Ukukhanyiswa kwezenzakalo kuhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlangothi:

  • [ izimpikiswano: Ukufinyelela isivumelwano, ukungakhokhi, noma ukwehluleka ukwenza.
  • isho:[ ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukuhlanjalazwa, isiphambeko, ukunganaki, umthwalo womkhiqizo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izimpikiswano:[ Intambo ezi-'mayathromary', izingxabano ezikhona, izikhawu.
  • Umthetho womkhaya: isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, ukutholwa, ukusekela komshado.
  • Imali yezentengiselwano: izingxabano zobuhlobo, izenzo zokwabelana, ukuphambanisa impahla.

Ukuquliswa kwecala kuhlanganisa amacala ahlukaniswa ngokuthi amaphutha, noma iziphambeko:

  • Ubugebengu obungathandeki: ukubulala, ukuhlasela, ukuphanga, ubudlova basekhaya.
  • Ubugebengu obuyi-property: Icala, ukweba, ukucekela phansi.
  • Ubugebengu belanga elimhlophe: Ukukhwabanisa, ukuphamba, ukuhweba ngaphakathi, ukwebiwa kwemininingwane.
  • Amacala olimi: Impahla, ukushushumbisa, ukwenza.
  • Umthetho womyalo we-Public: U-DUI, ukuziphatha okungahlelekile, ukuphambuka.

Nakuba ezinye izenzo zingabangela kokubili ukulahlekelwa komphakathi nokwephula umthetho (isib., ingozi ye - DUI ebangela ukulimala), izinqubo ezingokomthetho zihlala zihlukile.

Imicimbi Ehilelekile

Kuwo wonke amaqembu, amaqembu yizinhlangano ezizimele. Ummangalelwa uqala isudi, bese ephendula. Kungase kube nabamangalelwa abaningi noma abamangalelwa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuhlangane namaqembu esithathu. Iqembu ngalinye lizikhokhela ngokwalo ngaphandle kokuba kusebenze umthetho ogunyaziwe noma ilungiselelo lesivumelwano.

Ezindabeni zobugebengu, uhulumeni uhlala ewumshushisi. Ummangalelwa umuntu omangalelwe noma isigungu. Izisulu zobugebengu aziwona amaqembu angokomthetho ecaleni lobugebengu, nakuba zingahlanganyela ngokusho iziphakamiso zezisulu noma ngokuziphindisela. Umshushisi uthatha isinyathelo ngenxa kahulumeni, hhayi isisulu, ngezinye izikhathi esingabangela ukucindezeleka uma isisulu sifisa umphumela ohlukile.

Imiphumela Nemali Ehliswayo

Imiphumela yokukhankanya ngokwesiko ihlanganisa imbuyiselo yemali noma iziyalezo ezilinganayo. Umthenwa angakhokhwa inxeba lokukhokha (ukukhokha ukulahlekelwa ngokoqobo), isijeziso (ukujezisa ukuziphatha okuxekethile nokuvimbela abanye), noma izindleko zokuzisholo (imifanekiso). Amakhambi angakholeki ahlanganisa iziyalo (ukuyala iqembu ukuba lenze okuthile) kanye nokusebenza okuthile okuqondile (ukuzama ukuvala iqembu ukuze lifeze izivumelwano). Isijeziso sombango wombango athathwa njengesijeziso ngomqondo wobugebengu, futhi akukho zingozi zokugwetshwa.

Izijeziso zobugebengu, ngokungafani, zingaba ukubulala. Izigwebo zingahlanganisa izihlawu, ukuhlawuliswa, inkonzo yomphakathi, ukugcinwa isigwebo, ukuboshwa endlini, noma ukuboshwa. Ukukhohliswa kwecala kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni amalungelo okuvota, ubunzima bokuthola umsebenzi noma indawo yokuhlala, ukuxoshwa kwabantu abangebona abavamile, nokukhishwa kwemvume yobuchwepheshe. Ngisho nezinkolelo ezingafanele zinemiphumela ehlazisayo neyokungaqiniseki. Ukuqina kwesijeziso kuxhomeke ebugebenguni, emlandweni wobugebengu, nasemlandweni womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

Amalungelo Alemikhosi

Kumahlulelo omphakathi, bobabili banelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ukubiza ofakazi, ofakazi abachasayo be-examine, futhi baphikisane necala labo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuphendula kumacala akhonondayo, uphakamise iziphetho zokuvuma, namafayela aphikisanayo. Akukho lungelo lommeli omiswe inkantolo ezicakalweni zomphakathi; amaqembu angaziveza noma aqashe iseluleko. Imithetho ye-Discove ivumela izinhlangothi zombili ukuba zithole ukwaziswa okuhlobene.

Enkantolo ebanga ubugebengu, amalungelo ommangalelwa avikelwe ngokomthetho futhi anwebe ngokwengeziwe.

  • Akufanele ukuthula [ (ISichibiyelo sesihlanu) – ukungafakazi noma ukuzifakaza.
  • [ ukunikeza iseluleko [ (ISichibiyelo se-X) – uma ungakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, umuntu kumelwe amiswe.
  • Icala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi liyi-jaji elingakhethi (ISichibiyelo se-X).
  • [[UMTL:0] unelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi (ISichibiyelo se-X) nokuthola ofakazi benkokhelo.
  • Ukuvikelwa engozini ephindwe kabili (ISichibiyelo se-F5) – akunakuzanywa kabili ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo.
  • Ukuvikelwa ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka (ISichibiyelo sesine) – ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho bungakhishwa.

La malungelo aklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile futhi kuvinjelwe uhulumeni ophanjwe.

Ukumelela Okungokomthetho Nezindleko

Nakuba izikhungo zingazimelela ekufuneni imvume ( pro se), kungcono njalo ukuba ugcine ummeli, ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ama-athorney ezimweni zomphakathi avame ukukhokhwa ngehora noma asebenze ngesisekelo semali (imali esele kunoma yikuphi ukululama). Imali engokomthetho ingaba inkokhelo, futhi lowo olahlekelwayo akuvamile ukudingeka ukuze akhokhe izindleko zomwini. Kubantu abanezimo ezilinganiselwe, kungaba nzima ukuthola.

Ezimweni zobugebengu, izigxobo ziphakeme kakhulu, futhi iSichibiyelo seSihlanu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko. Uma ummangalelwa engenamali yommeli, inkantolo kumelwe imise umlweli womphakathi noma iseluleko esabelwe. Abavikeli bomphakathi ngokuvamile bagqilazeka kakhulu, kodwa banikeza abameleli ababalulekile. Abameli abaqasha iseluleko sangasese bangase balawule kakhulu indlela yabo yokuzivikela kodwa babhekane nezindleko. Imali yomshushisi (izigebengu, izazi zezentengiselwano, izikhulu zezentengiselwano) idlula kakhulu leyo yomlweli womphakathi, benza ukukhathalela okubalulekile esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu.

Indima Yejury

Kuzo zombili izinkantolo zomphakathi nezezecala lobugebengu, noma iliphi iqembu lingaba nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala, kodwa kunezingxabano ezinkulu. Ekumangalweni kwezesizwe, iSichibiyelo seSevelt siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala lejaji kuhulumeni elihilela ama-R20, nakuba izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zilandela imithetho efanayo. AmaJuries ezinkantolo ezivamile ahlanganisa amalungu ayisithupha kuya kwayishumi nambili, futhi ezimisweni eziningi, izinqumo azidingi ukuvumelana; i-atmajority (umz.m., 5/96 noma 9/12) ingaba yanele, nakuba izigebengu zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zidinga ukungahlali ngaphandle kokuba zivunywe ngendlela ehlukile.

Ezicabeni zobugebengu, iSichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuthi icala lejaji liyoquliswa ngecala elingathi sína (labo abajeziswa ngezinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha). Ijaji ngokuvamile linamalungu ayishumi nambili, futhi isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane ekuboshweni kuzo zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni futhi ezimweni eziningi zikahulumeni (ngaphandle kwemithetho kahulumeni engeyoye-uniontialtive ebekwe ngaphandle kwecala [kuyi- Ramos v. Louisiana)). Ummangalelwa angagweba icala lejaji futhi akhethe ibhentshi yebhele phambi komahluleli. Indima yejaji ingu lokunquma ukuthi ingeke ibe necala elifanelekelwe [kungatshalwa, kuyilapho ijaji ligwele.]

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Kokubili amacala ezakhamuzi nawezelele avumela ukudluliswa kwecala, kodwa inqubo nezindawo ziyahluka. Ekumangalelweni kwesizwe, kungaba yicala elidlulisa isahlulelo sokugcina noma iziyalezo ezithile. Izikhalo zilinganiselwe emaphutheni angokomthetho noma eziphambaneni ezingokomthetho, hhayi ukuphikisana okungamanga ngaphandle kwephutha elisobala. Umbhexeshi kumelwe afake isaziso sokudlulisa icala nemininingwane emifushane, futhi inkantolo ibukeze umlando wecala.

Ezimweni zobugebengu, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokudlulisa isigwebo. Ummangalelwa ngokuvamile akanakudlulisela isigwebo esingagunyazi ukungenwa ngenxa yokuvikelwa okuphindwe kabili, kodwa anganxusa izinqumo ezithile zangaphambi kwe-tricale (umz., ukucindezelwa kobufakazi) ezimweni ezilinganiselwe. Izikhalo zecala ngokuvamile zigxile ekuphuleni umthetho, iziyalezo ezingafanele zejaji, ukungabutholi ubufakazi, noma amaphutha. Uma ukudluliswa kwamacala kuphumelela, ukuthembeka kungashintshwa noma kufakwe ukuvinjelwa okusha. Ikhambiso le-post-viction (ias corpus) iyatholakala futhi kwezinye izimo.

Ukuwohloka Komthetho Wangaphakathi Nowesigebengu

Isenzo singaba yicala elibi lomphakathi kanye necala lobugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukushayela ngaphansi kwethonya elibangela ukulimala kuwubugebengu (i-DUI elilimaza umzimba) kanye ne-tort (i-glice). Isisulu somphakathi singamangalela impoqo, kuyilapho uhulumeni equlela ngecala lobugebengu. Imiphumela izimele: ummangalelwa angatholakala enecala elinecala kodwa ebekwe icala enkantolo yomphakathi ngenxa yomthwalo ophansi wobufakazi − Icala elidumile u-O.J.Simpson liyisibonelo esiyinhloko.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izenzakalo zomphakathi zingahlanganisa isijeziso [ lapho ukuziphatha kommangalelwa kuyingozi noma kungenangqondo. Nakuba isijeziso singumphakathi, zifeza injongo yokujezisa ngokujezisa ububi nokuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwesikhathi esizayo. Ezinye izifunda zivumela umonakalo owengeziwe [ noma isijeziso semithetho yezomthetho ezinhlobo zezehlakalo (umz., ukulwa nomthetho wesivikelo somthengi). Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke ngoba isenzakalo esisodwa singaveza iqembu elithatha icala elingokomthetho, ngalinye ngemithetho yaso, ngemithetho yalo, nemiphumela yaso.

Isiphetho

Ukumangalelana okungokomthetho nokumangalelwa ngobugebengu kuyindlela ezihlukene ezingokomthetho ezinezinjongo ezihlukene, izindinganiso, amalungelo, nemiphumela. Abantu abahilelekile kunoma yimuphi ummeli wezomthetho kumelwe baqaphele lokhu kungafani ukuze bavikele izithakazelo zabo ngokuphumelelayo. Uma ucabangela ukumangalela, ukubhekana namacala obugebengu, noma ukufuna nje ukuqonda amalungelo akho, izinqumo ezifundile zidinga ulwazi lwezimiso zombili. Ukubuza ngeseluleko esingokomthetho esinolwazi. [FLT:] [FLT:] U. Uhulumeni wobugebengu [FFFF], [FFF], nomqondisi wezomthetho womthetho]