Iziqhingi zasedolobheni ezishisayo (UH Is) ziwukukhathazeka okukhulayo ngezindawo zasemadolobheni emhlabeni wonke, lapho izakhiwo eziminyene, imisebenzi yabantu, kanye nezimila ezilinganiselwe zihlangana khona ukuze zibangele ukuphakama okukhulu kwamazinga okushisa kunalawo azungeze izindawo zasemaphandleni. Lento ayigcini ngokubangela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuphela kodwa futhi ibangela izingozi ezinkulu ezingokomphakathi, ikakhulukazi kubantu abangavikelekile njengasebekhulile nalabo abanezimo ezikhona. Inqubo yamanzi inikeza isimiso esinamandla nesingathandeki kakhulu samathuluzi okuvimbela i-UHI ekwelapheni imiphumela ephumelelayo. Ngokuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngezakhiwo eziqinile kanye nokwanda kwamanzi asedolobheni, amadolobha angapholisa indawo yawo ezungezile, athuthukise ukulawulwa kwamanzi, futhi athuthukise isimo sezulu. Lesihloko sihlola indlela yokulungisa inqubo yamanzi esemva kwe-UIS, ukubukelisa izinhlelo eziphumelelayo, ukuhlelwa kwezinkinga zezehlakalo oluphumelelayo, nokuhlelwa kwemigomo yemigomo yemiphakathi yezindawo, izinhloso zezindawo zomphakathi, namadolobha, abenzi beminde, abenzi beminde, amadolobha, abenzi bemi

Ukuqonda IziQhingi Ezishisayo Zasemadolobheni: Izimbangela Nemiphumela

Ukushisa kwesiqhingi sasedolobheni kwenzeka lapho indawo engokwemvelo imboze izihlahla, utshani, nenhlabathi (ithathelwa indawo indawo engangenwa yilutho, ukushisa okungangeni ndawo njenge-asphalt, ukhonkolo, kanye nezinto zokufulela. Lezindawo zithatha imisebe yelanga phakathi nosuku futhi ziyikhiphe futhi ifudumeze kabusha njengokushisa ebusuku, kubangele izindawo zasemadolobheni ukuba zifudumale futhi ziphole ngokushesha kakhulu kunezindawo zasemaphandleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuchitha ukushisa okuvela ezimotweni, izilinganiso zezokufudumala komoya, kanye nezinqubo zezimboni kwenezela umthwalo wokushisa. Umphumela: izikhungo zedolobha zingaba ngu 1 /0.6.64°C) kufudumele kunezindawo zasemaphandleni eziseduze phakathi nosuku, futhi kufike ku-2°FFC (12C) ezibanda kakhulu ezimweni ezidlule kakhulu.

Imiphumela ye-UH Is idlulela ngalé kokungaphatheki kahle. Amazinga okushisa aphakeme akhuliswe ngokusheshisa ukwakhiwa kwe-ozone ewumgangatho ophansi wenhlabathi, isici esiyinhloko se-smog. Izifo ezihlobene ne-heat nokufa okubangelwa ukushisa okuthathelwanayo phakathi namaza athatha isikhathi eside, nezindawo ezigcwele imali encane kakhulu ezithwala umthwalo owengeziwe ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwendawo eluhlaza neyakudala, imfuno evalekile yezindlu ezivalekile. Isidingo esiphakeme sokulawula ukushisa komoya esibangela ukushisa kogesi siyanda, kwandisa inguquko ebangela inkinga yokwehlaza i-UH Is. Izimiso zokuthutha amanzi zibuye zibe yingxenye yemijikelezo eyandayo ezindaweni zokumpompahleni namanzi anciphile ngenkampatho yamanzi.

Indlela Umthetho Wamanzi Ongathobisa Ngayo Indawo Emadolobheni

Isimiso samanzi sisondela ku-UHI mitigation sisekelwe ezimisweni ezintathu ezihlangene: ukuhwamuka okukhulayo (ukukhishwa kwe-patranspice), ukuthuthukisa indawo engaphezulu (ukuvuleka) ngezinto ezingcina amanzi, nokusebenzisa i-atrapy yemibhoshongo yamanzi. Ngokuhlela ukuphatha amanzi ngokuklanywa kwasemadolobheni, amadolobha angakha imicrocline. Ngezansi amasu ayinhloko abenzi bezimiso okufanele bawacabangele.

Ukutshala Izitebhisi Eziluhlaza

Izakhiwo eziluhlaza zisebenzisa uhlaza, inhlabathi, nezinqubo zemvelo ukuze kuqondiswe amanzi lapho ewela khona. Izakhi eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • uphahla oluluhlaza - Izindlali zohlaza ezisophahleni oludonsa amanzi emvula, olunika ukujikeleza, futhi lupholisa imvilophu yokwakha. Uphahla oluluhlaza lunganciphisa izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu ngo-30-60°F (17-33°C) uma kuqhathaniswa nophahla oluvamile olumnyama.
  • Amangadi namangqamuza ezinto eziphilayo – Shallow, atshala izingcingo eziqoqa amanzi esiphepho, ezivumela ukuba angene futhi athathwe yizitshalo. I-evapotlansss isuka kulezi zici zinciphisa amazinga okushisa aphezulu.
  • [ Imigwaqo ehambayo - Izindawo ezivumela amanzi adlule, zinciphise umhubhe futhi zigcine amanzi ngaphansi komhlaba. Njengoba amanzi ehwamuka emgwaqweni wemigwaqo nangaphansi, ipholisa umphezulu.
  • Izihlahla ze-Urban kanye nezihlahla zomgwaqo – i-miti inikeza umthunzi nomhwamuko wamanzi. Ukutshala okuqeqeshiwe emigwaqweni nasezindaweni zokupaka kunganciphisa izinga lokushisa lendawo ngo-2/9°F (-12/5°C).
  • Amaxhaphozi akhiwe amaxhaphozi namachibi okugcina izinto – lezizinto ezigoqa amanzi azilawuli amanzi esiphepho kuphela kodwa futhi zinikeza ukuphola ngokuhwamuka nangokushiswa kwe-radiation.

Imithetho egunyaza noma engenisa izakhiwo eziluhlaza zentuthuko entsha, izindawo zokupaka izimoto, nezakhiwo zomphakathi inzima. Amadolobha amaningi manje adinga iphesenti elithile lezindawo ezingavikeleki ukuze lincitshiswe ngokumbozwa kophahla oluluhlaza noma izingadi zemvula. Amabhungane, amabhonasi angaphansi, kanye nemali yokuthenga impahla ekhokhwayo ingakhuthaza abanikazi bempahla ukuba bathathe lezi zinyathelo.

Ukunwebeka Kwamanzi Asemadolobheni

Amanzi anamandla okushisa akhethekile, okusho ukuthi angamunca ukushisa okukhulu ngaphandle kokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa eliphawulekayo. Emini, izindikimba zamanzi zisebenza njengokushisa; ebusuku, zikhipha ukushisa okugciniwe kancane kancane, kunciphe izinga lokushisa. Amageja, amachibi, iziziba, ngisho nezici zamanzi ezikhanyisayo zinganciphisa kakhulu umphumela we - UHI endaweni yazo.

Izindlela zokwelapha zokwandisa izindikimba zamanzi emadolobheni zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuvulela amanzi emvelo – amadolobha amaningi aye agqiba noma ahamba ngemifula; ukukhanyisa ukukhanya (ukufihla nokubuyisela) kungadala iziphakamiso ezihamba emfantwini ezipholisayo.
  • Ukuguqula amachibi asedolobheni kanye nezitsha ezigcinwe ezindaweni ezithile - - Lokhu kufeza izinjongo ezimbili zokulawula nokupholisa ukhukhulela. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Bisan-Ang Mo Kio Park eSingapore yaguqula umfula wombala owenziwe ngemvelo, inciphisa amazinga okushisa azungezile ngamazinga ambalwa.
  • ufaka imithombo ehlotshisiwe nezimiso zokucisha izimfeketho [ - Ezigcawini zomphakathi, lezizici zinikeza ukuphola okusheshayo. I-Policies ingadinga izici zamanzi ezimbonini ezintsha noma ezikwakhekeni kabusha.
  • Ukuvikela nokunwebeka kwendawo engamanzi – iWetlands inikeza ukulingana okufanelekile kwamanzi nohlaza, kunikeza amazinga aphakeme okuphefumula.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izindikimba zamanzi kumelwe zilondolozwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhula kolwelwe kanye nezinkinga zomiyane.

3. Ukuhlalwa Kwezindawo Ezihamba Ngamanzi Nokuhlalwa Kwazo

Imithi ye-turf idinga isilinganiso esikhulu sokunisela ngenkasa futhi inikeza inzuzo encane ngokuqhathaniswa nokuphola okungafani, okungalingani nokusebenza kwamanzi. I-Xeriscaping", izitshalo zomdabu kanye nenkasa ephumelelayo, izitshalo zendabuko-yodwa kanye nemali edingwayo, i-Las Vevans, imithetho evimbela i-turfrances nokuphola. Emadolobheni ase-indibilishini nasemoyeni njenge- kanye [FLT] ne, imithetho evimbela ukuphola i-turftures [[3] ne-partums ezikhuphukayo ezikhuphukayo ezibizwayo kwasogwadule oluwugwadule [[F]5]

Ama-chemical amanzi angafeza indima enkulu ngokunikeza i-pringing yamanzi enqwabelene, ukubuyisela i-oral, kanye nosizo lobuchwepheshe ngokuklama indawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho yendawo ingadinga intuthuko entsha ehlanganisa amaphesenti amancane ezindawo ezilungisa izihlahla ezinama-erec, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishiswayo.

4. Ukuphathwa Kwamanzi Angcolile Nezinethi Zokomisa

Ngaphandle kwezici ngazinye, amadolobha angasebenzisa amakhambi esikali sesifunda. Isimiso sokupholisa somjikelezo esisebenzisa amanzi abuyiselwe noma indle njengendawo epholisayo yezakhiwo zinganciphisa ukushisa okulahlwayo okupholiswe emoyeni wasedolobheni. Ngokufanayo, ukugubha indawo yokugcina amandla ashisayo [ isebenzisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ukuze igcine futhi ikhiphe amandla ashisayo, inikeza ukufudumala nokuphola. I-policies esekela amalungelo amanzi okushintsha ugesi nokuvuselela umoya.

Ukulawulwa kwamanzi angenayo kusho futhi ukuhlanganisa ukuthathwa kwamanzi ashisayo. Amathangi amanzi emvula avuthwayo, uma esetshenziselwa ukunisela ngenkasa noma ukuchama ngaphandle, andisa umswakama nokupholisa kwendawo. Izimiso ze-raywater zinganikeza amanzi okusekela imithombo eluhlaza phakathi nezikhathi ezomile, ziqinisekise ukuthi izitshalo nenhlabathi kuhlala kunomswakama futhi kuqhubeke nangaphandle kwemvula.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Sezimiso Zokusetshenziswa Kwemishini

Ukuguqula inqubo yamanzi ibe ngokoqobo kudinga intando yezombangazwe, ukusekela komphakathi, nokusekela okuqinile. Ukufinyelela okuphumelelayo kuhlanganisa:

  • Intela yezenzuzo zezikweleti - amadolobha amaningi athenga izakhiwo ezisekelwe endaweni engangenwa yilutho. Ukuboleka ngezikweleti eziluhlaza zesakhiwo kunikeza isisusa esiqondile sezimali. Ngokwesibonelo, iPhiladelphia ikhokhela imali yokuthenga amanzi avunguzayo futhi ivumela izikweletu ngophahla oluluhlaza, izingadi zemvula, kanye nomgwaqo owenziwe ngemuva wesakhiwo, ikhiqize ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-R3 ngonyaka ukuze kuvezwe izimali eziluhlaza.
  • Izimpawu zokwakha eziluhlaza kanye nokuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezingaphezulu - Ukuhlanganisa uphahla oluluhlaza noma izici zamanzi ezisezingeni elisha elikhulu zingaba umkhuba ovamile.
  • [ Ubungani bobuPPP) – abathuthukisi banganciphisa izindleko zokuphatha amanzi esiphepho ngokwakha izici zamanzi omphakathi noma izindawo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokushintshana ngamabhonasi asindayo.
  • izibopho eziqinile kanye nezibopho zemvelo ezithinta indawo ezungezile - Amadolobha angakhipha izibopho ngokukhethekile ngemisebenzi yezesisekelo eluhlaza, nezigwedlo eziboshelwe kumphumela onciphisweyo njengokwehla kwezinga lokushisa noma ukukhipha umthamo.
  • ne-modeli kunikeza [ - Izinhlelo ezinjenge-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ye-] Waterature and Resilience Action Plan[ ne-European Union 's Contratectation system [
  • Ukuthembisana nokulungisa i-commonifit - I-Pricies ebeka phambili imali etholakalayo nengashisi kakhulu ingakha inzuzo elinganayo kuyilapho ipholisa idolobha. Jobe uqeqeshela izinhlelo zokufakwa kophahla oluluhlaza kanye nokugcinwa kwemali inezela inani lezomnotho.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Amadolobha Ahamba Ngendlela

ILos Angeles, eCalifornia

ILos Angeles iye yabhekana nokushisa okukhulu nesomiso, isunduza idolobha ukuba libe nePlan enomdlandla iUrban ehlanganisa ukuphathwa kwamanzi. Idolobha lidinga zonke izakhiwo ezintsha ukuze zihlanganise uphahla olupholile (olumhlophe noma olukhanyisayo) futhi zinikeze izikhawu zokutshala izihlahla nezivande zemvula. L.A. Umfula uPrevitation[ iprojekthi ehlo yokubuyisela amakhilomitha angu-5 emfuleni owenziwe ngemvelo nezindawo ezihlala kuzo ezidukile, idala ipalishiza elawula amanzi avunguzayo. Kusukela kungoko, ukuncitshiswa kwezingxenye zedolobha [FLT] i-EFFFoctive [5] i-Foctivesting program:[5] i-materter, i-materterterterterterter, i-magedter, i-tomierdium, iqala, iqala ukuvundayoku.

Singapore

ISingapore ivame ukukhonjwa njengesibonelo sokuhlanganisa amanzi nokulawula ukushisa. [[FLT:] Imisebenzi, Ilungile, Ihlanzekile Amanzi [ABC Amanzi] uhlelo luguqula amapayipi aqinile emifuleni engokwemvelo namachibi. [[FLT:] Imithetho ye-iconic isebenzisa i-Atlectens [i-Aflyters] i-ater desaliation ne-acreatersss ukunitsalisa ama-terbactic meter ayo ne-costarservations, yenza ama-microscopeat ngisho nasezimweni ezishisayo. Idolobha-kusethilo likhipha uphahla oluluhlaza futhi lifake izikhungo ezingaphezulu zedolobha eliluhlaza futhi lifake izingxenye ezingaphezulu zezindawo eziluhlaza ezizungezene zedolobha. Izifundo zamanzi ezibonisa ukuthi izindawo ezisezibuni ezise-Chene.

Melbourne, e - Australia

I-Melbourne’s Iqhinga leHlathi lase-Urban kanye ne-[FLT]] Icebo elithakazelelweyo lokulawula amanzi eGalile i-PlanT [ ijonge ukupholisa idolobha ngo-4°C ngo-2040. Idolobha litshale izihlahla ezingaphezu kuka-70 000 futhi lisebenzise amanzi esiphethukayo ukuwancelisa phakathi nehlobo elomile. Kudinga futhi zonke izenzakalo ezintsha zifinyelele umklamo wamanzi wedolobha (WSSC), zihlanganise izivini ezihambayo, imifashini ehambayo, nokuvuthwa kwamanzi. [[FLT:] i-Parklands [FLD5] zenza inzuzo eseduze.

ICopenhagen, eDenmark

Ngemva kwefu elikhulu e-20, Copenhagen lalungisa isimiso sayo samanzi esivuthayo ngokusitha engqondweni. I-Coluburdbst Management Plan iguqula imigwaqo, izikwele, namapaki ukuba abe yizitsha zamanzi zesikhashana ezisebenza njengendawo yokupholisa umphakathi. Amapaki anjenge-oases. Engaparenton[[FLT]] igcina amamitha emvula enziwe ngama cubickic, kuyilapho indawo engaphezulu kwamanzi nohlaza enciphisa izinga lokushisa lamanzi ezindawo nge-1 /10] °2 [0] phakathi kwamazambane. Idolobha lisebenzisa inhlanganise yophahla oluluhlaza, amathafafa amachi amasha kulo lonke izwe.

Izinselele Nokucabangela

Nakuba isimiso samanzi sisondela ekuhleleni i - UHI kuthembisa, kumelwe kuxazululwe izinselele eziningana:

  • [ Ukuswelakala [-ezindaweni ezomile, ukusebenzisa amanzi ukuze kuphole kumelwe kulinganiswe nokulondolozwa. I-policies kumele ibeke imithombo yamanzi engangenisi zindawo enjengeziphepho eziwenziwe ngemithi, amanzi ampunga, namanzi acwebile avundliwe.
  • Umthwalo owenziwe ngobukhulu - Izakhiwo eziluhlaza kanye nezici zamanzi kudinga ukugcinwa. Ngaphandle komxhaka onikezelwe namandla kamasipala, izimiso zingahluleka, okungaholela ekuqubukeni komiyane noma ekukhukhuleni.
  • Isomiso esinzima kakhulu noma imvula enkulu ingacindezela kokubili izimiso ezingokwemvelo neziklanywe. Imiklamo evumelana nezimo engasebenza ngaphansi kwezimo eziningi ibalulekile.
  • Izinkinga ezingezobulungisa - Izinzuzo ezipholisayo ezivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezicebe kakhulu kuqala. I-policies kumele isebenzise ngamabomu ukushiswa kwemiphakathi ekwaziyo ukugwema ukwandisa izinhlobonhlobo ezikhona.
  • Imingcele nezimiso - amalungelo amanzi, ukubambisana okuphambanisa i-partifiki, iminyango yamapaki, izinhlangano zokuhlela), nemithetho ephelelwe isikhathi ingasiza. Amandla ombuso avumela futhi asebenzisane nomsebenzi.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Njengoba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwanda, isidingo sokukhucululwa kwe - UHI siyokhula kuphela.

  • [ Ukuhlela-kancinci-kancinci - Usebenzisa umfanekiso we-ioT, izinzwa ze-ioT, kanye nezithombe zesimo sezulu ukuze kubonwe amachashaza ashisayo kanye nezisulu. Amadolobha anjenge IMaiami-Dade County[ manje isebenzisa ukushisa okungalawulekiyo ekwakheni izisekeni ukuze iqondise ukuxhasa ukuhwebelana kwemali.
  • Izimiso zesisekelo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-luhlaza – zixhumanisa uphahla oluluhlaza, amapaki, amaxhaphozi, kanye nemibhoshongo yamanzi eqhubekayo kufaka imiphumela epholile futhi yenza indawo yokuhlala ixhunyaniswe.
  • [ Adpaciotive [----Apartments zamanzi njengokuhlola okuthathayo, ngokuhlola nokulungisa okusekelwe emiphumeleni egciniwe.
  • [ Izimpawu zekhommony co-deding - Izakhamuzi ezihlala ngaphandle komklamo wezici zamanzi nezindawo eziluhlaza ziqinisekisa ukuthi inzuzo iyasebenza futhi ithatha isikhathi eside.
  • Ukuhlangana ngesenzo sokushisa-heath sihlela - Inkambiso yamanzi kufanele iqondiswe nezixwayiso zempilo yomphakathi, izikhungo zokupholisa, kanye nokufinyelela emphakathini we-risk phakathi namaza okushisa.

Isiphetho

Iziqhingi ezishisayo zasedolobheni ziyinselele ephuthumayo yendawo ezungezile nengokwempilo yomphakathi, kodwa inqubo yamanzi inikeza inzuzo yamakhambi asebenzayo, asekelwe emvelweni. Ngokuthuthukisa izakhiwo eziluhlaza, ukwandisa izindikimba zamanzi zasedolobheni, ukukhuthaza ukuphumelela kwamanzi, nokuhlanganisa ukulawulwa kwamanzi ezimisweni zamanzi ezipholisayo, amadolobha anganciphisa kakhulu izinga lokushisa kuyilapho futhi ethuthukisa izinga lomoya, nobunjani bokuphila. Ukuhlola iLos Angeles, iMelbourne, ne Copenhagena kubonisa ukuthi lezi zinqubo azikho kuphela okungaphumelela kodwa futhi zingenisa izindleko lapho izinzuzo zesikhathi eside zisungulwa. Amacebo namapulani asedolobheni kumelwe athathe izinga eliqinile, ukubambisana manje, ukuklama kwamanzi, ukususa imingcele, nokulungisa imingcele ephakathi kwezindawo zamadolobhana. I-mishuwansilensi. [[3] I-F3] Imithombo ye-Esvolution:[3]