Isisekelo Sokubusa Kwentando Yeningi

Kunoma yimuphi umphakathi wentando yeningi, ukufakwa kwamandla kusongela kakhulu inkululeko. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela — indlela yomthetho-sisekelo lapho amagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni engalinganisela khona igunya elinye nelinye igunya lomunye — singenye yezivikelo ezihlala njalo kakhulu ekubuseni ubudlova. Ngaphandle kwalesi simiso, ngisho nabaholi abahlolwe kahle bangaqeda inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, bakhiphe ukuqondisa komthetho, noma balawule ukuzibusa. Ukusekela kokuhlola nokulinganisela okuqinile akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yemfundo; kuyisidingo esiwusizo sokulondoloza izinhlangano zedemokrasi enkathini ekhuphukayo, i-Rhovalton, i-Prinodetic, nokuduma komphakathi.

Lesi sihloko sihlola umsuka ongokomlando nezisekelo zefilosofi zokuhlola nokulinganisela, sihlola izinselele zamanje ezilulaza lezi zindawo zokuvikela, futhi sinikeza izakhamuzi, abashisekeli, nabenzi bezimiso izindlela ezingokoqobo zokuziqinisa. Ngokuqonda isimiso nokuthatha isinyathelo ngamabomu, abantu bangasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka enesibopho sokulandisa, uveza sobala, futhi usabela kwababuswayo.

Umsuka Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kwamasheke Nokulinganisela

Umqondo wokwahlukanisa igunya likahulumeni ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho yenkolo unezimo zakudala. Ngokwesibonelo, iRiphabliki yamaRoma, yasebenza ngomthetho - sisekelo oxubene owawulinganisela amandla ama-consul, iSigele, nemihlangano ethandwayo. Nokho, ukuhlelwa kwanamuhla kokuhlola nokulinganisela kwavela phakathi noKwezinyundezelo, ikakhulukazi ngomsebenzi kaBaron de Montesquieu [kuyi-1748] Umoya woMthetho [[. uMontesquieu waphikisa ukuthi inkululeko yezombangazwe yayidinga ukwahlukaniswa kwemithetho, isikhulu, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela, ixwayisa ukuthi lapho imibuso yezeluleko nezikhulu ihlangene kumuntu ofanayo, noma esikhundleni esifanayo sezikhulu, ngeke kube khona inkululeko lapho kuneziqu zezikhulu.

Abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo we-United States badweba kakhulu kulemibono. UJames Madison, ebhala ku- Federalist No. 51, bamemezela ngokudume ukuthi "isibopho kumelwe senziwe ukulwa nesifiso sokuvelela." Ngakho uMthetho-sisekelo wakha isimiso samandla angenamthetho: uMongameli angawulawula umthetho, uMkhandlu unganqoba ama-vetoes, izinqumo nezivumelwano, i-dicadiary ingabukeza imithetho ye-glo-gastinity, futhi ingasusa izikhulu. Leli lungiselelo aliklanyelwanga ukwenza kahle kodwa ukuzinza — ukuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo nesehlisa amandla.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimiso siye sashintsha. Ukunyuka kwamaqembu ezombangazwe, ukwanda kwemithetho yezikhulu zikahulumeni, nesinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu konke kuye kwahlela indlela imishini nezilinganiso ezisebenza ngayo. Kuyintando yeningi emhlabeni wonke, izinhlobonhlobo zalendlela yokubusa yentando yeningi zikhona, zivumelaniswe namasiko ahlukene omthetho-sisekelo — kusukela ezimisweni zephalamende ezibukezwa kabanzi kuya ezimisweni ezithatha isikhathi esincane kakhulu eziphethe kanye neziphathisiwe ezimbili.

Izenzakalo Ezibalulekile Ezingokomlando

  • Magna Carta (1215): yaqinisekisa ukuthi inkosi yayingaphansi komthetho, ilinganisela ilungelo lobukhosi futhi ibeke isisekelo senqubo efanele.
  • i-Gresh Bill of Rights (1689): Igunya eliqinisekisiwe lephalamende phezu kombuso wombuso, inqabela amabutho amile ngaphandle kwemvume futhi iqinisekisa ukukhetha okukhululekile.
  • U.S.U.Constitution (1787): yadala uhulumeni wezwe owenziwe nge-ratartine onamagunya adwetshwe kanye nezihlolo ezakhiwe.
  • Marbury v. Madison (1803): wamisa isimiso sokubukeza kokwahlulela e-United States, evumela izinkantolo ukuba zihlule imithetho engavumelani nemithetho engokomthetho.
  • Impi yeZwe II Umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo weposi: izizwe eziningi (umzk., iJalimane, iJapane, iNdiya) zafaka ukuhlola okucacile nezilinganiso ukuze kuvinjelwe ubuphoqelelo besikhathi esizayo.

Izimiso Zomthetho Zikahulumeni Olinganiselayo

Ukuqonda lezi zimiso kubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele ukuqapha.

  • Ukuhlukanisa ama-Powers: Imisebenzi enqanyulwayo yokwenza umthetho, ukubulala, nokufushanisa i-assberic yabelwa ukuhlukanisa amagatsha, ukuvimbela noma iyiphi into ukuba ilawule isimiso.
  • [ Ukuphathana kobuphathi:[ Igatsha ngalinye linamathuluzi okuqondisa nokucindezela amanye — ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwa kwemithetho, i-vetoes ephethe, kanye nokubukeza kokwahlulela.
  • ukulandisa kubantu: ukhetho oluvamile, unyuzi olukhululekile, nomphakathi uqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zihlala zinokulandisa ezakhamuzini.
  • Izenzo zoMthetho: zonke izenzo zikahulumeni kumelwe zisekelwe emthethweni, futhi akekho — kuhlanganise nezikhulu eziphakeme kakhulu — ongase ahlolwe ngokomthetho.
  • I-Federalism:[ Ezimisweni eziningi, amandla ahlukaniswa phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nobesizwe, enezela olunye ungqimba lwe-scheck.

Lezizimiso zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe isimiso sokuzilungisa. Uma igatsha elilodwa liphamba, elinye lingahlehla. Kodwa lokhu kudinga ukuqapha njalo; kungaqedwa ngokunganaki, ukunganaki, noma imizamo yamabomu yokugxilisa igunya.

Usongo Lwanamuhla Lokuhlola Nokulinganisela

Naphezu kokuzimela kwazo komlando, ukuhlolwa nokulinganisela kubhekene nezingcindezi ezinkulu ekhulwini lama - 20. Lezi zinsongo azikho ezweni elilodwa kuphela kodwa zibonakala emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuvelela Kwesikhulu

Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu ukwanda kwamandla abusayo ngokuncishiswa kwezindlu zomthetho nezinkantolo. Abameli nomphathisi abakhulu babusa ngokuqhubekayo ngezimiso zezikhulu, izimemezelo, noma imibuso ephuthumayo, bedlula inqubo yokulahla igebengu. Bangase futhi bafake iziqu zejaji nabalandeli abaqotho, bathene izinhlangano ezizimele, noma abashushisi ukuba bayeke ukuphenya. Lento, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "isiphambeko," iye yabhalwa ezizweni kusukela eHungary kuya eUnited States.

I - partisan Polaryation

Uma amaqembu ezombangazwe ehlukana kakhulu, ukusebenza okuvamile kokuhlola nokulinganisela kungawohloka. Ama-grain anganqaba ukuqinisekisa izilinganiso, izindleko zokuvimbela, noma ukuphatha ukuzwa okungasekelwe ngokwezimiso kodwa ngenzuzo yabashokobezi. Ngokuphambene, iqembu elihlangene elilawula kokubili amagatsha aphethe nemithetho lingase liyeke ngokuphelele, izenzo zezikhulu zenjoloba ngaphandle kokuhlola. Lokhu kwakha ukuvaleka kwamandla ngisho noma ukwahlukana okungokomthetho kuhlala kuqinile.

Ukuhlaselwa Kwenkululeko Yokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zibalulekile ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni ngoba zichaza imithetho futhi zingaqeda izenzo ezingekho ngokomthetho. Nokho, ohulumeni baye bahlasela kakhulu ukukhululeka kokwahlulela ngokuphangwa yinkantolo, ngokususwa kwabahluleli, ukwesatshiswa, noma ukungahambisani nemithetho. Kwamanye amazwe, ijaji lincishwa ngokukhululekile yiqembu elibusayo, lilenza libe yithuluzi lokulawula kwezombangazwe.

Izakhiwo Zamandla Ethukela

Akuzona zonke izinsongo ezibangelwa ushintsho olungokomthetho. izinhlangano zesikhashana — njengokwethembeka kweqembu, izimiso zokusekela, noma abasekeli abanamandla ngaphandle kokulandisa okungokomthetho — zingagxilisa amandla ngaphandle kokushintsha umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, umphathi olawula imithombo yezindaba kahulumeni, amabutho okhuseleko, nezithakazelo ezinkulu zebhizinisi angase asebenzise igunya lokubusa izikhulu ngaphezu kwalokho umthetho-sisekelo ongokomthetho oyala ukuba kwenziwe.

Ukuncipha Kobuhlanya Nokuthembana

Izimiso azincikile emithethweni kuphela kodwa nasemithethweni engabhalwanga yokuzibamba neyokuhloniphana. Uma abaholi bephula lezimiso — benqaba ukwamukela imiphumela yokukhetha, ukuhlasela abezindaba, noma ukushaya indiva amapease — isimiso siyawohloka. Ukuthembela komphakathi ezinhlanganweni nakho kuyawohloka, okwenza izakhamuzi zingabi namathuba okuzivikela ekuphathweni.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ama - checket Nokulinganisela Ekwenzeni

Ukuhlola indlela amazwe ahlukahlukene aye asingatha ngayo izinsongo zokuhlola nokulinganisela kunikeza izifundo ezibalulekile zokufundisa.

E - United States

Isimiso sase-U.S. siye sabhekana novivinyo oluningi. Phakathi nokuhlolwa kwehlazo laseWatergate, ukuphenywa kwe-cornion, izinqumo zokwahlulela, kanye nokunyathelisa ukubika okuphoqelelwe ukuba uMongameli uNixon aphume — isibonelo esivelele sokuhlola okwenziwayo. Muva nje, ukugunyazwa kukaMongameli Trump kabili, nakuba kungaphumela ekususweni, kwabonisa inqubo yomthetho-mthetho womthetho yokubeka umphathi omkhulu icala. Nokho, abagxeki baphawula ukuthi lesimiso siye salwisana ne-digriplock lodweck, iziyalezo zezikhulu ezidlula zonke izikhongozeli, nenqubo yokumisa iNkampathi ephakeme kakhulu eye yasetshenziswa kakhulu.

i-Hungary

Kusukela ngo-2010, i-Hungary iye yaphawulwa kabanzi njengecala lapho ukuhlola kwentando yeningi nokulinganisela kwasuswa khona ngokulandelana. Iqembu elibusayo leFidesz lasebenzisa ukuqamba kwalo okukhulu ukuze libhale umthetho-sisekelo, lipakishe inkantolo yomthetho-sisekelo, lilawule imithombo yezindaba nekhomishane ekhethayo, futhi libe namandla ayinhloko ehhovisi likandunankulu. Izinhlangano zomhlaba zonke ezinjenge-European Union neVenice Commission ziye zaphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu, kodwa ukuhlola okungokomthetho kwakungenakwanele ukunqanda ushintsho. Lendaba igcizelela ukuthi ukuhlolwa nezilinganiso nemingcele kumelwe zifakwe ezikhungweni ezivundlile, hhayi nje isivikelo sephepha.

EJalimane

I-German of the War Basic Law yadala isimiso esinamandla sokuhlola nokulinganisela, kuhlanganise neNkantolo enamandla ye-Federal Constitutionalal, isakhiwo sikahulumeni esinohulumeni abanamandla, kanye nevoti eyakhayo yokungaqiniseki evimbela ukuntengantenga kwezokulawula. Izwe livame ukulondoloza lezi sivikelo, nakuba izinselele zamuva zihlanganisa ukuphakama kwamaqembu aphezulu kanye nezimpikiswano zokuzimela. Isibonelo saseJalimane sibonisa ukuthi izindaba zomthetho-mthetho - sisekelo, kodwa kumelwe zivikelwe ngokuqhubekayo.

Izisusa Zokukhalipha Zokuqinisa Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Ukuphumelela kwekhono lokulawula kudinga indlela ehlanganisa imfundo, ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi, ukuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho, nokuguqula izombangazwe. Ngezansi kunamasu asebenzayo kubantu ngabanye nezinhlangano.

Zifundise Futhi Ufundise Nabanye

Ulwazi luyisisekelo sokuqamba. Qonda isakhiwo somthetho-sisekelo sezwe lakini, izinqubo eziqondile zokuhlola nokulinganisela, nezinsongo zamuva ezibhekene nazo. Funda imibhalo yesisekelo enjenge Federalist Papers, umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho, kanye nezibikayo zeVenice Commission .

2. Izikhungo Zokusekela

Amasheke nezilinganiso zixhomeke ezinkantolo ezizimele, emithonjeni yezindaba, ekhomishane yokukhetha engakhethi, kanye neziqu ezinamandla ezimelene nokonakala. Abameleli bezimali ezanele zalezi zinhlangano futhi baphikisa izinyathelo ezisongela ukuzibusa kwazo. Abacosheli bezintatheli abasekela ukuziphatha okubi kukahulumeni. Ukunikeza izinhlangano ezisemthethweni ezibekela inselele engekho emthethweni. Yiya ezindlebeni zomphakathi futhi ubike ngazo.

3. Hlanganyela Nemithetho Esemthethweni

Xhumana nabameleli bakho abakhethiwe ukuze babonise ukusekela izinguquko ezithile:

  • Ukucela imvume yomthetho yezenzo ezinkulu zezikhulu
  • Ukuqinisa izivikelo zokushaya ikhwela
  • Umkhankaso wokushintsha izinto ukhokhela ukunciphisa ithonya lemali kwezombusazwe
  • Ukumisa izikhomishane zokuzimela
  • Imingcele yezikhathi ezithile yamahhovisi athile

Yenza imifelandawonye namaqembu anezingqondo ezifana neze ukuze andise ukucindezela. Sebenzisa izingcingo, izingcingo, ama-imeyili, kanye nemihlangano e--person ukuze uzwakale.

4 Sebenzisa Izindlela Ezifanele

Izinkantolo zingaba izisizi ezinamandla ekuvikeleni amasheke nokulinganisa. Sekela izinselele zomthetho ekusebenziseni amandla angekho emthethweni. Umsebenzi nezinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi ukuze zilethe amacala avivinywe ezindabeni ezinjengokubekwa kwegunya eliphezulu, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, noma uzibuse. Ngisho nokugxekwa okungaphumeleli kungaphakamisa ukuqapha komphakathi futhi kwehlise ukuphamba.

5. Ukungalawuleki Kwezokuxhumana Nezobuchwepheshe

Ama-operation avumela abameleli ukuba bafinyelele izibukeli ezinkulu ngokushesha. Lungisa okuqukethwe okuchaza izindaba zomthetho-sisekelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngolimi olufinyeleneyo. Ukusebenzisa iziphazamiso ukuze kusekelwe ezinguquni ezithile. Ukuhlola nokudalula ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla nge-metarianism. Nokho, khumbula amagumbi awe-enail kanye nokukhipha ukwaziswa; qinisekisa ukuthi imithombo yakho ithembekile.

6. Yakha Izakhiwo Zesiphambano

Amasesha namathena akufanele kube yindaba ehlukanisayo. Kuntuma abantu abanhlangothini lwezombangazwe abakhathazekana ngemibuso kahulumeni. Ukuhlela indaba ngokuqondene nezindinganiso zentando yeningi ezihlanganyelweyo kunenzuzo encishisiwe. Uma kokubili kuhlanganiswa ngemva kwenguquko, kunzima ngabaphikisi ukuyilahla njengezezombangazwe ezilwayo.

7. Hlanganyela Ezinguquko Ezinkulu

Izimiso ze-Electoral zihlela indlela amandla asakazwa ngayo. Umsekeli wezinguquko ezithuthukisa ukumelelwa kobulungisa futhi zinciphise amandla anqobayo angagxilisa ingqondo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa izikhomishane ezizimele zokufaka amandla, ukuveza isilinganiso, ukuvota okulinganiselwe, noma imingcele yezezimali. Isimiso esingcono sokukhetha i-eversition siyimfuneko yesimiso esinempilo sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Indima Yemfundo Nemithombo Yezindaba

Ushintsho lwesikhathi eside ludinga impucuko ebheka uhulumeni nezindawo ezilinganiselwe njengesibopho sokulandisa. Izikole kufanele zifundise abafundi ngezimiso zomthetho-mthetho, umlando wokulwela inkululeko, nokubaluleka okusebenzayo kokuhlola nokulinganisela. Izinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba kumelwe zimelane nokuthatheka futhi zibike ngokunenzuzo ngemizamo yokugxilisa amandla. Abasakazi bomphakathi abazimele bangasiza ekunqandeni ukusakazeka kwenkulumo - ze.

Izakhamuzi futhi zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa izindaba ngokugxeka, ukuqinisekisa amaqiniso, futhi ziphendule imithombo yezindaba ngokukhetha noma ngokungeyikho.

Ukuthungatha Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Ngenxa yokuthi usongo lokuhlola nokulinganisela luvame ukweqa imingcele, ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke kubalulekile. Izinhlangano ezinjenge House yenkululeko , iNhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene, ne-World Justice Project ilawula impilo yentando yeningi futhi inikeze izimali kubashisekeli bezombangazwe. Ohulumeni nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zinganikeza usizo ngokuhlonipha izinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo. Izakhamuzi zingasekela lemizamo ngokulandela izimo zentando yeningi zembulunga yonke nangokubiza ohulumeni bazo ukuba bathuthukise izindinganiso zentando yeningi emazweni angaphandle.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqubo zezifunda ezifana nokubusa kwe-European Union yomthetho noma i-Inter-Democratic Chater ye-American Dimocratic Tchater zinikeza amapulatifomu okusingatha ukuguguleka kwezimiso zokuhlola nokulinganisela. Amaqembu abathengisi angasebenzisa lezi zinkonzo ukuze andise izinkathazo zasekhaya nokucindezela kohulumeni ukuze bavumelane nezibopho zabo.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Oqhubekayo Wombuso Ozibusa Wodwa

Amasheke nama-aspect nokulinganisa akuzona izinhlangano ezizinakekelayo. Zidinga ukunakekela okuqhubekayo, ukuvuselelwa, nokuzivikela. Abasunguli bemibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi yanamuhla baqonda ukuthi amandla avame ukukhuliswa ngokwemvelo nokuthi umklamo wamabomu kuphela ongawacindezela. Kodwa umklamo wodwa awunele; izakhamuzi kumelwe zizimisele ukwenza uma ukutsheka kumile.

Ukusekela ukuhlola okuqinile nokulinganisela kusho ukumela isimiso sokuthi akukho muntu noma igatsha likahulumeni elingaphezu komthetho. Kusho ukufuna ukuba umuntu abe sobala, alandise, anamathele ezinqubweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Kusho ukumelana nesilingo sokudela impilo engokwezikhawu zesikhashana zezombangazwe. Kusho ukuqaphela ukuthi idemokrasi akuyona into efeziwe eyenzekayo kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo — okumelwe isizukulwane ngasinye sifunde futhi sivikele kabusha.

Umsebenzi awulula, kodwa ubalulekile. Ngokuzifundisa, sihlanganyele nezinhlangano, sisekele ukuqondisa kokuzibusa, futhi sakhe imifelandawonye, singasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izimiso eziklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko yethu zihlala ziqinile. Ezweni lapho ukuphambuka ngokwentando yeningi sekuvame kakhulu, umzamo wokusekela ukuhlola nokulinganisela ungenye yezenzo eziwumphumela omkhulu wokuba nezakhamuzi esingazenza.